• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to understand the environmental traits and significance of the pond place that appears in historic maps in 'Dongchon(東村)', which is the eastern section within the fortress wall of Hanyang. We reviewed various documents and maps to identify the name of the pond, and of those materials we followed the name provided by official national records and geographical titles to designate it 'Eouidongji Pond(於義洞池).' The results of the research showed, first, that from the standpoint of location and environmental characteristics, that the area of the Eouidongji Pond was an area that contained a pastoral atmosphere within the city. It was located in an area where the waters flowing from the mountains gathered, and the boundaries of the pond would change based on water levels within a plot of land about 2,000pyeong(app. $6,600m^2$) in size. Second, when seen from the perspective of its creation background, the Eouidongji Pond seems to have been a naturally occurring pond which was modified when the water system was managed in the city at the beginning of the dynasty. In addition to its role as a reservoir, it was operated as a lotus pond(蓮池) to offer lotus(蓮) related by-products. With the nearby detached palace being actively used, it seems the pond was managed at the same time. The pond had already been filled in by the early 20th century, and although there were efforts to reconstruct the pond, it was eventually destroyed as the area was included in the site of a school during the colonial period. Third, the Eouidongji Pond was appreciated in many cases by individuals or admired as part of the natural landscape by viewing it from afar. In addition, it provided entry landscape near the road entering Dongchon, and was a location that was easily visited in connection with other nearby pleasure grounds. Through studying the location and environmental characteristics, the background of its creation and destruction, operation and management by time period, usage at the time, and characteristics of scenery appreciation of Eouidongji Pond, the Eouidongji Pond was a pond of high practical value to the nation, as it supplemented the water system in the city and was able to provide lotus harvests for the nation. In addition, from a urban environment perspective, it was a lateral landmark with a large area, as well as an effective boundary. It was an open area that the people of the Hanseong-bu could freely use, and it had a high public value due to its ease of accessibility.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the growth of pathogenic germ in fermented pork with Korean traditional seasonings. The samples, outside muscle of pork ham were cut by the shape of cube (7${\times}$12${\times}$2cm) and seasoned with five Korean traditional seasonings such as garlic paste (Tl), pickled Kimchi (T2), pickled Kimchi juice (T3), soybean paste (T4), red pepper paste (T5). The rate of meat to seasonings was same. The seasoned samples were fermented at -1${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. Microbial pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis were not detected in all paste and samples. When 1.5${\times}$l0$^3$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of Escherichia coli O157 was inoculated, the numbers were slightly increased to 10$^3$-10$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 3 days and gradually decreased to the level of inoculation at 18 days in all samples. In the inoculation with Listeria monocytogenes (8${\times}$l0$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$), the numbers were below 10$^3$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ during 28 days in T3 and T4, while they were increased to 10$\^$6/ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in Tl and T2 at 3 and 13 days respectively, and decreased to 10$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$. In the inoculation with Salmonella enteritidis (3${\times}$l0$^4$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$), the numbers increased to 10$\^$5/ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 18 days, but they were rapidly decreased to the level of initial inoculation at 23 days.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.279-284
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• 2012

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of glass fiber pre-impregnated with light-curing resin on the fracture strength and fracture modes of a maxillary complete denture. Materials and methods: Maxillary acrylic resin complete dentures reinforced with glass fiber pre-impregnated with light-curing resin (SES MESH, INNO Dental Co., Yeoncheongun, Korea) and without reinforcement were tested. The reinforcing material was embedded in the denture base resin and placed different regions (Control, without reinforcement; Group A, center of anterior ridge; Group B, rugae area; Group C, center of palate; Group D, full coverage of denture base). The fracture strength and fracture modes of a maxillary complete denture were tested using Instron test machine (Instron Co., Canton, MA, USA) at a 5.0 mm/min crosshead speed. The flexure load was applied to center of denture with a 20 mm diameter ball attachment. When fracture occurred, the fracture mode was classified based on fracture lines. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA at the significance level of 0.05. Results: There were non-significant differences (P>.05) in the fracture strength among test groups. Group A showed anteroposterior fracture and posterior fracture mainly, group B, C and control group showed partial fracture on center area mostly. Most specimen of group D showed posterior fracture. Conclusion: The location and presence of the fiber reinforcement did not affect the fracture strength of maxillary complete denture. However, reinforcing acrylic resin denture with glass fiber has a tendency to suppress the crack.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.172-180
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• 1997

Objects : This study was carried out to investigate characteristics of patients who need hypnotics on the night before elective surgery as well as contributing variables for the necessity of hypnotics. Methods : After reviewing the clinical charts of patients who were scheduled to receive surgery by general anesthesia the following day, researchers had semi structural interviews with patients. In addition, Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(SSTAI), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Zung's Self-Rating Pain and Distress Scale(ZPDS), and Presleep and Postsleep Questionnaires were administered to patients. A total of 167 patients, who gave reliable information, were divided into two groups based on subjective judgement regarding the necessity for hypnotics on the night before surgery; 29 eligibles for hypnotics and 138 non-eligibles for hypnotics. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients, some possible factors affecting sleep, psychological characteristics of patients and daytime status and nighttime sleep before surgery were compared between the two groups. In addition, discriminant function analysis was done to find the variables which would best discriminate among patients who differ in terms of necessity for hypnotics on the night before surgery. Results : There was no difference in demographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups; however, the satisfaction level with ward environment was significantly lower in the eligible group for hypnotics than the non-eligible group. Psychologically, the eligible group for hypnotics, compared to the non-eligible group, showed significantly more severe depression, pain, and distress; whereas anxiety level was not different between the two groups. For nighttime sleep before surgery, the eligible group for hypnotics, compared to the non-eligible group, expected poorer sleep before retiring and in fact, reported poorer sleep the following morning. In discriminant function analysis, 'expectation for sleep' and 'pain and distress' were the most potent contributors to discriminate the necessity of hypnotics. Conclusion : For the improvement of the patient's sleep on the night before elective surgery, giving hypnotics and/or analgesics should be determined by patient's opinion about the necessity of the drugs rather than by the therapist's own judgement or any other objective indices.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.807-816
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• 1999

Background: Sarcoidosis, uncommon in Korea, has variable clinical course, ranging from benign self-limited recovery to life-long disability regardless of corticosteroid therapy. The purpose of this study is to observe the clinical course of untreated sarcoidosis. Methods: Twenty four patients who were confirmed as sarcoidosis by tissue diagnosis were included. For average 12month follow-up periods, subjective symptoms, radiologic findings, and parameters of pulmonary function test(FVC, $FEV_1$, DLco) were evaluated every 3mooths compared between corticosteroid treated(n=5) and non-treated(n=19) patients. 'Deterioration' was defined if patients met more than one of followings (1) decrement in any parameters of pulmonary function test(2) worsening in the degree of dyspnea(3) increase in radiologic extents, and (4) newly developed extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. 'Stable' was defined as no significant interval changes in every parameters. 'Improvement' was defined as decrement of extension of the radiologic lesions without deterioration. Results: Among 19 untreated sarcoidosis patient, one deteriorated, 14 improved(13 of them showed complete resolution in radiology), and 4 were remained stable. On the other hand, five corticosteroid treated patients, uveitis was developed in one, 2 improved, and 2 remained stable. Conclusion : These findings suggest that patient with sarcoidosis, especially those without serious extrapulmonary disease, has stable clinical course and would not need corticosteroid therapy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.217-222
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• 2008

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of marination with mixed salt (NaCl, $CaCl_2$, and phosphate) and kiwi juice and of different cooking methods for pork loin-based products in order to establish the basic database for increasing the consumption of pork loin in Korea. Diced chilled pork loin ($2{\times}2{\times}2\;cm$) was marinated in 4 different treatments: no additives (T1), salt mix only (T2), kiwi juice only (T3), and salt mix+kiwi juice (T4). The mixed salt was prepared by the addition of NaCl, $CaCl_2$, and phosphate dissolved in water (10% of pork loin weight) at concentrations of 0.5, 0.5, and 0.3% per pork loin weight, respectively. The amount of kiwi juice was 10% of pork loin weight. After marination for 24 hrs at $4^{\circ}C$, the samples were cooked with different methods including roasting with Kimchi, pan broiling, and simmering. After simmering, pH of pork loin of T1 and T2 was higher than that of T3 and T4 (p<0.05), while that of roasted with Kimchi and pan broiled did not show any difference. Water holding capacity of T4 after pan broiling was higher than that of T1, T2, and T3 (p<0.001) and shear force of T4 was lower than other treatments. Also flavor and acceptability of T4 after pan broiling were scored higher by 11 sensory panelists (p<0.05). From this result, the pork loin-based products marinated with mixed salt and kiwi juice with pan broiling would be preferred by consumers as one of the methods to promote the consumption of pork loin in Korea.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.174-188
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the precision and accuracy of a three dimensional cephalogram constructed by using the frontal and lateral cephalogram of twelve human dry skulls. After achieving the three dimensional image reconstruction program, we tried to apply this program to two dentofacial deformity patients. 1. Conventional nasion relator in cephalostat was used to reproduce the same head position for the same dry skull. The mean difference of the three dimensional cephalogram for the same dry skull was $0.34{\pm}0.33mm$. Closeness of repeated measures to each skull reveals the precision of this method for the three dimensional cephalogram. 2. Concerning the accuracy, the mean difference between the three dimensional reconstruction data and actual lineal measurements was $1.47{\pm}1.45mm$ and the mean magnification ratio was $100.24{\pm}4.68%$. This Diffrerence is attributed mainly to the ill defined cephalometric landmarks, not to the positional change of the dry skull. 3. Cephalometric measurement of lateral and frontal radiographs had no consecutive magnification ratio because of the different focus-object distance. The mean difference between the frontal and lateral cephalogram to the actual lineal measurements was $4.72{\pm}2.01mm$ and $-5.22{\pm}3.36mm$. Vertical measurements were slightly more accurate than horizontal measurements. 4. Applying to the actual patient analysis, it is recommendable to use this program for analyzing the asymmetry or spatial change after operation. The orthodontic bracket would be a favorable cephalometric landmark for constructing the three dimensional images.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2002

A bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue(BALT) lymphoma of the lung is a rare disorder of patients with Sj$\ddot{o}$gren's syndrome. A 49-year-old woman was admitted for an evaluation of exertional dyspnea and general weakness which had persisted for two years. The patient had suffered from dry mouth and dry eyes for five years. The physical examinations showed a coarse breath sound with inspiratory crackles on the whole lung field, particularly on the both basal lungs. The laboratory data disclosed high titers of anti-nuclear antibodies, and anti-SSA (Ro), and anti-SSB (La) antibodies. Chest radiographs demonstrated the presence of bilateral, diffuse, reticulonodular densities in both lungs. Thin-section CT scans showed diffusely distributed mosaic pattern of an inhomogeneous attenuation extending over the entire lung zone. The histological findings from an open-lung biopsy specimen revealed an accumulation of lymphoid cells around the bronchioles and an extension of malignant lymphoma cells from the bronchiolar epithelium toward the alveolar space. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells reacted positively to the CD 20 antigen and were focally positive for the UCHL 1 antigen. The histological diagnosis was consistent with a low grade marginal zone B-cell lymphoma originating in the BALT. Here, we present a case of a histologically proven BALT lymphoma of the lung in a patient with primary Sj$\ddot{o}$gren's Syndrome.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.287-296
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• 2003

Background : Drowning represents the third most common cause of all accidental deaths worldwide. Although few studies of submersion injury were done in Korea, the subjects were mainly pediatric patients. The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical feature of submersion injury in adults. Methods : The medical records of 31 patients with submersion injury who were >15 years of age and admitted to Kyungpook National University Hospital from July 1990 to March 2003 were retrospectively examined. Results : The most common age-group, cause, and site of submersion accidents in adults were 15-24 years of age, inability to swim, and river followed by more than 65 years of age, drinking, and public bath respectively. The initial chest radiographics showed bilaterally and centrally predominant distribution of pulmonary edema at lung base in about 90% of patients with pulmonary edema represented by submersion injury but at only upper lung zone in 10%. Eventually, 25 patients (80.6%) survived without any neurologic deficit and 2 patients (6.5%) with significant neurologic deficit, and 4 patients (12.9%) died. Age, arterial gas oxygenation, and mental status among baseline variables showed significant difference for prognosis. Conclusions : More than 65 year of age, drinking, and occurrence in public bath were relatively important in submersion injury of adults, and the successful survival of 80.6% of patients suggests that cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be intensively done in even adults.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 1998

Objectives : The change of sleep patterns commonly occurs in association with the pregnancy. This study was to investigate sleep habits during the course of normal pregnancy. Methods : Sleep habits questionnaire was administered to healthy women in their first trimester(TR1) of pregnancy and then the same questionnaire was repeatedly administered during their second(TR2) and third(TR3) trimesters. The following aspects were assessed : patterns of night sleep, daytime status, sleep posture, reasons for sleep alteration, and the experience of any particular parasomnias, as well as sleep problem-related treatment or medication. Data analysis was based on 26 women who maintaind good health throughout their pregnancy and completed the questionnaire three times. Results : In comparisons between each trimester and non-pregnant state, total night sleep time, daytime tiredness, and sleepiness were significantly increased in all trimesters. Sleep latency was significantly decreased in TR1 and TR2, but not in TR3. In addition, refreshed feeling on waking the following day was significantly decreased and the number of awakenings during night sleep was significantly increased in TR3, but not in TR1 and TR2. In comparisons between trimesters, there was a significant increase in sleep latency, daytime sleepiness and the number of awakenings during night sleep and a significant decrease in refreshed feeling on waking the following day in TR3 compared to TR1 and TR2. Over the course of pregnancy, the rate of lateral position during sleep was gradually increased and all the pregnant women took the lateral sleeping posture in TR3. The major reasons for sleep pattern alteration were nausea, vomiting and heartburn in TR1, urinary frequency, fetal movement and ache in hips in TR2, and urinary frequency, fetal movement, cramp in legs and backache in TR3. Conclusion : These findings are expected to be useful for educating pregnant women about sleep hygiene. In future studies, the underlying factors and mechanisms regarding sleep patterns during pregnancy will need to be clarified.