• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.199-210
• /
• 2023

The physical properties of rocks in reservoirs change after CO₂ injection, we modeled a reservoir with a transition zone within which the physical properties change linearly. The function of the Wolf reflection coefficient consists of the velocity ratio of the upper and lower layers, the frequency, and the thickness of the transition zone. This function can be used to estimate the thickness of a reservoir or seafloor transition zone. In this study, we propose a method for predicting the thickness of the transition zone using deep learning. To apply deep learning, we modeled the thickness-dependent Wolf reflection coefficient on an artificial transition zone formation model consisting of sandstone reservoir and shale cap rock and generated time-frequency spectral images using the continuous wavelet transform. Although thickness estimation performed by comparing spectral images according to different thicknesses and a spectral image from a trace of the seismic stack did not always provide accurate thicknesses, it can be applied to field data by obtaining training data in various environments and thus improving its accuracy.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.39 no.6 s.181
• /
• pp.711-717
• /
• 2006

In order to study gas hydrate, potential future energy resources, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources has conducted seismic reflection survey in the East Sea since 1997. one of evidence for presence of gas hydrate in seismic reflection data is a bottom simulating reflector (BSR). The BSR occurs at the interface between overlaying higher velocity, hydrate-bearing sediment and underlying lower velocity, free gas-bearing sediment. That is often characterized by large reflection coefficient and reflection polarity reverse to that of seafloor reflection. In order to apply depth migration to seismic reflection data. we need high performance computers and a parallelizing technique because of huge data volume and computation. Phase shift plus interpolation (PSPI) is a useful method for migration due to less computing time and computational efficiency. PSPI is intrinsically parallelizing characteristic in the frequency domain. We conducted conventional data processing for the gas hydrate data of the Ease Sea and then applied prestack depth migration using message-passing-interface PSPI (MPI_PSPI) that was parallelized by MPI local-area-multi-computer (MPI_LAM). Velocity model was made using the stack velocities after we had picked horizons on the stack image with in-house processing tool, Geobit. We could find the BSRs on the migrated stack section were about at SP 3555-4162 and two way travel time around 2,950 ms in time domain. In depth domain such BSRs appear at 6-17 km distance and 2.1 km depth from the seafloor. Since energy concentrated subsurface was well imaged we have to choose acquisition parameters suited for transmitting seismic energy to target area.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.503-518
• /
• 2000

분수계는 지형적 실체이며, 지역의 지형 연구 분야에서 자연적 경계로서 설정된다. 분수계는 수계, 산계, 유역등의 지형 요소들과 연관된다. 분수계의 지형 형성과 기능은 경사의 법칙, 구조의 법칙, 그리고 계층의 법칙으로 설명될 수 있다. 분수계는 구조적 형성과정과 기후적 삭박과정을 통하여 변화한다. 지형분수계는 능선분수계, 하천 분수계, 폐쇄 분수계, 세탈 분수계, 문턱 분수계, 세포형 분수계 등으로 유형화 될 수 있다. 지하수 분수계는 대개 지형의 기복을 반영하지만, 지역의 지질구조, 암서, 파쇄대 등으로 인하여 지형 분수계와 일치하지 않을 수 있다. 분수계의 법칙의 예외로서 설명되는 분수계의 일반적 단면은 선형이 아닌 대상 혹은 지대로서 나타난다. 분수계를 물의 흐름을 분리하는 곳으로 볼 때, 지형분수계는 지표면의 고도에 의해서 결정되며, 지하수 분수계는 지형, 지질 구조, 선구 조적 지형 요소들의 배열, 지층의 방향을 고려하여 결정된다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.165-169
• /
• 1988

Negative induced polarization (IP) responses are examined for two-dimensional structures using a modeling technique with finite difference method. Percent frequency effect is used for IP parameter because it can be efficiently computed by a perturbation method. Thin conductive, polarizable overburden causes obvious negative IP responses on IP pseudosection. This fact means that IP responses from resistive, polarizable body below the overburden can be masked solely as a function of the resistivity distribution. Resistive, non-polarizable body below the overburden, however, can be detected by the negative IP responses.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.313-324
• /
• 2015

This study constructed a 3D geological model for Uggi Nuur Fe-Mn mineralization zone in Mongolia, and the 3D geological distribution is cross-analyzed with magnetic anomaly distribution to figure out relationship between ore zone and subsurface geology. As a result of 4 step 3D modeling procedures including geological cross section, surface modeling, foliation modeling and solid modeling, the geology of the both study area is bordered by faults in NW direction with Munguntessj formation being located in the west side of the fault while Yashill formation is located on the other side of the fault. Moreover, the strike direction of foliation in the both formation shows same directional pattern with the NW faults. The magnetic anomaly distribution reveals that higher anomaly values are concentrated to near the ground surface. The analyses of 3 dimensional distribution between subsurface geology and magnetic anomaly indicates that higher anomaly is mainly distributed over the Munguntessj formation as a elongated lens bodies whereas the magnetic anomaly is evenly found in the both of Munguntessj formation and Yashill formation in the study area 2. It infers that volcanic activities associated mineralization occurred during silurian period, and the mineralized zone is thought to be realigned along the geological structures caused by later stage tectonic activities.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.40 no.1 s.182
• /
• pp.87-101
• /
• 2007

A variety of informations obtained from satellite image, digital elevation relief map (DEM), borehole logging, televiewer, geophysical prospecting, etc were synthetically analyzed to investigate subsurface geological and structural characteristics and to evaluate geohazard pertinent to fault-damage in the Busan metropolitan city. It is revealed that the geology is composed of the Cretaceous andesitic$\sim$dacitic volcanics, gabbro, and granitoid and that at least three major faults including the Dongrae fault are developed in the study area. Based on characteristics of topography, fault-fractured zone, and isobath maps of the Quaternary sediments and weathered residuals of the basement, the Dongrae fault is decreased in its width and fracturing intensity of damaged zone from south toward north, and the fault is segmented around the area between the Seomyeon and Yangieong junctions. Meanwhile, we drew a geohazard sectional map using the five major parameters that significantly suggest damage intensity of basement by fault, i.e. distance from fault core, TCR, RQD, uniaxial rock strength, and seismic velocity of S wave. The map is evaluated as a suitable method to express the geological and structural characteristics and fault-damaged intensity of basement in the study area. It is, thus, concluded that the proposed method can contribute to complement and amplify the capability of the present evaluation system of rock mass.

• Geotechnical Engineering
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.38-49
• /
• 2004

해상 반사법탐사는 해저 지반의 지층구조를 파악하는 기술로서 해저지층에 부존하는 가스나 골재 등 해저자원 탐사와 해저의 저장시설 건설, 파이프라인 설치 등 다양한 해양 토목공사를 위한 지반조사에 사용된다. 해상 반사법탐사의 기본적인 원리는 해수면 근처에서 인공적으로 음파를 발생시켜 해저면 하부의 지층으로 침투시키면 서로 다른 물성을 갖는 지층의 경계면에서 일부 음파는 반사되는데, 이 반사파를 수신하는 것이다. 탐사과정에서 얻어진 트레이스에는 반사파 이외에도 직접파, 다중반사파와 같은 잡음이 섞여있는데 자료처리를 통해 탄성파 단면도를 작성하고, 이를 해석하여 해저지반의 지질학적 구조를 파악하는 것이 해상 반사법탐사의 목적이다.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.113-126
• /
• 1997

Electrical resistivity methods of dipole - dipole array profiling and Schiumberger array sounding were tested on a segment of the Woraksan granitic batholith for the research into the imaging of irregular attitudes of fracture zones in the crystaaline rock in terms of processing and interpretation schemes. By the dipole - dipole array method, inhomogeneities such as small scale of fracture zones were properly delineated down at some depth even within hard rock environment. Fracture zones were interpreted to be at the boundaries between the high amplitude zone and very low amplitude zone in the resistivity plot and they were also successfully outlined in two - dimensional layer and pseudo - three - dimensional volume constructed by the incorporation of vertical sounding data. The surface location of the fracture zones was correlated by the zero - crossing point in the VLF(very low frequency) electromagnetic data. Pseudo - three - dimensional attitudes of fracture zones were efficiently illuminated by optimum projection angle. The mean of bulk resistivity for the Woraksan granite and the near fracture zones is estimated to be approximately of 4,000 ohm - m which is much higher than the value of 700 ohm - m for the Rwachunri limesilicate environment. This difference is due to both the rock type, i.e., biotite granite vs limesilicate, and the occurrence of secondary openings of fold and fault associated with the intrusion of granite. In this study statistical analyses on the resistivity color plot were performed in terms of three representative statistical moments, i.e., standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis. The fracture zones in the standard deviation plot were characterized by the higher value, compared to the value of homogeneous portion. The upper boundary of the high resistivity zone was also successfully delineated in the skewness and kurtosis plots.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.343-355
• /
• 2021

Agricultural reservoirs seek human convenience by supplying agricultural water and providing flood damage effects and rest areas at the same time, but preventing them from aging reservoirs and earthquakes is important. The safety of levees is influenced by field material properties such as soil parameter values of the granular materials that make up the levees, but since precision safety diagnosis or general literature values are diverted, the final safety factors are limited to material properties alone. Since safety factors are determined by physical characteristic values and embankment shapes and have a significant impact on safety factors, accurate contemplation is required when examining reinforced cross sections. Therefore, this study analyzed the case of reasonable and economical reinforcement intersections when designing '◯◯reservoir' in Goheung-geun, Jeollanam-do using the GEP-SLOPE program to enable rational economic design of reinforcement intersections through repeated reviews. As a result of reducing and analyzing the first, second, and third seismic reinforcement of the levees, it was confirmed that the safety ratio was secured even with a significantly smaller amount of reinforcement than the first, second, and lower slopes by obtaining design standards of 1.20. In addition, when determining all seismic reinforcement cross-sectional shapes, it was confirmed that the shape that reinforces only the lower side rather than the upper side of the slope and the entire slope was economical with minimized cross-sectional reinforcement.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.17 no.1 s.50
• /
• pp.89-99
• /
• 2007

This paper intends to introduce more objective and qualitative rock mass classification method easily applicable to the excavation of gneissic masses showing corestone weathering profiles. It is proven that corestone weathering profile could be divided with reasonable accuracy into digging, ripping and blasting layers using visual and simple mechanical techniques such as Schmidt hammer rebound test on cut slopes, taking into consideration strength and spacial distribution of corestone, workability and work efficiency of excavation. Also, seismic refraction surveys were employed for shallow investigations (down to $20{\sim}30m$ depth) in corestone weathering profile and conducted across the top of vertical exposures where the underlying geology could be directly inspected. Some discrepancies ($3{\sim}4m$ in average and 6 m occasionally) between the actual and assumed materials with respect to seismic velocities were observed. Thus it can be concluded that field geotechnical mapping and field seismic test should be used together in order to get a relatively good accuracy in assessing likely excavation conditions of corestone weather-ing profiles.