• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1164-1168
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• 2011

This study evaluated the soil microbial communities by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) method in soils (6 sites for immatured paddy, 9 sites for normal paddy, and 5 sites for sandy paddy) in Gyeongnam Province. The soil microbial biomass carbon content in normal and sandy paddy were 1,235 and $441mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively, showing the soil microbial biomass carbon content in normal paddy was higher than that in sandy paddy. The soil organic matter contents $33g\;kg^{-1}$ of immatured and normal paddy were higher than sandy paddy $18g\;kg^{-1}$ (p<0.05). The communities of total bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria in normal paddy were significantly higher than those in sandy paddy (p<0.05). Total bacteria communities should be considered as a potential responsible factor for the obvious microbial community differentiation.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• no.nspc5
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• pp.71-79
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• 2005

Two hypotrichous ciliates inhabiting the representative terrestrial habitats of Jindo Island, Holostichides chardezi Foissner, 1987 and Rigidocortex octonucleatus (Foissner, 1988) are found from Jindo Island. These two species are newly recorded from Korea. The description was based on the observation of living specimens, protargol impregnated specimens and biometric analysis. The morphological variations among the populations of these species were investigated with morphometry. The diagnostic characteristics of these species are as follows: Holostichides chardezi : elongate body flexible and twisted, yellowish subpellicular granules scattered entire cortex, adoral zone of membranelles covering about $28\%$ of body length, left and right rows of mid-ventral cirri paired, left row ended at buccal vertex and right row extending to center of body, no transverse cirri, both marginal rows of cirri not confluent at posterior end, 28-42 macronuclei and 1-5 micronuclei scattered entire body. 3 caudal cirri and 4 dorsal kineties. Rigidocortex octonucleatues: elongate-oval body rigid and not contractile, yellowish cytoplasmic crystals and fat globules densely packed, adoral zone of membranelles covering about $40\%$ of body length, 5 transverse cirri, both marginal rows of cirri not confluent at posterior end, 8 macronuclei longitudinally arranged in median of cell, 3 caudal cirri and 7-10 fragmented dorsal kineties.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2021

Obesity is associated with impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function, which contribute to host systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. Korean traditional foods, fiber-rich bean products, have been various biological activities in anti-inflammatory responses, but has not reported the large intestinal health. In this study, we investigated the intestinal health promoting effect of cooked soybeans (CSB) on high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity model. SD rat were fed either a HFD or HFD supplemented with 10.6% CSB (HFD+CSB) for animal experimental period. CSB treatment significantly decreased the HFD-induced weights of body and fat. Also, CSB treatment improved HFD-reduced tight junction components (ZO-1, Claudin-1, and Occludin-1) mRNA expression in large intestine tissue. Additionally, histopathological evaluation showed that CSB treatment attenuated the HFD-increased inflammatory cells infiltration and epithelial damages in large intestine tissue. At the genus level, effects of CSB supplement not yet clear, while dietary effects showed differential abundance of several genera including Lactobacillus, Duncaniella, and Alloprevotella. NMDS analysis showed significant microbial shifts by HFD, while CSB did not shift gut microbiota. CSB increased the abundance of the genera Anaerotignum, Enterococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto, and Escherichia/Shigella by linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis, while reduced the abundance of Longicatena and Ligilactobacillus. These findings indicate that CSB supplement improves HFD-deteriorated large intestinal health by the amelioration of tight junction component, while CSB did not shift gut microbiotas.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.384-395
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a novel formulation of an herbal extracts has an inhibitory effect on obesity. To determine its anti-obesity effects, we performed anti-obesity-related experiments in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of herbal extracts using a high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model and 3T3-L1 adipose cells. The effects of each herbal extracts on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were examined using Oil Red O staining. Results showed that treatment with each herbal extracts at $10{\sim}100{\mu}g/ml$ had no effect on cell morphology and viability. Without evidence of toxicity, herbal extracts treatment decreased lipid accumulation compared with the untreated adipocytes controls as shown by the lower absorbance of Oil Red O stain. Futhermore, compared with control-differentiated mature adipocytes, each herbal extracts significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the HFD-fed obese mice, body weight, liver weight and white adipose tissue weights were significantly reduced by mixture of herbal extracts administration in mouse skin. Futhermore, we found that mixture of herbal extracts administration suppressed serum triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TCHO) in HFD-induced obese mouse model. The mixture of herbal extracts of permeability was estimated by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value in pig skin. The optimized formulations of herbal extracts (Test 3 formulation) showed skin permeation. However, test 1 formulation containing essential oil as enhancer showed maximum skin permeation. After confirming the enhanced skin permeability, in vivo studies were performed to assess whether skin irritation potential on the basis of a primary irritation index (PII) in rabbit skin. Reactions were scored for erythema/edema reactions at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post-application. It was concluded that the test 1 formulation was not irritation (PII = 0). The present study suggests that the test 1 formulation might be of therapeutic interest with respect to the treatment of obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.84-89
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• 2019

To characterize the molecular structure of BzO-gal synthesized using Escherichia coli ${\beta}$-gal, NMR ($^1H$- and $^{13}C$-) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry of BzO-gal were conducted. $^1H$ NMR spectrum of BzO-gal showed multiple peaks corresponding to the galactosyl group, which is an evidence of galactosylation on BzOH. Five proton peaks around the aromatic region at ${\delta}_H$ 7.43 ~ 7.24 ppm and 2 peaks from ${\delta}_H$ 4.93 and 4.67 ppm were evidence of the presence of the benzyl group. Seven proton peaks at ${\delta}_H$ 4.32 ~ 3.46 ppm showed the presence of a monosaccharide and were indicative of galactosylation on BzOH. $^{13}C$ NMR spectrum also revealed the presence of 11 carbons suggestive of BzO-gal. The mass value (sodium adduct ion of BzO-gal, m/z = 293.0994) from mass spectrometry analysis of BzO-gal, and $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectral data were in good agreement with the expecting structure of BzO-gal. We are expecting that through future study it will eventually be able to develop a new additive of low cytotoxicity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1128-1139
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• 2020

Over recent years, it has become evident that food and agricultural products are easily contaminated by fungi of Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium due to rapid climate change, which is not only a global food quality concern but also a serious health concern. Owing to consumers' interest in health, resistance to preservatives such as propionic acid and sorbic acid (which have been used in the past) is increasing, so it is necessary to develop a substitute from natural materials. In this review, the role of lactic acid bacteria as a biological method for controlling the growth and toxin production of fungi was examined. According to recent studies, lactic acid bacteria effectively inhibit the growth of fungi through various metabolites such as organic acids with low molecular weight, reuterin, proteinaceous compounds, hydroxy fatty acids, and phenol compounds. Lactic acid bacteria effectively reduced mycotoxin production by fungi via adsorption of mycotoxin with lactic acid bacteria cell surface components, degradation of fungal mycotoxin, and inhibition of mycotoxin production. Lactic acid bacteria could be regarded as a potential anti-fungal and anti-mycotoxigenic material in the prevention of fungal contamination of food and agricultural products because lactic acid bacteria produce various kinds of potent metabolic compounds with anti-fungal activities.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1738-1751
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• 2020

The skin is divided into three parts: the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous fat, and the stratum corneum, which is located at the top of the epidermis, acts as a barrier that prevents drug delivery. Nanoemulsions are known to be effective in transdermal delivery of drugs through intercellular lipids because of their unique small particle size. In this study, phase inversion temperature (PIT) nanoemulsion containing α-bisabolol was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) for effective skin absorption of α-bisabolol. As a preliminary experiment, the 25-2 fractional factorial design method and the 23 full factorial design method were performed. Box-Behnken design was performed based on the results of the factorial design method. The content of surfactant (6.3~12.6%), co-surfactant (5.2~7.8%) and α-bisabolol (0.5~5.0%) were used as factors, and the dependent variable was the particle size of the nanoemulsion. PIT nanoemulsion optimization was performed according to the RSM results, and as a result, the optimal nanoemulsion formulation conditions were predicted to be 10.4% surfactant content, 6.3% co-surfactant content, and 5.0% α-bisabolol content. As a result of the skin absorption test, the final skin absorption rate of the PIT nanoemulsion was 35.11±1.01%, and the final skin absorption rate of the general emulsion as a control was 28.25±1.69%, confirming that the skin absorption rate of the PIT nanoemulsion was better.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.362-367
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• 2022

Hempseed, a dehulled Cannabis fructus, has high nutraceutical potential. It has plenty of essential amino acids, vitamins, and essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, including α- and γ-linolenic acid. Increased exercise capacity, cognitive function, and ameliorative effects against hypercholesterolemia, neuro-inflammation, thrombus formation, and learning and memory impairment were reported in hemp-seed oil-administered models. Therefore, the market prices of hempseed oil are 45~140-fold higher than the other plant-derived oils, such as soy, corn, olive, canola, or linseed oil. In this study, instead of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) or FTIR-Raman spectroscopy, a simple UV-Vis spectrophotometry method was developed to authenticate the hempseed oil. Measurements of absorbance at 245, 305, and 415 nm of oils and calculations of 245/415 and 315/415 nm provided that the ratios of 245/415 and 315/415 nm of authentic hempseed oils were 12.9 and 9.6, respectively. The 245/415 and 315/415 nm of soy oil, corn oil, canola oil, and linseed oil were 35.4~61.8 and 29.7~50.8, respectively. This simple UV-Vis spectrophotometry method could also be applied to differentiate hempseed oil from blended oil products in markets.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the effects water extract of fermented new korean medicinal mixture, combinations of Mori Folium, Adenophorae Radix, Phllostachyos Folium and Citri Pericarpium (F-MAPC), on adipocyte differentiation, adipogenesis and glucose uptake using undiffernentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myoblasts. Methods : Each herb and those mixture were respectively fermented and then extracted with water. We carried on MTT assay for check-up on cell toxicity, Oil Red O staining for determination of cell differentiation and intracelluar adipogenesis. Western blot analysis for measurement of pAMPK and pACC, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and Glut-4 protein expressions were performed. Results : F-MAPC showed significant inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes without affecting cell toxicity as assessed by measuring fat accumulation, and this effect was 2 fold higher in 0.2 mg/ml F-MAPC than that of the same dose of each fermented herbal extract alone. In addition, these effects were associated with modulation of adipogenic transcription factors, such as $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, as well as stimulated phosphorylations of AMPK and ACC. Translocation of Glut-4 was significantly increased by 10.2% in L6 cells treated with 0.2 mg/ml F-MAPC compared with that of control. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that F-MAPC may be an ideal candidate for therapy of obesity and diabetes by disturbing the differentiation into adipocytes, as well as the inducement of intramuscular glucose uptake from blood.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.53-58
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• 2018

Objectives : Plantaginis asiaticae Folium (PA) has been widely used in Korean medicine for treatment of liver disease, stomach troubles and inflammation. We investigated the effect of PA on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 according to extraction conditions. Methods : The MTT assay was employed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of PA extracted by different solvents (water, 50% ethanol, and 95% ethanol) on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Oil red O staining was used to identify intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with PA at concentration ranging in 0.1, 0.2 and $0.4mg/m{\ell}$. PA was extracted by different extraction conditions such as extraction solvents, extraction time, and extraction temperature. In addition, UPLC analysis was used for determination of candidates of active ingredients in PA. Results : 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with PA extracted by different solvents (water, 50% ethanol, and 95% ethanol) and there was no cytotoxicity. Oil red O staining was employed to identify the effect of PA on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1. In the present study, PA water extraction at $70^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours decreased greatly in lipid accumulation. The range of concentrations was 0.1, 0.2 and $0.4mg/m{\ell}$. Concentration at $0.2mg/m{\ell}$ was the most effective one among them. Candidates of active ingredients in PA were shown plantamajoside and acteoside through UPLC. Conclusions : These results suggest that the effect of PA water extraction at $70^{\circ}C$ on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 is superior to other extraction conditions. We suppose that plantamajoside and acteoside may be candidates of active ingredients in PA.