• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.24
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• pp.43-47
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• 2006

The soils of plastic film houses in which intensive cultivation takes place suffer from the serious problems such as severe salinity and accumulation of heavy metals etc. The objective of this research was to examine the change in soil properties with repeated cucumber cultivation under plastic film house at Gunwi-Gun area. The soils were classified mainly to Danbuk and SinJung series. Clay content is lower in the soils of plastic film house than in the field soil. Available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable cations were accumulated at the level higher than the optimum range. The content of extractable heavy metals were higher in the soils of plastic film house than in those of the field. For optimum yield, much attention should be paied to the management of soils by the pre-soil survey.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.352-363
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• 1999

It has been rare to obtain reliable information related to the size of forest land in North Korea. Several sources of forest statistics, ranging from the first map of forest distribution in Korean Peninsula produced in 1910 to official data reported by the North Korea Government in 1997, were gathered and analyzed to define the characteristics of forest cover changes over years. In addition, Landsat satellite data obtained from 1973 to 1993 were processed for the two study areas of the provinces of Pyungyang and Heasan, where the topography and land use pattern are significantly different each other. Using three sets of multitemporal Landsat imagery, land cover ma-ps were produced by computer classification. Although forest statistics reported before 1990 are somewhat inconsistent, they mere gradually decreasing over years. The estimates of 1991 satellite data and the recent statistics reported in 1998 shows very steep decline in forest lands as compared to the ones before 1990. The abrupt decrease of forest lands after 1990 was also found on the detailed analysis of Landsat data for the two study areas of Pyungyang and Heasan. The rapid decline of forest lands may have something to do with the poor economic situation of the country and the continuing natural disasters of severe flooding and drought. Unstocked forest, which was not classified into forest land, was a very distinct and pervasive land cover type that can be easily observed on satellite imagery. Since unstocked forest land in North Korea may be a critical factor for degrading environmental quality as well as for the continuing natural disasters, further analysis is necessary to define the exact extent and the physical characteristics of the cover type.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2022

The vegetation of historical sites has been a form of vegetation that has remained since some years ago, but in modern times, vegetation and terrain have been deformed or damaged due to urban development, which was followed by an industrialization. As a solution to this, it is necessary to establish a plan for restoration and management by referring to the vegetation and landscape remaining in the historic site as indicators. This study was conducted to provide basic data for vegetation and landscape management of Baekje Historic Sites in Seoul by comparing and analyzing location characteristics, existing vegetation, and remaining vegetation of past substitutional vegetation for Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong, Baekje Historic Sites in Seoul. As a result of the study, Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong are located near the main stream of the Han River, Pungnaptoseong is located on a flat land consisting of natural embankments and floodplains, and Mongchontoseong is located on a hilly area. In the case of existing vegetation, it has been confirmed that Pungnaptoseong mainly has ornamental trees planting sites, while Mongchontoseong has a distribution of residual species from the past that grow in villages and hilly lowlands. The Substitutional vegetation of Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong was synthesized based on the location characteristics and actual vegetation, it is estimated that the hilly areas may have been divided into "Quercus aliena Blume.", "Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb." and so on, "Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc." on dry land,"Salix koreensis Andersson.", "Juglans mandshurica Maxim.", "Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud." in rivers and tributaries, "Quercus acutissima Carruth." in the main part of the forest, "Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc.", "Salix koreensis Andersson.", "Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino." as a divine tree in the beginning of the village. Since the 1960s, all substitutional vegetation in the past has disappeared due to the introduction of foreign species and the creation of urban areas in Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong, and the landscape has also been damaged. Fortunately, the substitutional vegetation was estimated in consideration of the species of residual trees distributed along the walls, climate, location characteristics, and times, but this study was conducted based on literature and existing vegetation surveys. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement the past target vegetation in Baekje historical sites in Seoul through quantitative experiments such as plant relic analysis in the future.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.165-182
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• 1998

When tour site is being used by people for the destination of tour, it has a life, or it will lose its life as a tour site. Therefore this paper aims to, based on Butler's theory, has chosen 46 hot spring spots in Korea which are legally assigned and presently running, and tried to analyze the life cycles, the stage of dispositional characteristics, and visitors' favoritism, and to try to find activating method which is not decline. Out of 46 spots, 29 Places were found on the stage of development, which took high percentage, 4 were on the growing stage, 5 were on the mature stage, 5 were on the stagnation or decline stage and the rest 3 were on the stage of rejuvenation. Geographically, Korean hot springs were located on the plain or mountainous areas mostly, and less of them were on hills and coast lines. In water quality, most of places had simple water while the places with salt and sulfur contained water were marked low rate. The temperatures of hot spring water were variable between $25^{\circ}C{\sim}78^{\circ}C$, but the older hot springs were hotter than new ones. After observing the relationship between disposition characteristics and life cycles, the geographical locations and the matter of approach were found as majour influential factors to the life cycles of them. The type of mountainous areas were observed slow progress in life cycle, due to traffic problem, until the road expansion or pavement work were done. Meanwhile, the suburban ones adjacent to big cities were favored by hot spring tourists due to their easy approach and easy traffic. The new born hot springs with such conditions have shown the fast growth. As studied above, since the hot springs were supposed to be for recuperation and vacational, a hot spring with better recreational and accommodational facilities was more favored by tourists than the one with pretty interior decorations. It was because the tour purpose of people has been switched from single purpose to multi one. Thus, the suggestion for activating a declining hot spring and bringing people in them is to develop new and attractive tour resources, expanding the related area, maintaining good quality of water, developing a complex site for long-term tour, developed traffic routs, hot spring festivals, utilizing adjacent tour resources, preparing public water supply system, and assigning as special tour zone.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 1999

Background: Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital disease distinguished by its unique deformity in tricuspid valve and right ventricle & atrium. In its surgical treatment , tricuspid valve reconstruction and valve replacement are well known method, but various surgical methods were suggested. Material and Method : From January 1984 to December 1995, 8 patients with Ebstein anomaly underwent surgical correction. Age and sex distribution, clinical symtoms, radiologic findings, preoperative studies, operative findings, operative methods and its results were analyzed. Result: The sex ratio was 5 to 3(male : female). Patients' ages were averaged 17.6(2-28) years. In all cases, it showed typical deformities of the tricuspid valve. Associated anomalies were permenant foramen ovale, atrial septum defect, pulmonary stenosis. Surgical procedures included tricuspid valve replacement(n=4) and tricuspid valve reconstuction(n=4). Two cases of sinus tachycardia and complete AV block occured postoperatively. There were two hospital death and no late death. All survivors are in NYHA class I or II with median follow up of 64.8 months. 2-D echocardiogram disclosed improvement tricuspid regurgitation during the follow up period. Conclusion: Even though operative method of Ebstein anomaly should be decided according to each anatomical characteristics, we recommended that tricuspid valvuloplasty and plication can be one of the good methods method in the selective cases.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.100-119
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• 2020

During recent years, the heat environment and particulate matter (PM₁₀) have become serious environmental problems, as increases in heat waves due to rising global temperature interact with weakening atmospheric wind speeds. There exist urban heat islands and urban pollution islands with higher temperatures and air pollution concentrations than other areas. However, few studies have examined these issues together because of a lack of micro-scale data, which can be constructed from spatial data. Today, with the help of satellite images and big data collected by private telecommunication companies, detailed spatial distribution analyses are possible. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the spatial distribution patterns of urban heat islands and urban pollution islands within Busan Metropolitan City and to compare the distributions of the two phenomena. In this study, the land surface temperature of Landsat 8 satellite images, air temperature and particulate matter concentration data derived from a private automated meteorological observation system were gridded in 30m × 30m units, and spatial analysis was performed. Analysis showed that simultaneous zones of urban heat islands and urban pollution islands included some vulnerable residential areas and industrial areas. The political migration areas such as Seo-dong and Bansong-dong, representative vulnerable residential areas in Busan, were included in the co-occurring areas. The areas have a high density of buildings and poor ventilation, most of whose residents are vulnerable to heat waves and air pollution; thus, these areas must be considered first when establishing related policies. In the industrial areas included in the co-occurring areas, concrete or asphalt concrete-based impervious surfaces accounted for an absolute majority, and not only was the proportion of vegetation insufficient, there was also considerable vehicular traffic. A hot-spot analysis examining the reliability of the analysis confirmed that more than 99.96% of the regions corresponded to hot-spot areas at a 99% confidence level.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.174-175
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• 1989

본 연구는 보건진료원의 업무를 분석하기 위하여 충북에서 활동하고 있는 보건진료원 136 명을 대상으로, 설문지를 흥해 자료수집을 하였으며 백분률, 평균값, 표준편차로 자료처리를 하였다. 조사기간은 1968 년 8월 1일부터 11월 20일까지 했으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 보건진료원의 일반적 특성과 업무에 관련 된 배경을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 보건진료원의 일반적 특성으로 연령 분포는 30 - 34세가 30.1 %로 가장 많았고 결혼 상태는 기혼자가 61.8 % 였다. 종교는 기독교가 42.6% 로 많았고 학력은 3 년제 간호전문대학 과정졸업 자가 78.9 %로 많았다. 현 가족과 동거상태에서 배우자와 자녀가 함께 사는 경우가 76.5% 였고, 보건진료원의 경력은 1 년 마만이 41.2 %로 가장 많았다. 보건진료원의 업무에 관련된 배경을 살펴보면, 근무지역조건은 갑지가 65.3 % 였고, 현 거주지는 보건진료소내 숙소가 대다수 였다. 보건진료소는 신축된 건물이 대다수였고, 보건진료소 시설은 '그저 그렇다'고 대답한 수가 가장 많았다. 보건진료소 운영협의회 수당은 월 $5\sim7$만원인 경우가 85.6 % 였다. 2. 보건진료원의 보건의료제공 실태는 다음과 같다. 보건진료원이 현재 담당하는 주민수는 $501\sim1,000$ 명이 35.3 % 이고, 1,500 명 이상의 주민을 담당하는 경우도 32% 였다. 보건진료소를 이용한 주만은 연평균 1,956 명이고, 보건진료소 평균 이용건수는 1,812건이다. 보건진료원의 직업만족도는 만족한다가 40.6%로 대체로 긍정적으로 나타났다. 3. 보건진료원과 보건의료 관련기관과의 관계는 다음과 같다. 지역주민의 보건의료자원 이용 정도는 보건소 진료소가 1 위로 가장 많았고, 약국, 약방, 의원, 보건지소의 순위로 나타났다. 보건의료 관련기관과의 협조가 잘 되고 있지 않다고 응답한 경우도 있는데, 보건소(19.7 %), 보건지소( 20.2%) 민간보건 의료기관(22.4 %)이며, 그 이유를 알아서 협조가 잘 이루어지도록 노력해야겠다. 원하는 감독체계는 보건소장(47.3 %), 보건간호 전문가(37.2 %)로 나타났으나 이는 현재있는 감독체제내에서 생각한 것이며 간호전문가에 의한 새로운 감독체제를 원하고 있었다. 많이 이용하는 의뢰 기관은 병원(52 %), 의원(24.4 %), 보건소(10.2 %) 순이었다. 4. 보건진료원의 업무 영역별 수행정도를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 보건진료원의 업무 영역을 7개 영역으로 구분하여 수행평균 평점을 보면통상질환 관리가 3.70점, 사업운영 관리 및 지도가 3.44 점, 사업계획 수립이 3.19 점, 지역사회 조직 및 개발이 3.17 점, 모자보건 및 가족계획이 3.14 점, 지역사회 보건관리가 3.09 점, 보건 정보체계 개발이 3.02 점으로 나타났다. 위의 결과에서 지역사회 보건관리가 3.09점으로 통상질환 관리 3.70 점 보다 낮게 나타났는데 이는 일차보건의료 사업 정착의 과도기적인 현상으로 생각하며, 이 부분을 더 많이 수행해야 할 것으로 사려된다. 5. 보건진료원의 업무 영역별 수행 소요시간의 평균은 다음과 같다. 지역사회 조직 및 개발 3.48 시간, 사업계획 수립 3.55 시간, 지역사회보건 관리 6.74 시간, 모자보건 및 가족계획 5.55 시간, 통상잘환 관리 15.94시간, 사업운영 관리 및 지도 4.39시간, 보건정보체계 3.62 시간으로 나타났다. 보건진료원이 통상질환 관리와 더불어 예방활동을 효율적으로 할 수 있도록 적절한 행정적, 교육적 지원이 있어야 한다고 생각한다.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 2022

Humans and wild birds coexist in cities, where habitat fragmentation due to urbanization threatens the habitat and movement of birds. In this study, in order to identify landscape features associated with wild bird collide, we characterized landscape composition within a 500 m radius and points of wild bird carcasses in Suwon-city, South Korea. Dead birds were identified as having a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of 0.3, Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) of -0.05, and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) of -0.16 at the points of collide. And there were NDVI of 0.34, NDBI of -0.01, NDWI of -0.18, building height of 13.8 m, and soundproof wall length of 227.3 m within a radius of 500 m. Land cover type was dominated by grassland, used area, and bare land. In particular, the edges of urbanized areas, where apartments bordered forests, reservoirs, and golf courses, were identified as high-risk spaces. In order to minimize bird mortality risk in urban environments, the impact of changes to a vertical landscape should be reviewed from an environmental impact assessment approach. In addition, a preventive management plan that considers the temporal and spatial features that wild animals can safely avoid and adapt to in urbanized spaces should be prepared.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.761-778
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• 2014

There has been relatively little study to model price for commercial property because of its low transaction volume in the market. Despite of this thin market character, this paper tried to estimate prices for commercial lots as accurate as possible. We constructed a model whose components consist of mean structure(global trend), exponential covariance function and a pure error term, and applied it to actual sales price data of Seoul. We explicitly took account of spatial autocorrelation of land price by utilizing a kriging technique, a representative method of spatial interpolation, because the land price of commercial lots has feature of differential price forming pattern depending on submarkets they belong to. In addition, we chose to apply a bayesian kriging to overcome data scarcity by incorporating experts' knowledge into prior probability distribution. The chosen model's excellent performance was verified by the result from validation data. We confirmed that the excellence of the model is attributed to incorporating both autocorexperts' knowledge and spatial autocorrelation in the model construction. This paper is differentiated from previous studies in the sense that it applied the bayesian kriging technique to estimate price for commercial lots and explicitly combined experts' knowledge with data. It is expected that the result of this paper would provide a useful guide for the circumstances under which property price has to be estimated reliably based on sparse transaction data.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land use patterns of riparian zones and water quality in the Geumho River watershed. A GIS database included digital land use maps (1:25,000), stream network extracted from digital topographic maps (1:5,000) and riparian zones maps by multi-buffering method. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to explain the relationship between the environmental conditions of a 30 meter buffer strip on each side and water quality. According to the result of investigation of riparian-level land use patterns, sub-watersheds on the lower Geumho River including Daegu metropolitan city were mainly developed as urban area such as residential, commercial and industrial ones, while sub-watersheds on the middle Geumho River and the main course of Nakdong River, agricultural ones such as a paddy, a dry field and an orchard. Meanwhile, the area-rate of riparian forests which play an important role in filtering nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment was estimated below the average 16%. The proportion of urban area in a 30 meter riparian bufferstrip had a negative correlation with water quality in each sub-watershed. But the proportion of forest area had a positive correlation with water quality. Henceforth, it is necessary to establish landscape planning for preparing and restoring the riparian buffer zones, concerning land form, soil type, the present land use pattern and economic aspects.