• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.2 s.121
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• pp.159-163
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• 2007

Impaction with a severely dilacerated root is seldom reported, especially in the maxillary incisor. It is probably because of the high clinical difficulty associated with bringing the dilacerated tooth into proper position, and the high chance of failure due to ankylosis, external root resolution, and root exposure after orthodontic traction. Even the successful cases may need periodontal surgery to improve the unesthetic gingival shape. However, it has previously been reported that an impacted maxillary central incisor was successfully treated by proper crown exposure and orthodontic traction. This article presents a case of an invertedly impacted maxillary right central incisor with a developing dilacerated root, which was aligned into proper position after orthodontic traction composed of two stages of a closed eruption technique.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.454-460
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• 2007

Traumatic dental injuries in childhood and adolescent occurred more frequently than in adult. The time between the accident and the treatment is one of the most critical factors to prognosis, and because of the limited time available to examine and treat patients with traumatic dental injuries, if not treat appropriately, the result would be critical for the patient. In the previous studies, the prevalence and incidence of traumatic injuries were the most frequent at the age of 8 to 10 years, the majority of dental injuries involve the anterior teeth, especially the maxillary incisors, and males were more prevalent than females in an approximated proportion of 2:1. As the mean age of complete root formation is 10 years old, the maxillary permanent incisor involved in the most affected age group is usually immature, and the possibility of pulpal healing through excellent revascularization exists, more positive prognosis for pulp vitality would be expected. These are treatment cases of the immature maxillary permanent central incisor involved in the traumatic injury, and reports for progress and results of preserving the pulp vitality through the conservative treatment instead of the conventional endodontic root therapy.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2017

The purpose of the study was to investigate the distribution of primary fused teeth and identify the correlation between primary fused teeth and their effect on permanent dentition. 2575 children between the age of 4 and 6 in Kyungpook National University Hospital from January 2009 to August 2015 were investigated. A total of 84 children (46 boys and 38 girls) had fused teeth. 14 of these children had two fused teeth. Prevalence of caries involvement was in 65% of maxilla and 6% of mandible. Prevalence of permanent successors missing was 86.3% in the cases involving maxillary central and lateral incisor, 70% in mandibular lateral incisor and cuspid, 11.7% in mandibular central and lateral incisor. 27 of 84 children (32.1%) had supernumerary teeth. The highest prevalence rate is seen in the cases involving maxillary central and lateral incisor. Delayed permanent tooth eruption was only observed in the maxilla because of developing supernumerary tooth. Early diagnosis of fused tooth in the primary dentition can allow the dentist to make treatment plan at the appropriate time in accordance with the tooth arrangement and tooth development.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2005

A tooth impaction means a state that a tooth does not erupt out of oral mucosa or alveolar bone for many reasons. The reasons for an impaction of the Maxillary central incisor are an odontoma, supernumerary tooth, space loss, prolonged remaining or early loss of a preceding deciduous tooth, abnormalities of crown or root caused by trauma of a deciduous tooth and an ectopic position of a tooth germ. In the case of the impacted maxillary incisor, a rapid mesial movement of a lateral incisor leads a space loss and a midline deviation can be happened. Furthermore, it can cause a cyst. When we treated a patient with an impacted central incisor early, we could see a better prognosis. It means an early diagnosis and an exact treatment are very important. Generally if the impaction is not severe or it is caused by a keratinized covering tissue, a surgical exposure can induce an eruption easily but an orthodontic force is recommended when an eruption does not happen after a surgical method, when the eruption path is too transpositioned to be corrected spontaneously and when an impacted tooth is located so deeply. In the treatment using an orthodontic force, careful considerations about a root length, pulp, and a periodontal tissue can improve the periodontal and esthetic prognosis for the long follow-up results. This case is using an orthodontic traction following a periodic observation and in no expectation of spontaneous eruption. After treatment of this case, I have got some knowledges, so I report this case.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.355-361
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• 2004

Impaction is generally defined as the lack of eruption of a tooth after the normal age for the eruption. An impacted tooth may appear blocked by another tooth, bone, or soft tissue, but cause of tooth impaction is often unknown. The clinician should consider the various treatment options available : (a) No treatment and observation, (b) surgical exposure and orthodontic traction (c) auto transplantation (d) extraction. These cases were about the patients with delayed eruption of maxillary central incisor. We surgically exposed impacted tooth and guided it into normal position by the orthodontic traction. Especially, in case 1, #21 was ectopic impacted state with root dilaceration. It is required to examine further root development and alignment of dentition serially.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.383-390
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• 2001

It is a relatively common clinical experience to see a impacted maxillary central incisor Most often, the central incisor is impacted labially. The labial impaction has been indicated as the most difficult to manage. The labial impactions have been found to be associated with mucogingival recession, reduced attached gingiva and periodontal pockets. For the successful treatment, clinicians should avoid loss of attached gingiva in surgical exposure. The most common methods of uncovering labially impacted maxillary anterior teeth are gingivectomy, apically positioned flap and closed eruption technique. If gingivectomy will not leave enough attached gingiva, then an apically positioned flap may be the treatment of choice. If the tooth is impacted in the middle of the alveolus or high in the vestibule near the nasal spine, the closed eruption technique may be the treatment of choice. Closed eruption technique was used in one case, apically positioned flap was used in two case. As the result in two cases of impacted maxillary central incisor, apically positioned flap provide the adequate width of attached gingiva. In case of impacted maxillary central incisor, through the clinical and radiologic examination to select correct surgical operation for reduce the complications.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.162-168
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• 2007

Impaction of the maxillary central incisor may cause social, esthetic, and functional problems in children. There are various means of treatment for the inverted maxillary central incisor, such as extraction, surgical opening followed by orthodontic traction surgical repositioning or intra-alveolar autotransplantation prior to extraction. In this case, we surgically repositioned the inverted maxillary central incisor to normal semi-erupted position in a 5-year-old boy The developmental stage of the inverted tooth was Nolla's 6.5, which indicates formation of less than one third of the root. After surgical reposition, we did follow-up for 21 months, expecting spontaneous growth Unfortunately, poor prognosis was noted further root was not observed. Such failure seems to originate from possible injury on Hertwig's epithelial root sheath by surgical trauma. We performed surgical repositioning to retain the tooth instead of extraction. However, arrest of root development occurred which is one of the critical complications. In order to increase the success rate of the surgical reposition procedure, minimal surgical trauma is required as well as selection of adequate indication and decision of proper time of treatment considering the stage of root development.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.550-556
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• 2005

Tooth impaction is defined as a cessation of the eruption of a tooth at the level of the oral mucosa or alveolar bone by any causes. Any tooth in the dental arch can be impacted, but the teeth frequently involved in a descending order are the mandibular and maxillary third molars, the maxillary canines, the mandibular and maxillary second premolars, and the maxillary central incisors. In these teeth, impaction of maxillary incisor occurs in about 0.1-0.5% and major causes are trauma, supernumerary teeth and periapical inflammation of primary maxillary incisor. Delayed eruption of a maxillary central incisor results in midline shift, the space's being occupied by an adjacent tooth and different levels of alveolar height. Treatment options are observation, surgical intervention, surgical exposure and orthodontic traction, transplantation and extraction. These cases were about the patients with delayed eruption of maxillary central incisor. We surgically exposed impacted tooth and guided it into normal position by the orthodontic traction. At the completion of traction, the maxillary central incisor was positoned fairly within the arch and complications such as root resorption were not observed.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.1 s.66
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• pp.99-111
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the positioning errors according to the method of bonding lingual brackets. Dental models of twenty orthodontic patients with malocclusion were selected for this study. The positioning errors were measured on each model that brackets were bonded to. Three different bonding methods were used. For the first method the bracket was bonded intimately to the lingual surface of the model. For the second method, the bracket was bonded intimately to the lingual surface after setting up using articulator. The passive bracketing, bonding the bracket ligated first to ideal archwire, was used after setting up as the last method. The results were as follows: 1. The brackets bonded without setting up showed greater angulation errors in the upper 1st premolar and the lower canine than those in other bonding methods. The brackets bonded without passive bracketing showed greater positioning errors in upper central incisor, lower 1st and End premolars. 2. The brackets bonded without setting up showed greater torque error in lower 2nd premolar than those in other bonding methods. The brackets bonded without passive bracketing showed greater torque errors in all upper teeth, lower 1st and 2nd premolars. 3. The brackets bonded without passive bracketing showed greater rotation errors between upper central incisors, lower central incisors, lower lateral and central incisor, lower canine and lateral incisor. 4. The brackets bonded without setting up showed greater in-out errors between upper canine and lateral incisor than those in other bonding methods. The brackets bonded without passive bracketing showed greater in-out errors between upper central incisors, upper central and lateral incisors, upper 1st and 2nd premolars, lower lateral and central incisors, lower canine and lateral incisor. These results suggest that there is a large amount of positioning error in lingual brackets even by an indirect bonding technique, and it may be reduced by passive bracketing.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.540-548
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to evaluate the timing of sequence of tooth calcification in current Korean growing children. The Calcification stage of permanent teeth of Korean children was investigated by classifying them into 10 stages by the criteria of Nolla, using the panoramic radiographs of 258 healthy Korean children, 149 males and 109 females, between the ages of 4 years and 13 years, with normal growing tendency and no orthodontic treatment experience. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Timing of calcification of permanent teeth by Nolla stage was established with mean values. Among the mean value, results of Nolla stage 7 were as follows: Calcification timing of male in the maxilla was 6 year 9 month on central incisor, 7 year 4 month on lateral incisor,7 year 9 month on canine, 8 year 8 month on the first premolar, 9 year 4 month on the second premolar, 6 years 3 month on the first molar and 10 year 8 month on the second molar, calcification timing of male in the mandible was 5 year 11 month on central incisor, 6 year 4 month on lateral incisor, 7 year 5 month on canine, 8 year 1 month on the first premolar, 8 year 6 month on the second premolar 5 years 6 month on the first molar and 10 year 3 month on the second molar. Calcification timing of female in the maxilla was 6 year 2 month on central incisor, 6 year 7 month on lateral incisor, 6 year 11 month on canine, 8 year 1 month on the first premolar, 8 year 5 month on the second premolar, 5 years 10 month on the first molar and 9 year 10 month on the second molar, calcification timing of male in the mandible was 5 year 6 month on central incisor, 5 year 9 month on lateral incisor, 6 year 8 month on canine, 7 year 6 month on the first premolar, 8 year 4 month on the second premolar, 5 years 3 month on the first molar and 9 year 7 month on the second molar. 2. The sequence of calcification at Nolla stage 7 was in consequence to the first molar, central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, the first premolar, the second premolar and second molar. 3. While the sequence of root completion of maxilla was in consequence to the first molar, central incisor, lateral incisor, that of mandible was in order of central incisor, first molar and lateral incisor. 4 the calcification timing of permanent teeth was earlier in female than in male (p<0.05). According to above data, the result of this study is applicable for diagnosis and routine clinical practice for children.