• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.290-302
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• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate geochemical properties for stream sediments, surrounding soils, sludge collected in the drainage pipe of leachate and waters (stream water, groundwater, leachate) around the Pungam Landfill in Gwangju city. The stream sediments don't show any systematic trend of contents from upstream to downstream. The most enriched major element in the stream sediments is Fe (up to 7.08wt.% in GJ-23). Though stream sediment GJ-23 and GJ-34 were enriched by some heavy metals (eg. As, Cu, Zn), they do not constitute serious problems for environment consideration. The concentration of Fe (35.lwt.%) and As (38ppm) are significantly high in the GJ-8, which is soil specimen adjacent to leachate reservoir. The sludge (GJ-7) shows very high concentrations of As, Mn, Cr, Pb. In particular, the Cr content is 45.6 ppm, which exceeds the permitted level. The leachate is characterized by high TDS (2210-2470mg/L) and high electric conductivity (468, 530ms/cm), and enriched in both cation (Na, K) and anion (HCO$_3$). The leachate(PK-3) had a relatively high concentration of Cl, and is plotted in Na-Cl type on the Piper's diagram. The NO$_3$-N of the groundwater and stream water exceeded the permitted levels for drinking water.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.11-21
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influences of digestion temperature on the extraction of heavy metals from soil using the standard method established by Korean Ministry of Environment (KMES). A total of 7 heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in soil samples were extracted at varying digestion temperatures [(66 ± 2.0)℃, (73 ± 1.9)℃, (80 ± 1.3)℃, (85 ± 1.7)℃, (92 ± 2.0)℃, (98 ± 1.7)℃]. As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations remained relatively constant over the temperature range, but Ni and Cr concentrations greatly varied with the digestion temperature. The extent of variation in extraction efficiencies as compared to the concentration obtained at 66℃ was in following order; Ni (7.09% ~ 35.42%) > Cr (4.79% ~ 25.40%) > Zn (3.99% ~ 17.52%) > Cu (2.22% ~ 19.34%) > As (3.54% ~ 8.26%) > Cd (-5.08% ~ 1.08%) > Pb (-4.71% ~ -1.70%). The accuracy for certified reference materials at the digestion temperature of 80 and 85℃ was 98.7% ~ 105.8%. Therefore, digestion temperature of 80℃ ~ 85℃ is suggested to obtain reliable and reproducible data when the standard method by Korean Ministry of Environment is employed to analyze multiple heavy metal components in soil samples.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.100-109
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• 2016

Low impact development (LID) facilities are established for the purpose of restoring the natural hydrologic cycle as well as the removal of pollutants from stormwater runoff. Improved efficiency of LID facilities can be obtained through the optimized interaction of their major components (i.e., plant, soil, filter media, microorganisms, etc.). Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the performances of LID facilities in terms of runoff and pollutant reduction and also to provide an optimal maintenance method. The monitoring was conducted on four LID technologies (e.g., bioretention, small wetlands, rain garden and tree box filter). The optimal SA/CA (facility surface area / catchment area) ratio for runoff reduction greater than 40% is determined to be 1 - 5%. Since runoff reduction affects the pollutant removal efficiency in LID facilities, SA/CA ratio is derived as an important factor in designing LID facilities. The LID facilities that are found to be effective in reducing stormwater runoff are in the following order: rain garden > tree box filter > bioretention> small wetland. Meanwhile, in terms of removal of particulate matter (TSS), the effectiveness of the facilities are in the following order: rain garden > tree box filter > small wetland > bioretention; rain gardens > tree box filter > bioretention > small wetland were determined for the removal of organic matter (COD, TOC), nutrients (TN, TP) and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn). These results can be used as an important material for the design of LID facilities in runoff volume and pollutant reduction.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.258-261
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• 2001

The paper industry produces about 6,000 ton of paper ashes yearly with by-products in Yuhan-Kimberly Ltd. The paper ashes was analyzed and evaluated for their potential as the soil acidity amendment materials. This study was conducted to investigate a reasonable amount of paper ashes for soil acidity amendment effect to be applied onto raising seedling of Calendula officinalis L. The mixed proportion of applied ashes, which was compared with agricultural lime, was treated to 0, 5, 10 and 15% (v/v) in mixed soil (pH 6.0) and the peat moss (pH 3.8) respectively. Consequently paper ashe was found to be more effective than agricultural lime at germination percentage, growth condition and in sharp initial increase of soil pH. The appropriate proportion of applied paper ash was 10% (v/v) at the soil-mix, and 15% (v/v) at the peat-moss. Soil application of paper ashes may provide supplemental quantities of K, Ca, Mg and other plant nutrients. But heavy metal concentrations in paper ash was low and should not limit application rates.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Zn and Cu on physiological responses of tobacco at the different leaf ages for the purpose of phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated field. Plant height was significantly decreased at Zn and Cu concentrations of 1.0 mM or higher. Especially, root dry weight decreased more (50% reduced) than shoot dry weight. Zn and Cu accumulation in the shoot and root was dramatically increased after 2.0 mM treatment. The accumulation pattern was different by leaf aging in that Zn accumulated more in senescence leaf and Cu accumulated more in growing leaf. The amounts of heavy metal accumulations per plant were 146,000 mg/kg for Zn and 20,500 mg/kg for Cu at 2.0 mM treatment. The proper harvesting time would be suggested as vegetative growth stage for Zn and reproductive stage for Cu. The concentrations of other inorganic ions (Mg, Mn, Fe) were decreased when Zn and Cu concentrations were increased. Cu concentration and Zn concentration of both shoot and root were decreased in Zn treatment and Cu treatment, respectively.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.223-235
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• 2012

In this paper, field study results about accumulation of sediments and its property in the forebay of wetland aiming at stormwater from rural area wherein intensive cow feeding lots are operated are provided. In addition, some design aspects are discussed. Amount of sediment generation in the longitudinal direction of forebay was found to be affected by hydrological factors such as rainfall depth and intensity. Nutrient contents in the sediments of this wetland were 10 times higher than those in stormwater wetland in rural area without animal-feeding lot. Total-Pb and As contents show similar level to values from the soils of surrounding watershed, but Total-Cu content was higher due to the animal feeding lots. Yearly amount of sediment generation, its depth and volume were estimated to 13tons, 23cm, and $65m^3$. Based on these results and recommended guideline by Korean Ministry of Environment, dredging frequency was found to be about 2.7years. The shape of forebay has to be carefully designed to deal with a great change in flow rate. According to the results of sediment depth analysis, instead of the present rectangular, wedge-shape forebay is more desirable in handling scouring caused by high flows.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2010

In order to investigate the degree of household dust contamination, 48 samples of household dust (24 from urban area and 24 from rural area) in Daegu city were collected in vacuum cleaner during January to February 2009. Samples were sieved below 100 ${\mu}m$, and 14 elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) were analyzed using ICP after acid extraction. Results obtained from the source assessment of trace elements using enrichment factor showed that Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and V were influenced by natural sources such as weathered rock and resuspended soil, while Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were influenced by anthropogenic sources such as fuel combustion and waste incineration. Concentrations were remarkably higher in components from natural sources than in components from urban anthropogenic sources. Household dust in urban area was more affected by anthropogenic sources compared with that of rural area. Pollution index of heavy metals revealed that urban area was 1.8 times more contaminated with heavy metal components than rural area. The correlation analysis among trace elements indicated that components were correlated with natural sources-natural sources (Al-Mg, Al-Mn, Fe-Mn) and natural sources-anthropogenic sources (Al-V, Fe-Cr, V-Mn) in both urban area and rural area. Trace element components of rural area were more correlated than those of urban area. Houses that use oil for heating fuel had relatively higher contents of heavy metals rather than those using gas or electricity for heating fuel. Houses with children also had higher contents of heavy metals. In addition, the age of houses was found to influence the heavy metal levels in household dusts, with older houses (>10years) having higher concentrations than newer houses (<10years) and houses located near the major road (<10 m) were found to have relatively higher heavy metal levels in household dust.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.152-157
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Since bottom ash (BA) contains considerable amounts of CaO and MgO, it could be a useful amendment to increase soil pH and to immobilize cadmium (Cd). This study was conducted to evaluate effect of BA application in reducing Cd phytoavailability.METHODS AND RESULTS: Bottom ash was applied at the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 80 Mg/ha to Cd contaminated soil, and then lettuce was cultivated under field condition. soil pH and net negative charge increased slightly with increasing BA application; however, there was no statistical difference among the rates. Water soluble, exchangeable+acidic, reducible, and oxidizable fraction of Cd decreased with increasing bottom ash application rate, whereas residual fraction of Cd increased with increasing bottom ash application rate. Lettuce yield increased with rate of bottom ash up to 40 kg/ha. Visual evidences of cadmium toxicity and growth inhibition were not found during lettuce cultivation.CONCLUSION: Bottom ash was effective to reduce phytoextractability of Cd and to increase lettuce yield. Conclusively, BA could be a good soil amendment to reduce Cd phytoavailability in contaminated arable soil.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.112-122
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• 2007

It is known that coal-derived fly ashes have the unique chemical composition and mineralogical characteristics. Since iron oxides in coal fly ash are enriched with heavy metals, the subsurface media including soils, underground water, and sea water are highly likely contaminated with heavy metals when the heavy metals are leached from fly ashes by water-fly ash interactions. The purpose of this study was to investigate how indigenous bacteria affect heavy metal leaching and mineralogy in fly ash slurry during the fly ash-seawater interactions in the ash pond located in Dangjin seashore, Korea. The average pH of ash pond seawater was 8.97 in nature. Geochemical data showed that microbial activity sharply increased after the 7th day of the 60-day course batch experiments. Compared with other samples including autoclaved and natural samples, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ was likely to decrease considerably in the fly ash slurry samples when glucose was added to stimulate the microbial activity. Geochemical data including Eh/pH, alkalinity, and major and trace elements showed that the bacteria not only immobilize metals from the ash pond by facilitating the chemical reaction with Mn, Fe, and Zn but may also be able to play an important role in sequestration of carbon dioxide by carbonate mineral precipitation.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2011

Potential risk of heavy metals to various receptors including humans depends on the bioavailability of the heavy metals in soil. In this study, the heavy metal extraction methods using 0.1N HCl and aqua regia were compared with the Tessier's sequential extraction method to assess whether these two methods can be used to determine the plant-available heavy metal concentrations. The contamination characteristics of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) found in soils collected from 75 sites around the closed Janghang smelter were analyzed by extracting heavy metals using 0.1 N HCl, aqua regia, and the Tessier's sequential extraction method. The portion of metals bioavailable to plants is considered as the sum of the fraction 1 (exchangeable) and the fraction 2 (carbonates binding) of the Tessier's 5-step sequential extraction method, which were determined to be 3.1 ${\pm}$ 3.82, 0.6 ${\pm}$ 0.15, 20.6 ${\pm}$ 18.78, and 7.0 ${\pm}$ 6.48 mg/kg for Cu, Cd, Pb, and As, respectively, in this study. When the extraction using aqua regia and the Tessier's extraction method were compared, the extracted Cu and Pb concentrations did not show significant differences, whereas the extracted Cd and As concentrations showed significant differences. These results indicate that the portion of Cd and As in the fraction 5 of the Tessier's sequential extraction can not be extracted using aqua regia. Using aqua regia, which is the official test method, higher concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb and As were extracted than the sum of the fraction 1 and 2. The results show that only 9, 40, 39 and 10% of Cu, Cd, Pb and As using aqua regia can be uptaken by plants (i.e., plant-available). Using 0.1N HCl, the portion of Cd equivalent to about 66% the fraction 1 could be extracted, while, with Pb, the portion of the fraction 1 and about 90% of the fraction 2 could be extracted. With As, the portion equivalent to the fraction 1, 2 and 79% of the fraction 3 was extracted, while with Cu, the portion equivalent to the fraction 1, 2, 3 and 20% of the fraction 4 was extracted using 0.1N HCl.