• The Korean Nurse
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• v.23 no.3 s.126
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• pp.7-21
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• 1984

한국간호 I. 간호행정제도 및 법규의 변천 1. 간호행정기구 한국의 의료행정은 현대의학의 도입과 더불어 1894년 6월 내부에 위생국을 둔다는 규정이 발표됨으로서 시작되었고 1901년 관제개편에 따라 위생국에 보건과와 의무과가 설치되었다. 그 후 1945년 12월 보건후생부 간호사업국내에 보건간호과 기관간호과 조산 간호과가 설치되었고 각 도에는 간호 사업계가 설치되었다. 1948년부터는 보건사회부 의정국내의 조산간호과가 간호 사업과로 개편되었다. 그후 1970년 간호사업과가 간호사업담당관제로 개편되었으며 1981년부터는 간호사업담당관제도 폐지되어 보건국의 가족보건과나 의정국 지역의료과에서 한 명의 간호원이 참여하는 정도로 간호행정기구가 점차 축소되었다. 2. 간호법규 1)면허 1962년 개정된 의료법에 의하여 간호원의 면허는 문교부장관이 인가한 간호교육기관 졸업자중 간호원 국가시험 합격자로 규정하였다. 조산원의 경우는 1914년 처음으로 조산원 면허등록을 시작하였으며 현재는 간호원 면허를 받은 자로서 보건사회부장관이 지정하는 교육병원에서 1년의 정규 교육과정을 필한자로 그 자격을 명시하고 있다. 2) 자격시험 자격시험은 1916년부터 실시되었으며 1920년 이후는 각 도에서 관할 실시하였다. 그 후 1962년부터는 보건사회부장관의 주도하에 국가시험을 시행하였으며 현재는 국립 보건원에서 간호원을 포함한 의료업자의 국가 시험을 주관하고 있다. 3)간호수가 간호원 조산원에 관한 간호수가 관계 규칙은 1911년에 발표된 것으로 간호원의 경우 출장 시에 출장비와 간호료를 환자가 지불하도록 하는 것이었다. 1925년 5월까지는 각 지역별로 간호수가에 차이가 있었으나 동년 6월부터 수가규정이 전국적으로 통일되었다. 그 후 1953년부터는 국공립병원 간호원들에게도 다른 일반 공직자와 같이 직급을 보함으로서 간호직에 대한 보수가 통일되었으며 1971년부터는 간호직 수당이 제정되었다. II. 간호사업의 분야별 발전 1. 임상간호제도의 발전 1)초기의 임상간호 한국에 서양의학을 기초로 설립된 최초의 병원은 1885년 의사 Allen에 의한 왕립병원이다. 그 후 정부에 의하여 1894년 군부병원이 설립되었고, 1899년 내부병원이 1904년에 적십자 병원이 설립되었다. 당시에 이루어진 현대간호는 일본인 간호원들에 의해 전해진 일본식 간호와 선교사 간호원들에 의해 전해진 서구식 간호방식이 있었는데 이 두 간호방법은 문화적 배경이나 사회적 인습에 의한 많은 차이점을 볼 수 있었다. 2) 일제하의 임상간호 이 당시에 이루어진 일본식 간호방법을 보면 간호원들의 주업무가 환자를 위한 간호보다도 의사 보조에 더 치중한 것을 볼 수 있다. 한편 선교계 병원에서는 입원환자에 대해서는 간호원들이 전인간호를 실시하였으며 병원당국과 의사들의 협조로 많은 간호사업의 발전을 가져올수 있었다. 3) 광복 이후의 임상간호 6.25 동란 후 한국에는 병원이 계속 늘어나 현재 20Bed 이상의 전국의 병원수가 431개소이고 이중 80Bed 이상의 종합병원이 148개소나 된다. 각 병원의 간호사업은 간호사업과 또는 간호사업부의 행정체제로 운영되고 있으며 최근에는 간호과정(Nursing Process)의 개념을 도입하여 문제중심 간호기록인 POMR(Problem Oriented Medical Record) 방법을 시도하고 있다. 또한 면허간호원은 매년 중앙회에서 실시하는 보수교육을 10시간 이상 받고 있다.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.201-208
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate reunification perception among groups with different cognitive bias(anchoring bias) through empirical studies. This study assumes that cognitive bias occurs according to the content of N. Korea provided in school education, and that the cognitive bias formed in youth creates a difference in perception of N. Korea and reunification. For empirical study, a survey of reunification awareness conducted by the Institute for Peace an Unification Studies-Seoul National University was used, and the two groups are divided into A-group that chose "anti-communism or security" and B-group that did "reunification interests, multi-culturalism and understanding North Korea" according to N. Korea content which was encountered in school education during adolescence. A-group recognized N. Korea as a hostile target even after becoming an adult, while B-group regarded N. Korea as a one of dialogue and cooperation. This analysis illustrates the existence of cognitive bias between the two groups because of N. Korea content which was given in school education. A-group had a lower percentage than B-group in terms of the benefits of reunification to S. Korea and the need for more dialogue and compromise with N. Korea. However, there was no difference between two groups in terms of acceptance of N. Korean defectors. This research result could be a reference to the direction of school education policies relating to reunification in that early school education affects reunification awareness and perception related with N. Korea even in adulthood.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.157-166
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• 2022

Structural supervision on the construction site has been performed based on visual inspection, which is highly labor-intensive and subjective. In this study, the remote technique was developed to improve the efficiency of the measurements on rebar spacing using a 360° camera and reconstructed 3D models. The proposed method was verified by measuring the spacings in reinforced concrete structure, where the twelve locations in the construction site (265 m²) were scanned within 20 seconds per location and a total of 15 minutes was taken. SLAM, consisting of SIFT, RANSAC, and General framework graph optimization algorithms, produces RGB-based 3D and 3D point cloud models, respectively. The minimum resolution of the 3D point cloud was 0.1mm while that of the RGB-based 3D model was 10 mm. Based on the results from both 3D models, the measurement error was from 10.8% to 0.3% in the 3D point cloud and from 28.4% to 3.1% in the RGB-based 3D model. The results demonstrate that the proposed method has great potential for remote structural supervision with respect to its accuracy and objectivity.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.263-277
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• 2005

Objectives: This study aimed to reveal the oral health conditions based on the dental health behaviors of a community-dwelling elderly. Methods: The subjects included 206 rural dwellers(100 men & 106 women) aged over 65 years old, who received dental health check-ups in the local public health center and its branches attached to 6 respective Myons of Chunchongnamdo Province, during the 2-month period from Jan. 1st to Feb. 28th, 2005. They were examined by dentists and given self-administered questionnaires asking about their dental heaith behaviors and subjective symptoms of gingival bleeding. Results: The oral health conditions based on dental health behavior showed that those who have not taken dental health service a year were found to have significantly greater number of missing teeth(p=0.002), DMFT(p=0.002) and CPITN(p=0.018), and those who have not observed intra-oral conditions a week to have significantly less number of filled teeth(p=0.002) and significantly greater number of missing teeth(p=0.000) and CPITN (p=0.000) than their respective counterparts. In terms of brushing, those who brushed their teeth below "3 times/day" were found to have significantly greater number of decayed teeth(p=0.000), missing teeth(p=0.000), DMFT(p=0.000) and CPITN(p=0.000) than their counterparts. In terms of time spent in brushing, those who spends "below 3 minutes" had significantly greater number of missing teeth(p=0.002) and DMFT(p=0.041), and significantly less number of filled teeth(p=0.036). According to the use of aid tools for cleaning teeth, the group who don't use them had significantly greater number of DMFT(p=0.041) and CPITN(p=0.018) than its counterpart. Classified by smoking habits, smoking groups had significantly greater number of decayed teeth(p=0.035) and CPITN(p=0.001) than non-smoking groups. Multiple regression analysis of the study data revealed that the significant factors influencing number of decayed teeth were number of brushing, sex and intra-oral observation (explanatory power of 14.2%). The significant factors for number of filled teeth were sex, intra-oral observation, use of aid tools, frequency of brushing, subjective health conditions and drinking of sweet beverages(explanatory power of 18.2%), those for number of missing teeth, number of brushing and age(explanatory power of 13.9%) those for DMFT, number of brushing, sex, use of dental service, age(explanatory power: 13.5%), and those for CPITN included smoking habits, use of dental service, use of aid tools (explanatory power: 10.8%). Conclusions: The study results revealed that the dental health behavior of the elderly population is in poor conditions and their consequent intra-oral health conditions are not good. To improve their oral conditions, public campaign and education will be needed to modify unhealthy dental health behaviors.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.279-294
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• 2008

This study aimed to make an analysis of the occlusion in the state of muscle fatigue produced by excessive mouth opening and clenching during the dental treatment to control the dental pain and to evaluate the sensory nerve in the muscle pain state. Most of the reasons why patients visit the dental office result in pain-either conceivably the dental origin pain or the non-dental origin pain. The dental offices have many therapeutic actions to produce the masticatory muscle fatigue for the treatment. Dental treatment with long minutes of mouth opening can cause some headaches, masticatory muscle pain and mouth opening difficulties. Patients with mastication problems who visits a dental office to alleviate pain run against another unexpected pain with other aspects. This study uses T-scan II system(Tekscan Co., USA) for the evaluation on the occlusal pattern in the experimental muscle fatigue after clenching, opening the mouth excessively and chewing gum. The occlusal contact pattern is analyzed by the contact timing, namely first, intercuspal, maximum and end point of contact. This inspection was performed at frequencies of 2000Hz, 250 Hz and 5 Hz before and after each experimental muscle pain was produced to 24 subjects who had normal occlusion without the orthodontic treatment or a wide range of the prosthesis by using $neurometer^{\circledR}$ CPT/C(Neurotron, Inc. Baltimore, Maryland, USA). The measuring sites were mandibular nerve experimental muscle fatigue respectively. This study could obtain the following results after the assessment of occlusion and sensory nerve of the experimental muscle fatigue. 1. There were the fastest expression after the excessive mouth opening in muscle fatigue and after tooth clenching in muscle pain. In the visual analog scale that records the subjective level, there was the highest scale after the clenching in the muscle fatigue in jumping off the point of pain. 2. Tooth contact time, contact force, relative contact force on the point of the first contact had no difference, and there were decreases in the contact force after the excessive mouth opening on intercuspal position point, after the excessive mouth opening and the gum chewing on the point of the maximum, and in the contact time after all the experimental muscle fatigue state on the point of the end contact. 3. There was no statistic significance in the current perception threshold before and after the experimental muscle fatigue. 4. There was no significant difference in the contact number, the maximal contact number on the point of the first contact, and the contact number after the mouth opening and gum chewing on the point of the intercuspal position and the contact number after the experimental muscle fatigue on the maximum point, and showed significant decreases. In conclusion, it was found that the occlusal pattern can cause the changes on the case of the clinical muscle weakness by intra-external oral events. It was important that the sedulous attention to details is required during dental treatment in case of excessive mouth opening, mastication and clenching.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.113-125
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• 2013

Every company wants to know customer's requirement and makes an effort to meet them. Cause that, communication between customer and company became core competition of business and that important is increasing continuously. There are several strategies to find customer's needs, but VOC (Voice of customer) is one of most powerful communication tools and VOC gathering by several channels as telephone, post, e-mail, website and so on is so meaningful. So, almost company is gathering VOC and operating VOC system. VOC is important not only to business organization but also public organization such as government, education institute, and medical center that should drive up public service quality and customer satisfaction. Accordingly, they make a VOC gathering and analyzing System and then use for making a new product and service, and upgrade. In recent years, innovations in internet and ICT have made diverse channels such as SNS, mobile, website and call-center to collect VOC data. Although a lot of VOC data is collected through diverse channel, the proper utilization is still difficult. It is because the VOC data is made of very emotional contents by voice or text of informal style and the volume of the VOC data are so big. These unstructured big data make a difficult to store and analyze for use by human. So that, the organization need to automatic collecting, storing, classifying and analyzing system for unstructured big VOC data. This study propose an intelligent VOC analyzing system based on opinion mining to classify the unstructured VOC data automatically and determine the polarity as well as the type of VOC. And then, the basis of the VOC opinion analyzing system, called domain-oriented sentiment dictionary is created and corresponding stages are presented in detail. The experiment is conducted with 4,300 VOC data collected from a medical website to measure the effectiveness of the proposed system and utilized them to develop the sensitive data dictionary by determining the special sentiment vocabulary and their polarity value in a medical domain. Through the experiment, it comes out that positive terms such as "칭찬, 친절함, 감사, 무사히, 잘해, 감동, 미소" have high positive opinion value, and negative terms such as "퉁명, 뭡니까, 말하더군요, 무시하는" have strong negative opinion. These terms are in general use and the experiment result seems to be a high probability of opinion polarity. Furthermore, the accuracy of proposed VOC classification model has been compared and the highest classification accuracy of 77.8% is conformed at threshold with -0.50 of opinion classification of VOC. Through the proposed intelligent VOC analyzing system, the real time opinion classification and response priority of VOC can be predicted. Ultimately the positive effectiveness is expected to catch the customer complains at early stage and deal with it quickly with the lower number of staff to operate the VOC system. It can be made available human resource and time of customer service part. Above all, this study is new try to automatic analyzing the unstructured VOC data using opinion mining, and shows that the system could be used as variable to classify the positive or negative polarity of VOC opinion. It is expected to suggest practical framework of the VOC analysis to diverse use and the model can be used as real VOC analyzing system if it is implemented as system. Despite experiment results and expectation, this study has several limits. First of all, the sample data is only collected from a hospital web-site. It means that the sentimental dictionary made by sample data can be lean too much towards on that hospital and web-site. Therefore, next research has to take several channels such as call-center and SNS, and other domain like government, financial company, and education institute.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 2011

Over the years Korean health care system has improved in delivery of quality care to the general population for many areas of the health problems. The system is now being recognized in the world as the most cost effective one. It is covered by the uniform national health insurance policy for which most people in Korea are mandatory policy holders. Genetic counseling service, however, which is well recognized as an integral part of clinical genetics service deals with diagnosis and management of genetic condition as well as genetic information presentation and family support, is yet to be delivered in comprehensive way for the patients and families in need. Two major obstacles in providing genetic counseling service in korean health care system are identified; One is the lack of recognition for the need for genetic counseling service as necessary service by the national health insurance. Genetic counseling consumes a significant time in delivery and the current very low-fee schedule for physician service makes it very difficult to provide meaningful service. Second is the critical shortage of qualified professionals in the field of medical genetics and genetic counseling who can provide the service of genetic counseling in clinical setting. However, recognition and understanding of the fact that the scope and role of genetic counseling is expanding in post genomic era of personalized medicine for delivery of quality health care, will lead to the efforts to overcome obstacles in providing genetic counseling service in korean health care system. Only concerted efforts from health care policy makers of government on clinical genetics service and genetic counseling for establishing adequate reimbursement coverage and professional communities for developing educational program and certification process for professional genetic counselors, are necessary for the delivery of much needed clinical genetic counseling service in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2003

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate 1) the prevalence of depressive symptoms, 2) the severity of depressive symptoms, 3) the correlation of depressive symptoms with clinical variables, and 4) factors that contribute to depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods: One hundred eighteen patients with Parkinson's disease referred from the Parkinson's Disease Clinic of Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea, completed a self-administered questionnaire package, which included basic demographic data, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Parkinson's disease quality of life questionnaire, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revision(SCL-90-R), and the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In addition, a structured interview and a complete neurological examination, including the Hoehn and Yahr stage, the motor part of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale(some selected scales of UPDRS part III), the Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living scale(ADL), and the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination were performed. Results: 1) Based on BDI score, subjects were divided into four groups:severely(40.7%), moderately(13.6%) and mildly(12.7%) depressive and non-depressive(33.1%). 2) The severity of depressive symptom in Parkinson's disease was positively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr(H & Y) stage(r=0.34, p<0.0001), the severity of motor symptom(r=0.35, p<0.0001), and trait anxiety inventory(r=0.33, p<0.001). On the other hand, the severity of depressive symptom was negatively correlated with educational level(r=-0.34, p<0.001), ADL(r=-0.37, p<0.0001) and Parkinson's disease quality of life (PDQL)(r=-0.69, p<0.0001). Among several clinical variables, the PDQL was the most influential factor predicting whether the depressive symptom was present or not. Conclusion: This study suggests that depressive symptom is very prevalent among patients with Parkinson's disease. Data from this study indicate that medical staffs who take care of patients with Parkinson's disease should pay attention to finding and treating depressive symptom among their patients. With appropriate psychiatric intervention, patient's depressive symptom can be minimized or alleviated and thus, the quality of life in these patients is likely enhanced.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.15-31
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• 2008

Objective: This study is a quasi-experimental study by nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design, performed in order to identify whether the program developed on the basis of Ajzen(1988, 1991)'s theory of planned behavior (TPB) for predicting the safety behavior of students of department of dental technology affects intention toward safety behavior and general behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify whether the safety education in laboratories in which knowledge is reinforced on the basis of the TPB theory affects safety behavior. Methodology: The theoretical framework of this study was established on the basis of the TPB by Ajzen(1988, 1991). This study was performed between May 20 and December 5, 2006, and the subjects included 101 in the experimental group and 98 in the control group, a total of 199. The experimental group was educated through six 50-minute sessions (twice a week) for three weeks. The experimental group was pretested, educated, and then asked to answer the pro-questionnaire after finishing the sixth session, but the control group was free from intervention. The research tool in this study was developed by the authors with reference to the process of tool development used in Schifter and Ajzen (1985) based on Ajzen and Fishbein(1980)'s tool development guide. Results: The data were analyzed through SPSS 14.0 version. The reliability test of attitude, subjective norm, perceived norm, intention, and behavior toward safety behavior as TPB variables was calculated of Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and general characteristics and the homogeneity test of the experimental and the control groups were analyzed through t test and $X^2$ test. According to the results of the analysis, the experiment group may be higher than the control group after the safety education in the scores of attitude, the subjective norm, the perceived norm, and the intention toward safety behavior as TPB independent variables showed no significant difference, but there was significant difference in the behavior and the knowledge. Meanwhile, according to the results of the pretest and posttest, eleven items in the experimental group and two items in the control group showed significant difference in the behaviors, and twelve in the former and four in the latter were significantly different in the knowledge. Conclusion: The safety education program developed on the basis of TPB was identified to enhance safety behavior and knowledge. Therefore, the safety education program used in this study for students of department of dental technology may be utilized as database for safety education in the department of dental technology.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2008

In this study, we observed the alteration of choline signal intensity in hippocampus region of the depressive rat model induced by forced swimming test (FST). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antidepressant efficacy in the depressive animal model using MR spectroscopy. Fourteen experimentally naive male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting $160{\sim}180\;g$ were used as subjects. Drug injection group was exposed to the FST except for control group. The drugs were administered subcutaneously (SC) in a volume equivalent to 2ml/kg. And three injections were administered 23, 5, and 1h before beginning the given test. 1H MR spectra were obtained with use of a point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) localization sequence performed according to the following parameters: repetition time, 2500 ms; echo time, 144 ms; 512 average; 2048 complex data points; voxel dimensions, $1.5{\times}2.5{\times}2.5\;mm^3$ ; acquisition time, 25min. There were no differences in NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratio between the right and the left hippocampus both normal control rats and antidepressant-injected rats. Also, no differences were observed in NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratio between the normal control rats and the antidepressant-injected rats both the right and the left hippocampus. In this study, we found the recovery of choline signals in the depressive animal model similar to normal control groups as injecting desipramine-HCl which was antidepressant causing anti-immobility effects. Thus, we demonstrated that MR spectroscopy was able to aid in evaluating the antidepressant effect of desipramine-HCl.