• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 2019

Purpose: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (hRV) are the most common causes of child respiratory viral infections. We aimed to investigate epidemiological and clinical characteristics of RSV and hRV single infections and coinfections. Methods: Nasopharyngeal aspirates of hospitalized children aged <5 years were tested using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from October 2014 to April 2017. Their medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Results: RSV or hRV was detected in 384 patients who divided into 3 groups: patients with RSV (R group, n=258); patients with hRV (H group, n=99); and patients with both (RH group, n=27). The R group (median age, 6 months) consisted of 248 (96.1%) patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), and 14 (5.4%) needed oxygen inhalation. Infants aged <12 months (63.2%) had respiratory difficulty and were supplied oxygen more often. The H group (median age, 16 months) consisted of 56 (56.6%) patients with LRTI, 4 (4%) required oxygen inhalation, and 1 (1.0%) required mechanical ventilation. Infants (40.4%) showed longer hospitalization compared to patients aged ${\geq}12$ months (5 vs. 4 days, P<0.05). The RH group consisted of 24 (88.9%) patients with LRTI, and 2 (7.4%) needed oxygen inhalation. Hospitalization days and oxygen inhalation and mechanical ventilation rates did not differ between single infections (R and H groups) and coinfections (RH group). Conclusions: RSV was detected more often in younger patients and showed higher LRTI rates compared to hRV. Single infections and coinfections of RSV and hRV showed no difference in severity.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2004

Macrobenthos species-area relationship was investigated and empirical models were estimated to enable comparisons among species numbers of different sample size. The study aims to choose a way to predict cumulative relative species number (CRSN) in a given sample size Saemangeum, located in the west coast of South Korea, were visited in Apr., May and Aug.,2002 and a total of 261 biological samples from 87 stations were obtained by employing a quantitative sediment sampler, Smith-McIntyre grab and design of 3 replicates at each station. Relative species numbers (%) were baselined at sample size of 1000 $\textrm{cm}^2$ and the patterns of CRSN along the axis of sample size were measured and observed. In correlation analysis performed on a set of abiotic and biotic variables, log-transformed CRSN showed the only significant relationship with log-transformed density. Based on the result, three models, Log CRSN 2000, Log CRSN 3000 and Log CRSN were produced. The former two were devised to predict CRSN at 2000 and 3000 $\textrm{cm}^2$ respectively, and the latter at various sample sizes and samplers (all p-values were <0.001). Database from other studies (intertidal or subtidal macrofaunal samples from Kyonggi Bay and Saemangeum) were used to evaluate validity of the models. Observed CRSN below sample size of 3000 $\textrm{cm}^2$ fell under the range of 95% prediction interval and this was appeared to provide reliability of the models below that sample size.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 2004

An ecological study on a sea urchin population, Strongylocentrotus nudus, a key role species in recovery of macroalgal bed, was conducted in Hosan, Samcheok area on the east coast of Korea. Three experimental plots, namely, AMB (artificially-restored macroalgal bed), BG (barren grounds) and NMB (natural macroalgal bed) were established after a pilot survey in June 2002. Distribution and abundance, grazing rates, predation pressure and predator guilds on S. nudus were estimated in three plots bimonthly from Aug. to Dec., 2002. Abundance of S. nudus was lowest, but median test diameter of the urchin was highest (Kruskal-Wallis test, p-value, p<0.001 in Aug. and p=0.003 in Oct.) in NMB In-situ grazing rate of S. nudus estimated by enclosure cage experiment in NMB was about 12 times higher in Aug. (160.0 mg seaweed/g sea urchin/day) than in Oct. (13.8). Predation intensity measured by tethering experiment was higher in NMB. Most of the predators on S. nudus were invertebrates and no fish predators were found. Predator guilds identified by the fish trap experiment using live or dead sea urchins included who]ks Neptunea arthritica, starfish Asterina pectinifera, hermit crabs Pagurus of. samuelis, Paguristes barbatus, brown shawl crabs Atergatis integerrimus and crabs Actaea subglobosa. High predation pressure on S. nudus in natural macroalgal beds was the likely cause of its low density. Elevated sea urchin density and the consequent lasting deforestation of macroalgae in barren grounds demonstrate the importance of predation pressure on sea urchins.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to present the number of necessary facilities for the establishment of safety education facility for students through the analysis of situation and demand of safety experience education facilities so as to effectively implement safety education based on 7 standards of school safety education. 7 standards of school safety education and experience programs of the existing safety experience center were analyzed and the experience program was extracted based on the analysis. Based on the derived program, the experience space was set up, and the existing safety experience facility was analyzed accordingly. Based on this, the number of necessary facilities was suggested by using the calculation formula derived to estimate the scale of the facility expansion. This is the result of estimating the required number of facilities based on the 2015 school age population. In the long run, it is necessary to calculate the appropriate ratio by actually comparing the unit construction costs of the facilities and the vehicles. In consideration of this, it is necessary to plan for the long-term necessary facilities and vehicles for the construction plans.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.777-784
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• 2006

This study was designed to investigate between the semen characteristics and sperm chromatin structure in boar with different farrowing rates and relationship between fertility by AI and results of sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). The CASA (computer-aided sperm analysis) and SCSA were performed with liquid semen in boars. The all SCSA parameters based on the farrowing rates by AI were significantly differ (P<0.05). The significant negative correlations (P<0.05) were observed between all SCSA parameters and farrowing rate obtained by AI in the field. In conclusion, these results suggest that the sperm parameters evaluated in these studies may be useful indicators to predict the fertility by AI.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.287-297
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• 2006

Concentration of hormones and blood components at the last fatting stage was changed before slaughter in Hanwoo steers and bulls. Two months before slaughter and shipment, concentration of cortisol and creatinine was increased, but that of calcium was decreased. Concentration of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was decreased after shipment, and inorganic phosphorus (IP) was decreased at slaughter. It is unclear that changes of concentration in between 2 months before slaughter and shipment were either caused by aging or stresses (abstinence, environmental change, blood drawing, and shipment). Changes of blood concentration between shipment and slaughter may be accounted for overall responses from abstinence, shipment, and unfamiliar environment. A positive correlation between 2 months before slaughter and before shipment was detected for IGF-1, total protein (TP), albumin, creatinine, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and globulin in steers, and creatinine and globulin in bulls. A positive correlation between 2 month before slaughter and slaughter was detected for IGF-1, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), IP and HDLC in steers, and creatinine in bulls. A positive correlation between before shipment and slaughter was detected for testosterone, IGF-1, creatinine, triglyceride, HDLC and globulin in steers, and TP, creatinine, HDLC and globulin in bulls.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of various bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) on changes of inorganic matter and enzyme activity in the hemolymph of Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Oyster were exposed to 5, 10, 20, 50, 80and $100{\mu}g$/L of TBTO for 20 days. Survival rate of the oyster wass significantly affected by $\geq80{\mu}g$/L TBTO concentration at 10 days, while the diminution of survival was found at 20 days with a lower concentration of $\geq50{\mu}g$/L TBTO. Calcium concentration in the hemolymph increased significantly after 20 days at the TBTO concentration $20{\mu}g$/L. However no change of magnesium and inorganic phosphate in the hemolymph was showed. A significant increment of GOT activities in the hemolymph was observed after 20 days at more than $20{\mu}g$/L TBTO concentraion, without typical changes of GPT activities. These results indicate that oysters can be affected by TBTO in terms of calcium concentration and GOT activity in the hemolymph when they were exposed to the TBTO concentration $20{\mu}g$/L.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.99-113
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• 2018

Recently, global warming has widened the habitat of mosquitoes and infection chances for mosquito-borne diseases are increasing. Flavivirus is a typical mosquito-borne virus. Flaviviruses with a relatively high frequency of infection in Asian countries include Zika, Dengue, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Although distinctive diagnosis of flaviviruses is required because the symptoms and therapeutic method differ, there is no diagnostic method that can distinguish them accurately yet. In this study, we propose distinctive diagnosis method of flaviviruses using informations and analysis tools constructed in bioinformatic databases. The envelope protein and non-structural protein 1 which are useful protein for the immuno-diagnostics of three flaviviruses were selected. Their homology was analyzed by multiple sequence alignments and epitope candidates consisting of 10-15 amino acids were selected. Finally two epitopes were suggested to be most useful by immunogenicity analysis and 3D structure prediction. These approaches and results are expected to be great value in the distinctive diagnosis of three flaviviruses with a high frequency of infection in Asian countries.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.2255-2261
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• 2000

To eliminate $NO_x$ in diesel emission. selective catalyst reduction (SCR) was used in real diesel engine. Among the SCR methods, metal oxide and perovskite catalysts were introduced in this paper. The removal efficiencies with various major, promoter catalysts on ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ at different reaction temperature were investigated, and $LaCuMnO_x$ catalyst which has high removal efficiency at the temperature of real diesel exhaust gas was selected. $NO_x$ reduction was carried out over these catalysts in the flow-through type reactor using by-pass ($SV=3,300h^{-1}$). Under the given condition to this study, perovskite catalysts showed considerably high removal efficiency and $LaCuMnO_x$ was the best one among these catalysts in the temperature range of $150{\sim}450^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

This study was conducted to extract the student-centered experiential safety education activities in order to establish safety-experience-education-facilities based on "School safety education 7 standards" announced by the Ministry of Education in 2015. For this purpose, we established the concept of safety-experience-education-facilities, and conducted surveys twice targeting experts of each 7 fields based on the learned results of 758 sessions through "School safety education 7 standards". First, through the surveys, it was organized by 150 sessions out of 758 education class that extracted from safety-education-program sessions on experts, conducted a second expert survey for the validation of selected educational programs in Delphi format, the result of 5 sessions of the program is deleted, and 145 sessions was surveyed to be maintained. It was ascertained that 145 sessions of education program, 21 sessions of life safety area, 22 sessions of traffic safety area, 18 sessions of violence and personal safety area, 5 sessions of drugs and cyber addiction area, 36 sessions of disaster safety area, 10 sessions of occupation safety area, 33 sessions of first-aid area, is the experiential safety education activities that have to be applied to the safety-experience-education-facilities.