• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.119-127
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• 2015

To date, detection of microbial populations in dairy products has been performed using culture media, which is a time-consuming and laborious method. The recently developed chromogenic media could be more rapid and specific than classical culture media. However, the newly developed molecular-based technology can detect microbial populations with greater rapidity and sensitivity than the classical method involving culture media and chromogenic media. This molecular-based technology could provide various options for monitoring the characterization of different states of bacteria and cells. Thus, it could help upgrade the processing system of the dairy industry so as to maintain the safety and quality of dairy foods. Among the various newly developed molecular-based technologies, flow cytometry can potentially be used for monitoring microbiological populations in the dairy industry if official international standards are available for this purpose. When omics technology would have biomarker identification, it could be regarded as the rapid and sensitive analytical methods. Methods based on PCR, which has become a basic technique in microbiological research, can be developed and validated as alternative methods for quantification of dairy microorganisms. This review discusses methods for monitoring microbiological populations in dairy foods and the limitations of these studies, as well as the need for further research on such methods in the dairy industry.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.151-159
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present the treatment results and to identify possible prognostic indicators in patients with locally advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Between October 1985 to December 2000, 90 patients who had locally advanced stage IV hypopharyngeal carcinoma were studied retrospectively. Twelve patients were treated with radiotherapy alone, 65 patients were treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and 13 patients were treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Total radiation dose ranged from 59.0 to 88.2 Gy (median 70 Gy) for radiotherpay alone. Most patients had ciplatin and 5-fluorouracil, and others had cisplatin and pepleomycin or vincristin. Median follow-up period was 15 months. Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival rate and Cox proportional hazard model for multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. Results: Overall 3-and 5-year survival rates were 27% and 17%, respectively. The 2-year locoregional control rates were 33% for radiotherapy alone, 32% for combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and 81 % for combined surgery and radiotherapy (p=0.006). The prognostic factors affecting overall survival were T stage, concurrent chemoradiation and treatment response. Overall 3-and 5-year laryngeal preservation rates in combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy were 26% and 22%, respectively. Of these, the 5-year laryngeal preservation rates were 52% for concurrent chemoradiation group (n=11), and 16% for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy (n=54, p=0.012). Conclusion: Surgery and postoperative radiotherapy showed better results than radiotherapy alone or with chemotherapy. Radiotherapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy is an effective modality to achieve organ preservation in locally advanced hypopharyngeal cancer. Further prospective randomized studies will be required.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 1996

Purpose : To find the more effective treatment methods that improving the survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme(GBM), we analyze the prognostic factors and the outcome of therapy in patients with GBM. Materials and Methods : One hundred twently-one patients with a diagnosis of GBM treated at Severance Hospital between 1973 and 1993 were analyzed for survival with respect to patients characteristics, that is, duration of symptom, age, and Karnofsky performance status, as well as treatment related variables such as extent of surgery and radiotherapy. Results : The median survival time(MST) and 2-year overall survival rate (OSR) of the patients with GBM were 13 months and $20.8\%$, respectively. Duration of symptom, age, Karnofsky performance status(KPS), radiotherapy, and extent of surgical resection were associated with improved survial in a univariate analysis. Patients whose duration of symptom was longer than 3 months, had the 2-year OSR of $47.2\%$(p=0.0082), who were younger than age 50, $32.9\%$(p=0.0003) In patients with a KPS of 80 or higher, the 2-rear OSR was $36.9\%$(p=0.0422). Patients undergoing radiotherapy had the 2-year OSR of $22.9\%$(p=0.0030), and surgical resection of $23.3\%$ (p<0.000). A Cox regression model confirmed a significant correlation of duration of symptom, age, radiotherapy, and extent of surgical resection with survival, excluding KPS(P=0.8823). The 2-year OSR were $22.3\%$ and $19.4\%$, combined with chemotherapy or without, respectively(p=0.6028). The duration of symptom of 3 months or shorter, 50 years of age or older, and undergoing stereotactic biopsy only were considered as risk factors, then patients without any risk factors had the MST of 29 months and 2-year OSR of $53.9\%$ compared to 4 months and $0\%$ for Patients who had all 3 risk factors. Most of all treatment failures occurred in the primary tumor site($80.4\%$). Conclusion : The duration of symptom, age, radiotherapy, and extent of surgical resection were a prognostically significant indeuendent variables. To get a better survival, it seems to be reasonable that the study design which improves the local control rates is warranted.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.244-250
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• 2000

Purpose : To see the relationship between the response to chemotherapy and the final outcome of neoadiuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with mocanry advanced hypopharyngeal cancer. Methods and Materials :A retrospective analysis was done for thirty-two patients with locally advanced hypopharyngeal cancer treated in the Seoul National University Hospital with neoadiuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy from August 1979 to July 1997. The patients were treated with Co-60 teletherapy unit or 4MV or 6MV photon beam produced by linear accelerator. Daily fractionation was 1.75 to 2 Gy, delivered five times a week. Total dose ranged from 60.8 Gy to 73.8 Gy. Twenty-nine patients received continuous infusion of cisplatin and 5-FU. Other patients were treated with cisplatin combined with bleomycin or vinblastin. Twenty-four (75$\%$) patients received all three prescribed cycles of chemotherapy delivered three weeks apart. Six patients received two cycles, and two patients received only one cycle. Results :The overall 2-year and 5-year survival rates are 65.6$\%$ and 43.0$\%$, respectively. 5-year local control rate is 34$\%$. Organ preservation for more than five years is achieved in 12 patients (38$\%$). After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 24 patients achieved more than partial remission (PR): the response rate was 75$\%$ (24/32). Five patients had complete remission (CR), 19 patients PR, and 8 patients no response (NR). Among the 19 patients who had PR to chemotherapy, 8 patients achieved CR after radiotherapy. Among the 8 non-responders to chemotherapy, 2 patients achieved CR, and 6 patients achieved PR after radiotherapy. There was no non-responder after radiotherapy. The overall survival rates were 60$\%$ for CR to chemotherapy group, 35.1$\%$ for PR to chemotherapy group, and 50$\%$ for NR to chemotherapy group, respectively (p=0.93). There were significant difference in five-year overall survival rates between the patients with CR and PR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy (73.3$\%$ vs. 14.7$\%$, p<0.01). The prognostic factor affecting overall survival was the response to overall treatment (CR vs. PR, p<0.01). Conclusion :In this study, there were only five patients who achieved CR after neoadiuvant chemotherapy. Therefore the difference of overall survival rates between CR and PR to chemotherapy group was not statistically significant. Only the response to chemo-radiotherapy was the most important prognostic factor. There needs to be more effort to improve CR rate of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and consideration for future use of concurrent chemoradiotherapy.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.13C no.1 s.104
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• pp.83-94
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• 2006

This paper describes ATM cell encipherment method using Rijndael Algorithm adopted as an AES(Advanced Encryption Standard) by NIST in 2001. ISO 9160 describes the requirement of physical layer data processing in encryption/decryption. For the description of ATM cell encipherment method, we implemented ATM data encipherment equipment which satisfies the requirements of ISO 9160, and verified the encipherment/decipherment processing at ATM STM-1 rate(155.52Mbps). The DES algorithm can process data in the block size of 64 bits and its key length is 64 bits, but the Rijndael algorithm can process data in the block size of 128 bits and the key length of 128, 192, or 256 bits selectively. So it is more flexible in high bit rate data processing and stronger in encription strength than DES. For tile real time encryption of high bit rate data stream. Rijndael algorithm was implemented in FPGA in this experiment. The boundary of serial UNI cell was detected by the CRC method, and in the case of user data cell the payload of 48 octets (384 bits) is converted in parallel and transferred to 3 Rijndael encipherment module in the block size of 128 bits individually. After completion of encryption, the header stored in buffer is attached to the enciphered payload and retransmitted in the format of cell. At the receiving end, the boundary of ceil is detected by the CRC method and the payload type is decided. n the payload type is the user data cell, the payload of the cell is transferred to the 3-Rijndael decryption module in the block sire of 128 bits for decryption of data. And in the case of maintenance cell, the payload is extracted without decryption processing.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2017

Physical sterilization methods using ultraviolet radiation and ionizing radiation such as gamma ray and electron beam are applied in various industry fields due to disinfection effects and economic efficiency but may also cause microbial mutation. In this research, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli strains were treated with ionizing and ultraviolet radiation and their survival rate, mutation rate, and DNA damage were studied to evaluate the genetic safety. The survival rate of the strains decreased drastically as the irradiation dose of ultraviolet ray, gamma ray, and electron beam increased, and over 90% of the strain was exterminated at a dosage of $0.40{\sim}25.06mJ/cm^3$, 0.11~0.22 kGy, 0.14~0.53 kGy respectively. In SOS / umu-test, genotoxicity causing DNA damage was identified in all samples. In Ames test, back-mutation rate increased to $3.82{\times}10^{-4}$ and $9.84{\times}10^{-6}$ respectively when exposed to ultraviolet ray and gamma ray. At exposure to ultraviolet ray, gamma ray, and electron beam with dosage of over 99.99% extinction rate of S. enterica TA100, back-mutation rate increased 347 times, 220 times, 0.6 times respectively to the spontaneous back-mutation rate. Rifampicin resistance mutation rate of E. coli CSH100 exposed to ultraviolet ray, gamma ray, and electron beam was $2.46{\times}10^{-6}$, $1.66{\times}10^{-6}$, $4.12{\times}10^{-7}$ respectively. Therefore, gamma radiation is effective in microorganism control from the perspective of disinfection and electron beam has the advantage of sterilizing with little DNA damage and bacterial mutation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.119-129
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• 2009

Building construction trends have been changed dramatically in terms of size and mass. With the need to maximize land usage, there has been an increase in the construction of high-rise buildings. This affects not only the entire construction duration and cost, but also subsequent construction activities, such as work to increase underground facilities and in reclamation land area construction. These types of site conditions require soft ground reinforcement and the proper uplift water pressure treatment. In general, two kinds of methods have been used for uplift water pressure treatment systems. However, there have been some problems arising as the result of a lack of research and analysis on underground construction techniques, and a reliance on experiments over actual survey and analysis of site conditions. This paper focused on the problems of conventional selection procedure, by analyzing drawings and proposing a kind of modeling for a reasonable procedure. The results were applied to OO project as a sample construction case to be verified in this research. The initial plan in the case project was the Rock Anchor System. However, as there were terrible miscalculations of basic site conditions that had an extraordinary influence on the underground water level, such as the site's proximity to the Han-river, it was necessary to change the plan to include apermanent drainage system. This achieved a direct construction cost reduction \ 406,702,000 and a maximum sayings of 4% of operational cost, based on the 50-year building Life Cycle Cost.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2007

The present study examined the epidermal changes of adhesive disks which occur during attachment in Parthenocissus tricuspidata using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Several adhesive disks, each covered with a bract, develop from the shoot apical meristem during early development. In the initial stage, the adhesive disks are club-shaped and their upper and lower epidermis are indistinguishable. However, in the actively growing stage, they become spherical and both epidermis are clearly differentiated into the adventitious roots. Prior to wall attachment, the adhesive disks exhibit adaxial convex and abaxial concave shapes, and electron-dense substances are abundant in the vacuoles of epidermal cells. The peripheral area of the adhesive disk is adhered first to the wall surface, while the central area is drawn inward in a vacuum-like state during attachment. As the attachment progresses and the electron-dense substances continue to discharge, the upper and lower epidermis rapidly undergo deterioration and the disks shrink considerably. At this stage, structural changes of the lower epidermis occur much faster than in the upper one. The discharged substance is accumulated on the wall surface, and this aids the attachment of adhesive disks on the wall for long periods. In this manner, the shape and structure of the adhesive disk epidermis change drastically from initial growth to the mature stage. Further, the role of electron-dense substance and shrinkage of the disk during attachment has been discussed in Parthenocissus tricuspidata.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2011

Individual ion concentrations and ionic contributions to EC reading in the circulated nutrient solution are the important factors to be considered for stable EC-based closed-loop soilless culture. This study was conducted to determine appropriate ion-analysis intervals of the circulated nutrient solutions based on ion concentration, ion balance, and ion electrical conductivity under different renewal intervals in EC-based nutrient control systems for sweet peppers (Capsicum annum L. 'Fiesta') in early growth stage. Average node numbers of the plants were 13 and 18 when the experiment started and finished, respectively, and three plants were grown in each rockwool slab. Four different renewal intervals of circulated nutrient solutions such as 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks were used as treatment. Nutrient solutions were supplied to the plants based on integrated radiation. Drainage was collected into drain tanks after irrigation ended in the day and then mixed with fresh water until the EC reaches 2.69 $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The replenished nutrient solution was supplied to the plants in the next day. Ion concentrations of the individual ions periodically analyzed in the circulated nutrient solutions showed no significant differences among the treatments during the experimental period. Ion concentrations of $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $NO_3{^-}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, ${PO_4}^{3-}$, and $Cl^-$ varied within 5-8, 11-14, 2.0-2.7, 0.5-0.6, 14-19, 4-5, 1-4, and 0.3-0.5 $meq{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. Ion balance showed a consistent tendency over all the treatments and especially $K^+$ : $Ca^{2+}$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ : ${PO_4}^{3-}$ played great roles in the cation and anion balances in the nutrient solutions, respectively. Activity coefficients of ions such as $K^+$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $H_2PO_4{^-}$ varied within 0.8-0.9 and those of $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$ varied within 0.5-0.6, showing little changes with time. Ionic contributions of $K^+$ and $NO_3{^-}$ to EC reading were the greatest followed by $Ca^{2+}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ in the order. From the results, we thought that allowable ranges in ion concentration, ion balance, and subsequent individual ionic contributions to EC reading would be obtained within 4-week renewal interval of nutrient solution in EC-based closed-loop soilless culture for sweet pepper plants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.607-612
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• 2021

This study investigated the seed and water absorption characteristics of red bean cultivars in Korea. The length and width of all seeds were 7.74-8.99 mm and 5.33-5.54 mm, respectively. The hilum lengths and widths were 3.21-4.01 mm and 0.58-0.73 mm, respectively. The weight of 100 seeds was 12.14-20.21 g, and the seed coat thickness of red beans ranged from 39.18-50.01 mm. During soaking for 30 h, red beans exhibited a lag phase in the initial soaking time, followed by a rapid absorption phase, and finally contained more than 130% moisture. When water absorption was applied to the sigmoid equation, the curve fitting exhibited a high R², and the kinetics of water absorption were 0.202-0.715 h^-1, which differed among varieties. Pearson's correlation of hilum width (r=0.7858^*) and seed thickness (r= -0.9954^***) exhibited strong correlations with water absorption, suggesting that these are important factors in red bean processing.