• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.202-211
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• 2010

The variations of physico-chemical factors and the species compositions of phytoplanktons were investigated to analyze the marine ecosystem at the depths during summer in the coast of Dokdo (stations DOK 1-3). The mean values of conductivity (48.9 mS $cm^{-1}$), salinity (32.9 psu) and total suspended solids (57.9 mg $L^{-1}$) were the highest in DOK 1. The biomass (Chl-a) of phytoplanktons was the highest in the surface of DOK 1 (2.61 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$). By the means of physicochemical factors (salinity, turbidity, Chl-a, TN, TP and Si), the water estimated in the coast of Dokdo was more eutrophicated than that in 2008. The phytoplanktons were a total of 42 species in Dokdo, which were composed of 33 species (78.6%) for Bacillariophyceae and 9 species (21.4%) for Dinophyceae. The standing crops of phytoplanktons were the highest ($18{\times}10^3$ cells $L^{-1}$) in the surface of DOK 2 and in the surface of DOK 3, while they were the lowest ($2{\times}10^3$ cells $L^{-1}$) at depth of 40 m of DOK1 and at depth of 30 m of DOK 3. The dominant species of phytoplanktons were Chaetoceros castracanei ($6{\times}10^3$ cells $L^{-1}$) in the surface, Rhizosolenia alata f. gracillima ($3{\times}10^3$ cells $L^{-1}$) at depth of 20 m and Protocentrum compressum ($4{\times}10^3$ cells $L^{-1}$) at the depth of 30 m of DOK 1. At the surface of DOK 2, the dominant species was Bacillaria paxillifer ($6{\times}10^3$ cells $L^{-1}$), while it was Hemiaulus indicus ($12{\times}10^3$ cells $L^{-1}$) at the surface of DOK 3. The DOK 1, which is affected by upwelling, whirlpool and circulation due to the East Korean Warm Current, was the most eutrophicated water body among three stations. The monitoring of marine ecosystem in the coast of Dokdo should be continued to propose the alternatives for water quality and species conservation and to purify the eutrophicated water body due to artificial pollutants as well as natural effectors by the global warming, the climatic change, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2013

This paper presents a landscape design proposal for the Kyeongsang National University Hospital in Changwon, Kyeongsangnam-do. The site is located at 555 Samjeongja-dong, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Kyeongsangnam-do, and its area is approximately $79,743.1m^2$. The goal of the design was to create a landscape that helps the patients' recovery and public well-being as well as respects the surrounding environment. In order to achieve this goal, three design subjects were considered: maximizing the healing functions of the landscape, promoting ecologically regenerative landscape, and increasing the aesthetic value of the landscape based on the local context. For the healing aspect, first, therapeutic plants were carefully selected and various healing programs were introduced to the open space area such as the sensory garden, meditative space, the medicinal herb garden, outdoor acupressure treatment facilities, remedial playground etc. In addition, as the importance of patient's privacy is emphasized in research, the space and circulation patterns were divided according to the characteristics of the users. For ecological consideration, the design proposed to preserve and extend the existing ridgeline with pine forest, and recover the natural water system and recycle the water for the landscape management. For the aesthetic experience of the people, in contrast to the surrounding evergreen forest, diverse deciduous and flowering plants were introduced to arouse a sense of the season, and fruit bearing trees for wildlife to create a specific mood of being in nature so that people can listen to the songs of the birds and watch squirrels play etc. In addition, all the spaces and facilities were designed and placed according to universal design principles so that there would be no barrier for the patients to use them. Also, a sustainable management scheme was suggested to maintain the landscape in ecological and economical ways.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.323-329
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• 2007

Transgene expression was analyzed in tomato plants. Four lines of neomycin phosphotransferase II gene (NPTII) and the trehalose biosynthetic fusion gene (TPSP) transformed $T_0$ plants showed kanamycin resistance on selection medium. However, the analysis of phenotype (kanamycin resistance) and mRNA expression in $T_1$ plants indicated that the expression of the NPTII and TPSP transgenes was down-regulated to an undetectable level in two independent lines 1 and 11. Southern analysis demonstrated that the lines 1 and 11 had multicopies of the transgenes, whereas the typical transgenic lines 2 and 10 had 1 or 2 copies. DNA methylation analysis using methylation sensitive enzyme detected accumulated CpG DNA methylation on TPSP coding region and CaMV35S promoter region in the line 11, but not the typical transgenic line 2. These results suggest that multicopy transgene in plants is attributed to down-regulation of the transgene expression via transcriptional gene silencing.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2013

The objective of study was to protect seabird breeding site and vegetation restoration of Chilbal and Sokugul island in Shinan county Jeonnam province, April and December 2011. We analyzed the soil properties according to the dominant communities and environmental gradient. As a result, It was highly analyzed to moisture content, organic matter, salinity, total nitrogen in Commelina communis community and low analyzed in Achyranthes japonica community. Carex boottiana community which mainly used as a seabird habitat has a wide range and Achyranthes japonica and Artemisia princeps community was narrowed to soil properties. Soil pH of Carex boottiana community in Sogugul island was the lowest on 3.14 and Peucedanum japonicum community was the highest. Soil moisture content and organic matter was analyzed by the high value in Peucedanum japonicum community. In contrast, Achyranthes japonica was the low value and Carex boottiana community was analyzed the highest on the salinity and total nitrogen. On the soil environmental characteristics according to the environmental gradient, The higher altitude, moisture content, organic matter, salinity and total nitrogen was the lower in Chilbal island. In the case of Sokugul island, the altitude difference did not show the characteristics of soil environmental factors for small area and low altitude. But moisture content is similar to soil property of Chilbal island. Soil property was strongly acid soil because of seabird dropping. This results will be helpful to manage the invasive plants.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2018

Changgyeonggung Palace, which was built in Seongjong Period in September 1484, is a tradition space that has been seen as a gateway to the Joseon Dynasty until it was demolished in 1907 at Changgyeongwon Garden. During the Japanese colonial rule, large greenhouses, museums, and botanical gardens were opened in Changgyeonggung Palace and traditional architecture and palace gardens were lost or changed. In 1984, the Changgyeonggung Palace maintenance plan was restored to the current status through the construction of the rebuild construction in 1986 to restore the traditional palaces. Since then, it has been maintained and managed in the shape of the mid-term plan of the 1980s for 30 years. The appearance of Changgyeonggung Palace(宮園) in the early 19th century shows the appearance of Changgyeonggung Palace in "Donggwoldo", and it is possible to confirm the prototype of the Joseon Dynasty through analysis of "Donggwoldo". The vegetation survey of Changgyeonggung Palace which started from 1984 was surveyed 4 times over 2005, 2010, and 2016, and the vegetation status of Changgyeonggung Palace could be confirmed based on the results of vegetation survey. By comparing and analyzing the results of the vegetation survey for 30 years and the analysis of the vegetation in Changgyeonggung Palace by the analysis of "Donggwoldo", we were able to confirm whether the vegetation status of Changgyeonggung Palace approached to the appearance of the Joseon Dynasty era.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 2009

The characteristics of physico-chemical factors and the species compositions of phytoplankton were investigated to analyze the marine ecosystem at the depths during summer in the coast of Dokdo (stations DOK1$\sim$3). The mean values of conductivity (32 mS cm$^{-1}$), total dissolved solids (45 mg L$^{-1}$), salinity (35.5 psu), total suspended solids (39 mg L$^{-1}$) were the highest in DOK1. The biomass (chl-${\alpha}$) of phytoplankton was the highest in the surface of station DOK1 (3.1 ${\mu}g$ L$^{-1}$). By means of physico-chemical factors (salinity, turbidity, chl-${\alpha}$, T-N, T-P and Si), the coast of Dokdo was estimated to be more polluted than the previous results in 2000. A total of 72 species in Dokdo were composed of 54 species (76.1%) for Bacillariophyceae and 13 species (18.3%) for Dinophyceae, 3 species (4.2%) for Chrysophyceae and 1 species (1.4%) for Cyanophyceae. The standing crops of phytoplankton were the highest (8.5 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at 20 m of station DOK1, while they were the lowest (1.65 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at 30 m of station 1. The dominance index was maximum (0.73) at 10 m of station DOK1 and was minimum (0.4) at 30 m of station 1. The diversity index was the highest (2.92) in the surface of station 2, while it was the lowest at 20 m (1.58). The dominant species of phytoplankton were Chaetoceros affinis (3.3 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at 20 m, Climacosphenia moniligera (2.8 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at 40 m and Melosira juergensii (1.7 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at 10 m of station DOK1. At the surface of station DOK2, the dominant species were Bacillaria paxillifer and Richelia intracellularis (1.4 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$, respectively), while it was Paralia sulcata (1.6 $\times$ 10$^4$ cells L$^{-1}$) at the surface of station DOK3. The station DOKl, where affected by upwelling, turbulence and convection due to the East Korean Warm Current, was the most eutrophicated water body in three stations. The monitoring of marine ecosystem in the coast of Dokdo should be continued to show the alternatives for water and species conservation and to purify the eutrophicated water body due to artificial pollutants as well as physico-chemical factors by the global warming, the climatic change, CO$_2$ etc.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.68-75
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• 2017

Demand for dwarf mondo grass (DMG; Ophiopogon japonicus 'Nanus') as an ornamental garden plant is expected to grow in the future. The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of shade tolerance and ground cover by growing DMG under a variety of shade conditions for 18 months (May 2015~October 2016). DMG plants grown in bare ground for 3 years in Jangheung-gun, Jeonnam were used for testing. In an experimental site created in Naju city in Jeonnam, the DMG was planted in planters ($70cm{\times}70cm{\times}24cm$) and covered with a shading curtain to block natural light. Shaded conditions were then arranged under different levels of shade (0%, 55% and 75%). When the plants were grown, growth (leaf size, the number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight) and ground coverage of DMG were analyzed. According to the results, DMG growth in terms of leaf size and the number of leaves was statistically higher under zero shade (full sunlight), when compared to other shaded conditions. DMG's fresh and dry weights were significantly greater under 0% and 55% shade, compared to those under 75% shade. The degrees of shade tolerance required for normal growth of DMG were found in the range of 0~50%, meaning that more than 50% shade may decrease plant growth. There were no statistical differences in ground coverage rates of DMG under different levels of shade. When 220 tillers were planted per $1m^2$ of plot, up to 80% of the area was covered by DMG after 18 months. Since DMG requires nutrient-rich soil to grow, sufficient nitrogen fertilizers are proposed to accelerate the ground cover of DMG. As DMG remained alive over the winter in the experiments, this study also suggests that DMG can be planted in the southern temperate region.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.223-235
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• 2006

Soil testing laboratories unfamiliar with turfgrasses will often overestimate the plant's need for phosphorus and underestimate the need for potassium. This is partly due to differences in rooting between grasses and many garden plants and crops. The grasses are generally more efficient in extracting phosphorus from the soil, reducing their need for phosphorus fertilizer. The fact that crop yield is often the primary objective in field crop production, and is usually of little interest in turfgrass management, may affect soil test interpretation for potassium. Potassium levels above those required for maximum tissue yield of grasses may improve stress tolerance and turfgrasses will usually benefit from higher applications of this element. There are also diffrrences in soil testing philosophies. Some laboratories use the sufficiency level of available nutrients(SLAN) approach, whereas others prefer the basic cation saturation ratio(BCSR) approach. Some will use a combination of the two methods. The use of the BCSR theory easily lends itself to abuse and questionable fertilizer applications and products are sometimes recommended citing imbalances in cation ratios. The usefulness of the BCSR ratio theory of soil testing varies with soil texture and interpretations on tests performed on sand-based media are particularly a problem. Other soil testing problems occur when sand-based media used on sports fields and golf greens contain free calcium carbonate. The ammonium acetate extractant at pH 7.0 dissolves excessive amounts of calcium that can bias cation exchange capacity measurements and measurements of cation ratios. Adjusting the pH of the extractant to 8.1 can improve the accuracy of the testing procedure for calcareous media.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.459-468
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• 2022

Long-term data analyses and bioassay experiments were conducted to assess limiting nutrients in Cheonsu Bay and Taean sea. First, long-term nutrient data (2004-2016) provided by the National Water Quality Monitoring Network were used to assess potential limiting nutrients. Analysis of the long-term data showed that the dissolved inorganic nitrogen/dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIN/DIP) ratio was mostly below 16, with N limitation being dominant. A subsequent analysis using the concentration ratios of N, P, and Si showed that N limitation was dominant during summer and autumn but that Si limitation occasionally occurred during winter and spring in relatively limited areas. However, the dominant limiting nutrient was not determined. The nutrient analysis of the field water collected during the bioassay experiment showed that DIN/DIP revealed P limitation at all stations in March and May, whereas N limitation was dominant in July and October. In the analysis using the concentration ratios of N, P, and Si, P and Si limitation appeared in March and May, but there were points with no dominant limiting nutrient. However, N limitation was dominant in July and October. In the bioassay experiment for assessment of the actual limiting nutrient, the results showed no specific limiting nutrient in March, whereas NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- showed responses in May, July, and October, which confirmed that N was a substantial limiting nutrient directly involved in phytoplankton growth during this period.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.58-66
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• 2022

Biophilic design is an approach that attempts to connect people with nature to promote health, recovery and restoration processes. The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze restorative factors and characteristics of Soswaewon by applying a biophilic design analysis framework. To this end, a biophilic design classification system was established and content analysis and frequency analysis were conducted for 『Soswaewon 48 Young』. the ratio of plant words including bamboo, pine, and plum was the highest, and words related to dynamic water flow or interaction with water as well as various water types such as streams, waterfalls, and ponds were also high. appeared in rank. In addition, multisensory factors, seasonal changes, microclimatic factors, emotional elements that allow people to indirectly experience nature were expressed in various ways. The space layout and circulation provide opportunities to appreciate and experience the rich sensory resources of Soswaewon. In conclusion, this study confirmed the healing and restorative value of Soswaewon from the perspective of biophilic design, and it needs further research on the restorative factors of traditional spaces.