• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.20-36
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• 2022

This study aims to provide basic data for high-quality street tree management by setting reasonable management items and appropriate unit prices by reviewing the adequacy of current street tree management. Currently, street tree management items, except for street tree pruning, use general landscape tree quantity per unit for the street tree management quantity per unit. KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation) applied pruning items from standard electric production infrastructure and carried out the activities at an average unit price of 51% lower for heavy pruning and 39% lower for light pruning than the standard estimate. This was judged to be a level that could not maintain or increase the quality of street tree management. It was determined that an appropriate standard unit price for street tree management was necessary. To improve the quantity per unit for the proper management of street trees, it was necessary to review costs in the field. However, due to the absence of data on actual construction costs in the domestic landscape field, detailed items of the US RSMeans Building Construction Cost Data (RSMeans) were reviewed, and the actual construction costs were calculated by applying personal domestic expenses. As a result, the standard of the estimated unit showed a good ratio of 107% for heavy pruning of street tree pruning compared to the actual construction cost, but light pruning was underestimated with a 59% ratio. Shrub pruning was 82%, weeding was 92%, tree fertilization was 87%, and windbreak wall installation was 91% under-engineered. In addition, it was also confirmed that the watering by sprinkler trucks and chemical spraying were over-designed compared to the actual construction cost at the rates of 118% and 124%, respectively. Due to the specificity of the street trees, the increase in personal expenses and the input cost of equipment, such as road safety controls, were judged to be the main cause of the underestimation of items. Therefore, it is necessary to add items related to street trees and general landscape trees to the landscape maintenance items of the standard of the estimated unit.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.70
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• pp.37-74
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• 2022

COVID-19, which occurred in Wuhan, China, made it difficult for Korean churches to face to face worship, therefore metaverse emerged as an alternative to solving these problems. metaverse is forming various platforms through technology expressed in 3I(Immersion, Interactive, virtual Image). The purpose of this study is to analyze the application plan of Christian education by applying metaverse technologies to Christian education. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, first, the definition, type, platform, and technology of the metaverse are presented to examine the key of the metaverse, second, in order to analyze the church from the theological educational aspect, the essence of the church, the mission of the church, and the metaverse church are examined, third in order to apply the metaverse to Christian education, it is classified into worship through the metaverse, education through the metaverse, service through the metaverse, the christian relationship through the metaverse, and missions through the metaverse. The application plan of the metaverse for Christian education is that first, worship can be held through metaverse. Second, education can be performed through the metaverse. Third, the metaverse can be used to fulfill the mission of service. Fourth, through the metaverse, christian can fellowship through the metaverse. Fifth, the missionary mission can be carried out through the metaverse. In conclusion, metaverse is still in the development stage, but various programs should be developed to achieve the purpose of Christian education by utilizing various platforms developed so far and utilizing the advantages of the platform. In particular, the Korean church will be able to utilize various programs such as Sunday worship, Sunday school, youth retreat, QT, Bible school, and pilgrimage through the metaverse to make good use of the characteristics of the metaverse. In addition, metaverse is an extended reality(XR) that integrates VR, AR, and MR, and its strength is an engagement in creative Christian educational activities out of the original Christian education. In the future, metaverse technology can be applied to Christian education in various ways as the fourth industrial technology is developing.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2022

Objective: This study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an individually tailored program based on self-measurement of blood glucose on health behavior and HbA1c in diabetes and pre-diabetes patients. Methods: The program consisted of seven sessions for 12 weeks which were carried out every two weeks. Almost all sessions were progressed on untact method except for the first and last session. The 71 subjects were assessed for their knowledge of diabetes, health behavior, the experience of self-measurement of blood glucose, body mass Index (BMI) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at before and after the program. They were also evaluated on their degree of utilization of blood glucose measurements after the program. Results: Each mean score on their knowledge of diabetes, health behavior and the experience of self-measurement of blood glucose was significantly increased from 14.77, 25.50, and 2.70 to 15.41, 28.40, and 4.81, respectively. Each mean score on both BMI and HbA1c (n=53) was significantly decreased from 24.47kg/m² and 7.27% to 24.01kg/m² and 6.67%, respectively. The post-HbA1c had a significant negative correlation(r=-0.415) with the degree of utilization of blood glucose measurements. The degree of utilization of blood glucose measurements had a significant positive correlation(r=0.581) with post-health behavior. Conclusions: The program shows effectiveness in improving HbA1c in Type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes patients. The post-HbA1c might be related to the degree of utilization of blood glucose measurements which might be related to the health behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.746-752
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• 2022

Kiribati, a South Pacific island, and its surrounding countries are gradually submerging to rising sea levels. The sea level continues to change according to the degree of thermal expansion of glaciers and seawater that decreases with increase in temperature. Global warming affects both the amount and volume of seawater, thus increasing sea level. Tidal phenomena occur twice a day to the attraction of celestial bodies such as the moon and the sun. The moon changes the angle of orbiting surface with the Earth equator every 18.6 years, and the magnitude of the tidal force changes depending on the distance between the Earth equator and the moon orbital surface. The University of Hawaii Sea Level Center selected Tarawa, Christmas, Kanton of Kiribati,, Lautoka, Suva of Fiji,Funafuti of Tuvalu, Nuk1u'alofa of Tonga, and Port Vila of Vanuatu. When comparing tide levels for each year for 19 years, the focus was on checking the change in sleep to Tide levels, and rising sea levels was the effect of Tide levels. The highest astronomical tides (HAT) and lowest astronomical tides (LAT) were identified as Tarawa 297.0, 50.8 cm, Christmas 123.8, 19.9 cm, Kanton 173.7, 39.9 cm, Lautoka 240.7, 11.3 cm, Funafuti 328.6, 98.4 cm, Nuk1u'alofa 188.8, 15.5 cm, Port Vila 161.5, -0.5cm, respectively. The Sea level rising speed was Tarawa 3.1 mm/year, Christmas -1.0 mm/year, Kanton 1.6 mm/year, Lautoka 3.1 mm/year, Suva 7.4 mm/year, Funafuti 1.4 mm/year, Nuk1u'alofa 4.2 mm/year, and Port Vila -1.2 mm/year, respectively

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1984

The main objective of this experiment was to investigate the selection efficiency for clear rice by the application of the wx-carrier technique in rice. Twelve semi-dwarf waxy lines were bred through backcrosses to the two recurrent semi-dwarf parents, IR667 and IR1317, utilizing six different waxy cultivars as waxy donor parent. These waxy lines were crossed to three clear non-waxy varieties, IR24, Suweon 287 and Suweon294. Their F$_3$ seeds were separated into waxy and non-waxy and the clearness of non-waxy grains were counted. The results are summarized as follows: l. Mean clearness per plant for twelve waxy lines ranged from 3.7% to 78.9% at the 35 days after heading. It was higher in the lines which utilized IR 1317 as recurrent parent and it was lower in the lines which utilized IR667 as recurrent parent. Mean clearness per plant for recurrent parent, IRl317 and IR667 were 47.6% and 5.6% respectively. The clear non-waxy parents; Suweon287, IR24 and Suweon294 showed 83.7% 80.5% and 73.5% clearness respectively. 2. Mean clearness of F$_3$ seeds of the crosses between different waxy parents and IR24, Suweon 294 and Suweon 287 ranged 16.7-73.9%, 21.9-42.9% and 10.6-26.9%, respectively. IR24 crosses showed the highest mean clearness. 3. Highly positive correlation was found between the clearness of F$_3$ seeds of Suweon 287 crosses and those of Suweon294. 4. Significant differences were observed in mean clearness of F$_3$ seeds of the crosses between the different waxy lines, which was bred through the same number of backcrosses to the same recurrent parent, and a clear non-waxy parent. Crosses of IR1317 recurrent parent showed higher mean clearness than those of IR667 recurrent parent. 5. In some crosses, clearness was higher in homo-non-waxy than in hetero-non-waxy, but, in other crosses it was higher in hetero-non-waxy. Thus no distinct pattern in the segregation of clearness was observed along the homo-non-waxy or hetero-non-waxy. 6. From the results it was concluded that, the selection efficiency for the clear rice can be improved by choosing the proper waxy parent, as well as proper recurrent parent under the wx-carrier technique.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.252-258
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• 1985

An experiment was conducted at the Yeongnam Crop Experiment Station to obtain basic informations about cultural techniques for high yielding by manipulating plant spacing using two rice cultivars, Samgangbyeo (Indica/Japonica type) and Nakdongbyeo (Japonica type), and four plant spacings, 10${\times}$10cm, 20${\times}$20cm 30${\times}$30cm and 40${\times}$40cm, with 4 kinds of seedling number per hill, 1,3,5 and 7, respectively. High photosynthetic efficiency (Eu) exhibited at the Samgangbyeo compared to Nakdongbyeo regardless of plant spacings and seedling numbers. For Samgangbyeo, Eu value was the highest at the 20${\times}$20cm plant spacing and five seedlings and seven seedlings per hill showed high Eu values at 10${\times}$10cm plant spacing and 20${\times}$20cm plant spacing, respectively, while other plant spacings were not significantly differed among seedling numbers. For Nakdongbyeo, however, one seedling plot obtained high Eu value at the 10${\times}$10cm plant spacing while this Eu value increased as the seedling number per hill increased in other plant spacings. There was a high positive correlation between rice grain yield and total competition index for both cultivars while kind of relationships differed in these two cultivars; linear relationship for Samgangbyeo and exponential relationship for Nakdongbyeo, respectively. Competition index between rice hill was more significant than within rice hill for Samgangbyeo while both competition indexs were important for Nakdongbyeo to increase rice yield.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.268-275
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• 1982

This study was conducted to obtain basic informations for breeding and improving cultural practices of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) through investigation of several agronomic characters of 82 major varieties plants in April 20, May 15 and June 20. Stem diameter and plant height were largest in early planting(April 20). On the contrary, they were smallest in late planting(June 15). Therefore, the later planting, the poorer the vegetative growth on the basis of stem diameter and plant height. Number of capsules per plant and number of grains per capsule were 88 and 54, respectively, in the early planting, while they were decreased to 25 capsules and 40 grains in late planting. The percentage of ripeness and 1000 grain weight 78 and 2.3g in the April 20planting while they were 58% and 2.1g in June 20 planting indicating the later planting, the lower the ripeness. Grain yield per m1 in April 20 and June 20 planting was 112 and 18g respectively. Consequently, grain yield significantly decreased as planting delayed. On the basis of the vegetative and reproductive growth, varieties could be classified into early, conventional, late and indetermediate planting adapted groups. The major yield components were highly and postively correlated with accmulated sunshine hours and temperatures confirming that grain yield was closely related with sunshine and temperature. Among the varieties tested, Gurye and Local 135 had more than 150 capsules. Haenam and Woogang had more than 75 grains per capsule. Since grain yield oflate planted sesame were significantly different among the varieties, breeding of sesame for after barly cropping would be more effective under late cultural condition of after barly.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.98-102
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• 1995

Popped popcorn generally have a regular popping direction and typical shape. But the reason and mechanism are not clear yet. This experiment was carried out to investigate the shape moulding factor of popped popcorn. Pericarp thickness of tip-cap section of kernels is slightly thicker than that of top section and this fact provides the important information to the reason. Popping starts when the moisture pressure of heated popcorn is increased and reaches at the critical pressure. Therefore, in the same moisture pressure conditions, top sections are bursted first because their pericarp section is thinner than that of tip-cap section. At the very moment tip-cap sections pull down the top sections of peri carp as bi-metal does. So kernels which removed tip-cap section showed the irregular popping shape because they lost the tip-cap pericarp function. How-ever, kernels which removed embryo showed the typical popping shape but their popping volume was small due to emition and shortage of critical moisture pressure. But kernels which removed the whole pericarp and top pericarp were not popped at all because moisture was entirely emitting out of kernels. These results suggest that the shape moulding factor of popped popcorn is the pericarp thickness differences between the top and tip-cap section of kernels.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1991

This study was conducted to determine the effect of 20 years long term fertilizations on the physical and chemical properties of paddy soil and the growth, yield, yield components and grain development of rice. Non-fertilized, PK, NK, NP, NPK, NPK + compost, NPK+straw and NPK+lime have been applied since 1968 after surface paddy soil was removed. NPK+compost and NPK+straw applications increased the content of organic matter, available P and CEC, and lime increased soil acidity and SiO$_2$ content. While chemical contents in non-fertilized treatment were low as compared with other treatments. Soil porosity was higher in NPK+straw (51.4%) and NPK+lime(53.1%) than in NPK application (49.8%). Soil hardness was highest in the NPK application and was lowest in the NPK + lime. Continuous application of straw with NPK markedly increased the content of aggregate with over 1mm(19.6%) as compared with NPK application (7.1%). Plant height, tiller number, root number, leaf area index and total dry weight were higher in the applications of compost, straw and lime with NPK than in any other treatments. Brown rice yield in non-fertilized, PK and NP applications was decreased 45, 55, 15 and 5% of that in NPK application, respectively, while application of compost, straw and lime with NPK increased the yield by 11, 14 and 4%, respectively, during 20 years. The number of differentiated rachis branchs in the application of compost, straw and lime was 17 to 21 and that in the other application was 13 to 15, whereas the degenerated rachis branchs was low in the application of compost, straw and lime with NPK. The applications having higher level of perfect rice grain such as non-fertilized, NPK+compost, NPK+straw and NPK+lime had high grain weight and had low level of white core rice, white belly rice. The white core and belly rice was highest in the NP application and notched belly rice kernel was markedly increased in NK and NP applications. The period of grain filling was 30 DAH at NP and NPK applications, 35 DAH at NK and NPK+lime, 40DAH at NPK+compost and NPK+ straw, and 45DAH at non-fertilized, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.211-219
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• 1989

Tobacco and ginseng plants differed in responses to varied light intensities. Tobacco showed high in CO$_2$ uptake and RuBPCase activity at 1900 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/, being high by 3.7 times and 2.7 times than ginseng respectively. Close positive relationships existed between CO$_2$ uptake and RuBPCase activity in tobacco. However, ginseng showed negative correlation. The activity of glycolate oxidase and malate dehydrogenase in tobacco was high at 1900 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/, but those of ginseng was high at 1000 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/. Nitrate reductase activity of tobacco at 1900 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/ was 2 times higher than that at 500 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/, while that of ginseng was no detected in all plots. The content of protein and chlorophyll in tobacco was 2.2 times and 1.5 times higher than in ginseng at the most efficient light intensity. The ratio of chlorophyll a/b in tobacco was low at 500 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/, while that of ginseng was low at 1000 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/. The relationships between protein and chlorophyll was high positive correlation. However, on 5 days after treatment, ginseng showed negative correlation at 500 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/. Tobacco and ginseng showed different leaf soluble protein patterns on SDS-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of two major band were 50 KD and 15 KD in both plants. The major bands in tobacco were thinned at 500 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/, while those in ginseng thinned at 1000 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/ from 15days after treatment. Disappeared band was 45 KD at 500 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/ in tobacco, but that of ginseng was 47 KD at 1000 ${\mu}$ E m/sup-2/ sec$\^$-1/.