• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2013

Activeness of exercise is critical for stroke rehabilitation so that application of stimulation in response to patient's intention would be effective in FES cycling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between muscle reaction force (MRF) and electromyogram (EMG) during cycling exercise, for the future usage of MRF as patients' intention signal. Seven young men ($24{\pm}1.63$ yrs) participated in this study. Cycling speed was set to 20 RPM and 60 RPM. MRF and EMG were measured in the vastus lateralis muscle of right leg. Active cycling was performed at the maximal load (16 Nm) of an ergometer. Angle dependent artifact in MRF was measured from passive cycling and was subtracted from the MRF of active cycling. The delay of MRF with respect to EMG envelope and their correlation coefficients were derived from the best of cross correlation. MRF was significantly correlated with EMG amplitude in all subjects (p<0.01). Their mean correlations were 0.84 and 0.91 for 20 RPM and 60 RPM, respectively. Mean delay in MRF was 59.14 ms and 53.14 ms for 20 RPM and 60 RPM, respectively. The result suggests that MRF can be used to assess patient's intention for exercise as a substitute to EMG. The method may be applied to FES cycling to encourage patient's effort which is critical for stroke rehabilitation.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2009

Purpose: Bicycle riding is a healthy and cheap form of transportation and a popular form of recreation. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiology and the factors affecting the severity of bicycle-related injuries and to find effective methods for preventing injuries. Methods: This is a retrospective study of the patients'characteristics, the injury severity, the injury location, the effect of safety equipment on the bicycle injury based on information collected through the NEDIS (National Emergency Department Information System) from 1,284,429 patients who visited 55 emergency rooms nationwide. Results: During the research period throughout 55 emergency rooms 5,671 patients were seen because of bicycle injuries. The male-to-female ratio was 3.1:1, the median age 28 years old, and 42.6% of the patients were younger than 20 years old. Injury sites were mostly in the extremities(46.7%), the head(32.4%), and the face(14%), and 70.3% of severely injured patients had accompanying head trauma. Males aged 65 and older was possibly associated with severe head trauma. Of the patients who provided helmet information 4.8%(71patients) used helmets, and 95.2%(1392 patients) did not. In this group of patients providing helmet information, none of those wearing helmets died, but 0.4% of those not wearing helmets died. Conclusion: In this study, most bicycle injuries occurred in young adult men. From now, there seems to be a need for more effort on publicity activities on bicycle injuries and on the education of children and teenagers, who show a high incidence rate, and of senior citizens (over 65 years old) who show a high severity rate, about using a safety helmet to reduce the severity of injury.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.806-811
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• 2006

The regulation of labelling criterion for genetically modified (GM) foods has been enforced since 2001 in Korea. Therefore, GM soybean (GMS) or GM maize (GMM) processed foods must be labeled as GMO derived. We surveyed to see whether this regulation is kept relevantly or not and the distributive statue of GM processed foods. Using the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on endogenous gene (Le1n, SSIIb), promoter gene (P35S), terminator gene (NOS) and transgenic gene (RRS, Bt11, Bt176, GA21, T25, Mon810), we detected GMS and GMM processed foods circulating at the market in Busan area. Out of total 100 samples, 38 items were showed to be contaminated with recombinant gene by qualitative PCR. Among 82 domestic and 18 imported items, 32 (39.0%) and 6 (33.3%) items were detected with GM ingredients respectively. Also among the 80 soybean and 20 maize processed foods, 23 (28.7%) and 15 (75.0%) foods were sensitive to detect GMS and GMM ingredients respectively. For the qualitative PCR positive foods, we chased identity preservation (IP) certificates. And we verified that the PCR positive crops were grown up, harvested and shipped separately from GMO but just mixed with GMO in the threshold of the non attentional contamination levels (3%). Thus we can not find out any regulation-violent case at all. The results of this study will help to keep the regulations of GM labelling and be informative to consumers who want to know the laboratory results of GMO testing.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2014

In this study, the exoskeleton orthosis for the assistance of dorsiflexion torque in ankle joint to prevent foot-drop was developed. It was consist of three part; 1) the power part using artificial pneumatic actuator, 2) wearing part of ankle and knee joints to fix the orthosis, and 3) control part to detect the gait phase using physiological signal. The dorsiflexion torque was generated by the artificial pneumatic actuator connected with wearing part between ankle and knee joint. The accurate timing to assist dorsiflexion torque is made up of physiological signal in foot sole part that detect the gait phase, that is, stance and swing phase in each foot. We conduct the experiment to investigate the effect of exoskeleton orthosis to the 7 elderly people and 10 healthy people. The result showed that the muscular activities in tibialis anterior muscle were reduced because of the assistance of dorsiflexion torque in ankle joint using the exoskeleton orthosis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2007

We investigated the characteristics of temperature variations under different land covers (paddy field, upland, urban park, and urban residential area) during hot summer (July 15 to August 19, 2005). The temperatures were monitored using data loggers at one hour intervals in study sites. The mean temperature generally increased with the distance from edge of paddy fields, being $1.5^{\circ}C$ higher at a site 170-m far from paddy fields than at a paddy field area at 22 h. The mean daily temperatures in the study period followed the ordo. of paddy field $(26.6^{\circ}C)$ < upland $(27.0^{\circ}C)$ < park $(27.5^{\circ}C)$ < residential area $(28.0^{\circ}C)$. The paddy field area has shown remarkable cooling effects compared to the residential area: Mean duration of temperature below $25^{\circ}C$ in the paddy field area was longer (8.6 hrs) than in the residential area; The time to fall to below $25^{\circ}C$ in the paddy field area was sooner (22.4 hr) than in the residential area; Mean daily minimum temperature in the paddy field area was much lower $(2.4^{\circ}C)$ than in the residential area. More research is needed to better clarify the mechanism of cooling effect of a paddy field area by investigating heat balance of a paddy field.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.189-199
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• 2007

In this paper, we describe the proposed KVN (Korean VLBI Network) clock system in order to make the observation of the VLBI effectively. In general, the GPS system is widely used for the time information in the single dish observation. In the case of VLBI observation, a very high precise frequency standard is needed to perform the observation in accordance with the observation frequency using the radio telescope with over 100km distance. The objective of the high precise clock system is to insert the time-tagging information to the observed data and to synchronize it with the same clock in overall equipments which used in station. The AHM (Active Hydrogen Maser) and clock system are basically used as a frequency standard equipments at VLBI station. This system is also adopted in KVN. The proposed KVN clock system at each station consists of the AHM, GPS time comparator, standard clock system, time distributor, and frequency standard distributor. The basic experiments were performed to check the AHM system specification and to verify the effectiveness of implemented KVN clock system. In this paper, we briefly introduce the KVN clock system configuration and experimental results.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the analysis on exercise effect of basic physical fitness, flexibility and muscle function using electric horseback riding machine. Subjects were ten males and ten females who were 20th aged young adults. They exercised every 45-min a day. Horse riding exercise has progressed 3-days a week till 4-weeks. We measured contents of basic physical fitness, flexibility and joint torque in lumbar. The results showed that contents of human body effect were higher than before exercise. We thought that stimulated by 3-D movement in horseback riding exercise instrument could be activated joints and muscles with the unused generally This continuous movement could reduce tonus of muscle and relax stiff muscles. horseback riding have significant effect with whole body exercise, also it could provide efficient exercise for the elder and disabled person.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 1980

Using Streptomyces chibaensis, which produces a strong inulin-hydrolyzing enzyme, the optimum cultural conditions and composition of the medium for the production of inulase were studied. 1. The highest enzyme activity was obtained at pH 7.5 after 84 hours culture at $30^{\circ}C$. 2. None of carbon source better than inulin was found. 3. $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$ and corn steep liquor were favourable inorganic and organic nitrogen sources for the production of inulase. 4. $KCl,\;MgSO_4\;and\;FeSO_4$ as the metallic salts were effective for the enzyme production at their concentrations of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.0001%, respectively. 5. The highest production of inulase was obtained from the medium of inulin 1.0% and corn steep liquor 2.0% concentrations, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.82-89
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• 2010

Ankle-foot orthosis with an artificial pneumatic muscle which is intended for the assistance of plantarfelxion torque was developed. In this study, power pattern of the device in the various pneumatics and the effectiveness of the system were investigated. The pneumatic power was provided by ankle-foot orthosis controlled by user‘s physiological signal, that is, muscular stiffness in soleus muscle. This pneumatic power can assist plantarflexion torque of ankle joint. The subjects performed maximal voluntary isokinetic plantarflexion motion on a biodexdynamometer in different pneumatics, and they completed three conditions: 1) without wearing the orthosis, 2) wearing the orthosis with artificial muscles turned off, 3) wearing the orthosis activated under muscular stiffness control. Through these experiments, we confirmed the effectiveness of the orthosis and muscular stiffness control using the analyzing isokinetic plantarflexion torque. The experimental results showed that isokinetic torques of plantarflexion motion of the ankle joints gradually increased in incremental pneumatic. The effectiveness of the orthosis was -7.26% and the effectiveness of the muscular stiffness control was 17.83% in normalized isokinetic plantarflexion torque. Subjects generated the less isokinetic torques of the ankle joints in wearing the orthosis with artificial muscles turned off, but isokinetic torques were appropriately reinforced in condition of wearing the orthosis activated under muscular stiffness control(17.83%) compared to wearing the orthosis(-7.26%). Therefore, we respect that developed powered orthosis is applied in the elderly that has weak muscular power as the rehabilitation equipment.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1026-1034
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to verify the validation of effect on improvement of muscle strength unbalance according to exercise load deviation during rowing exercise. We performed evaluation of muscular activity and joint torque before the test. We recruited twenty subjects who one side's muscle strength is bigger in more 20% than other side. Subjects divided two groups. One is dominant left side and the other was dominant right side. Subjects performed rowing exercise in electric load deviation rowing equipment (Robo.gym, Humonic Co., Ltd., Daegu, Korea). Exercise performed four sets a day including 25 times a set, and three days a week. Measurements consist of evaluation of muscular activity and joint torque. Exercise load deviation adapted that different value of muscle strength in both arms multiplied 1RM% and added 1RM 50%. The results in adapted load deviation showed that the differences of maximal peak torque in 22.75% were getting increase significantly during exercise in 5.72%. This interpreted that rowing exercise with loading deviation types could provide muscle strength and muscular endurance exercise in same time for balance. Our study found out that loading deviation could provide muscle strength and muscular endurance exercise for improving muscle unbalance.