• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.366-370
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• 2013

The effects of the early tree shapes with renewal by top-working on Y-shaped peach tree, and the influence on the maintaining fruit quantity with gradual renewal of interstock cultivar were determined. In the comparison of the places of top-working tree, top working tree on the inside of the main branch of interstock cultivar had higher graft union rate and branch growth than those of top working tree on the outside. Tree width, basal diameter of shoot, and number of bearing shoots were smaller in top working tree than in replanted tree. Although labor time was not different to control top working tree and replanted tree, labor time was much required to manage top working tree with interstock cultivar. Accumulated fruit production was 2,384 kg/10a in top working tree and 2,025 kg/10a in replanted tree for three years. However, top working tree had no loss of fruits because interstock cultivar of top-working tree had 3,727 kg/10a of fruits. No variation on fruit quality was observed between top working tree and replanting tree. In terms of economic value of top-working tree, labor to manage interstock cultivar, fertilizer price, fruit bagging, and grading and packing price increased. However, fruit production increased, and price of seedling, rental equipment, pulling-out trees, and repairing supporting system decreased. Therefore, gradual renewal of topworking tree has effects on the maintaining fruit quantity, supplementation on fruit loss, and renewal cultivar.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.422-430
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate growth changes of DBH, height, crown width, volume, stem biomass, and dead trees after thinning treatments with different thinning intensity for Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis) plantation. First thinning was applied with 29~69% intensity based on number of trees in 19-yearold plantation, and trees were measured three times: right after thinning (19-year-old), 5 years later (24-yearold), 12 years later (29-year-old). In the case of DBH growth, average DBH growth of heavily thinned plots was 19.6~19.9% higher 5 years later, and 13.3~24.7% higher 12 years later, compared to that of unthinned plots. Initial diameter growth rate was higher than late growth rate. The proportion of large pole candidates ($DBH{\geq}25cm$) was 31% in heavily thinned plot while only 2% was shown in unthinned plot. No difference was shown in height growth depending on plots, and average crown width growth in heavily thinned plots was 30.6~33.3% higher, 5 years later, and 35.0~40.0% higher, 12 years later, compared to that of unthinned plots. Average volume growth of individual trees in heavily thinned plots was 39.8~46.8% higher, 5 years later, and 23.0~52.0% higher, 12 years later, compared to unthinned plots. The maximum volume and biomass per unit area were shown in unthinned plot; the volume and biomass 5 and 12 years later after thinning were $133m^3/ha$ (51 kg/ha) and $344m^3/ha$ (132 kg/ha), respectivily. The significant difference appeared in crown width, volume, and biomass depending on thinning intensity. No dead trees occurred in heavily thinned plots for 12 years after thinning, while mortality rate in unthinned plots was 27.9~37.8%. As a result of analyzing annual increment using cores to determine the timing of second thinning, it suggested that second thinning be suitable around 10 years after first thinning.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.405-414
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• 2001

Jecheon granite can be divided into two types; porphyritic granite (K-feldspar megacryst bearing) and medium-grained biotite granite. Porphyritic granite, host body of feldspar deposits, is 8${\sim}$11 km in diameter and about 80 $km^{2}$ in area. It mainly contains K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite and quartz, and magnetite, zircon, sphene and apatite are accessary minerals. Enclosed minerals in K-feldspar megacryst with 3${\sim}$10 cm in diameter are hornblende, plagioclase, quartz, magnetite, apatite, sphene and zircon. Mafic enclaves mainly consisting of hornblende, plagioclase and quartz are frequently observed in porphrytic granite. Medium-grained biotite granite consists of K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite and hornblende as main, and hematite, muscovite, apatite and zircon as accessary minerals. Core and rim An contents of plagioclase from porphyritic granite, medium biotite granite, K-feldspar megacryst, and mafic enclave are 36 and 21, 40 and 32, 37 and 32, and 43 and 36, respectively. $X_{Fe}$ values of hornblende are 0.57 at biotite granite, 0.51 at K-feldspar mehacryst and 0.45 at mafic enclave. $X_{Fe}$ values of biotite and hornblende are homogeneous without chemical zonation. K-feldspar megacryst shows end member of pure composition with exsolved thin lamellar pure albites. Characteristics of mineral compositions and petrography indicate porphyritic granite is igneous origin and medium-grained biotite granite comes from the same source of magma; biotite granite is initiated to solidly and from residual melt porphyritic granite can be formed. Possibly K-feldspar megacrysts are formde under H$_{2}$O undersaturation condition and near K-feldspar solidus curve temperature; growth rate is faster than nucleation rate. Mafic enclaves are thought to be mingled mafic magma in felsic magma, which is formed from compositional stratigraphy. Estimated equilibrium temperature and pressure for medium-grained biotite granite are about $800^{\circ}C$ and 4.83${\sim}$5.27 Kb, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.328-333
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• 1998

To obtain basic information for establishing a pest control strategy for insect pest management system, changes in the population densities of the black-tipped sawfly(Acantholyda posticalis posticalis Matsumura) and damage patterns in tree growth were investigated in national forests in Hoigok-ri, Kapyung-gun, Kyunggi-do, where the pest control measures were taken. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The larval density in the soil of the forests where the insecticides were applied have been kept below economic threshold for about 7 years. The density was the highest in the middle of slopes and similar to the level of the early stage of the insect outbreak. 2. After the pest control by insecticides, reduction in tree height and diameter growth lasted for 2-3 years in trees defoliated by over 70%. 3. The diameter growth of the trees damaged by black-tipped sawfly recovered faster in upper stem than in the lower. 4. volume growth of the trees defoliated over 70% by the insect decreased for three to four years. The volume loss of trees defoliated by 70% and 90% was 19.6% and 54.0%, respectively. 5. Maintaining the rate of defoliation below 50%, which is the economic threshold, by chemical control measures had an effect of reducing the tree volume loss by $40m^2/ha$ as compared with a stand defoliated by 90%.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2008

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the change of ovarian reserve after removal of ovarian tumor using basal FSH, $E_2$, clomiphene citrate challenge test and ovarian volume. Methods: Twenty two patients with unilateral ovarian tumor, ${\leq}35$ years old, regular menstrual cycle were collected prospectively and divided into endometrioma or non-endometrioma group. We measured the ovarian volume with transvaginal ultrasonography on the day 3 of menstrual cycle within one month before and 3 months after surgery. Basal (cycle day 3) FSH, $E_2$ and CCCT were checked before surgery and repeated at least 2 spontaneous cycles later after surgery. Three patients that had been pregnant within 3 months after surgery were excluded in analysis. Results: The ovarian volume was reduced significantly after surgery in endometrioma and non-endometrioma ${\geq}10\;cm$ group ($4.79{\pm}2.57\;cm^3$ and $5.21{\pm}1.33\;cm^3$, respectively), but not in the non-endometrioma <10 cm group ($6.18{\pm}2.85\;cm^3$). After surgery, basal FSH and cycle day 10 FSH on CCCT in endometrioma and non-endometrioma were $4.25{\pm}0.20\;mIU/ml$ and $3.79{\pm}0.80\;mIU/ml$, $4.24{\pm}0.85\;mIU/ml$ and $4.28{\pm}0.92\;mIU/ml$, respectively. There were neither significant difference in comparison with the preoperative results nor between two groups. Conclusions: Enucleation of ovarian mass was associated with a significant reduction in ovarian volume in endometrioma and non-endometrioma larger than 10cm in diameter. Hormonal markers for evaluation of ovarian reserve, such as basal and cycle day 10 FSH on CCCT, were not changed significantly in each group. In reproductive age women, conservative enucleation or cystectomy rather than oophorectomy should be considered even in a large benign tumor and ovarian function could be reserved by meticulous operative technique.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.813-822
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• 1995

Background: Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and abnormal response such as a loss of distensibility are pathophysiologic characteristics if bronchial asthma. The only means of direct in vivo measurement of airway size had been a tantalium bronchography, until high-resolution computed tomography(HRCT) enabled to measure noninvasively two dimensional airway area more accurately and reliably. Method: To investigate airway area responses to bronchial provocation with methacholine and evaluate the major sites of bronchial constriction in patients with bronchial asthma. We examined HRCT scans in five patients with bronchial asthma who had significant bronchoconstriction(20% or more decrease in $FEV_1$) using CT scanner(5,000T CT, Shimadzu Co, Japan) before and in 3~5 min. after methacholine inhalation. Airways which were matched by parenchymal anatomic landmarks in each patient before and after methacholine inhalation were measured using film scanner(TZ-3X scanner; Truvel Co. Chatsworth CA, USA) and a semiautomated region growing method. Results: 1) We identified 9 to 12 airways in each patient which were matched by parenchymal anatomic landmarks before and after methacholine inhalation. 2) Airway responses to methacholine are quite different even in a patient. 3) The constriction of small airways(average diameter <2 mm; area < $3.14mm^2$) was 48.7%(8.3; SEM, n=43), being more prominant than that of large airways(average diameter >2 mm; area > $3.14mm^2$), 53.8% (4.4;SEM, n=10), but not significantly different(p>0.05). 4) There was no significant difference in the degree of constriction between upper(44.3% +5.8; mean + SEM, n=30) and lower lung regions(56.7% +4.5, n=23). Conclusions: Thus airway responses to methacholine bronchoprovocation is quite variable in a patient with bronchial asthma and has no typical pattern in patients with bronchial asthma.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Liquid pig manure(LPM) is a useful resource if it is sufficiently fermented and utilized in the agriculture; it provides nutrients to soils, circulates organic materials and replaces chemical fertilizers(CF) with reasonable costs. Currently, there are not many trials in paddy field to continuously cultivate the crops in winter and summer season using LPM. METHODS AND RESULTS: When cultivating winter forage crops (Whole-crop-barley(WCB), Rye, Triticale, Italian ryegrass(IRG)) and summer feed corns in the rice field, CF was treated with $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$(winter forage crops: 120-100-100kg/ha, summer feed corn: 200-150-150 kg/ha), and subsequently, growth, yields, feed values and chemical properties of soil were investigated. LPM-applied areas in both winter and summer forage crops showed higher plant lengths and tillers than those of CF-applied areas, but the yield in CF-applied areas was higher than that of LPM-applied areas under continuous application of 2 years. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and total digestion nutrient(TDN) in feed values showed almost similar results between LPM and CF-applied areas. EC, organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable cations of soils after the experiment increased in LPM applied areas, and especially, the contents of available phosphate and exchangeable sodium were high. CONCLUSION(S): Considering the above results, it was concluded that if LPM are properly utilized for continuous winter and summer cultivation of feed crops at paddy field, the cultivation costs could be decreased and be helpful to the stable production of domestic feeds.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.5 s.88
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• pp.517-523
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• 2001

Titanium miniscrews we being used increasingly as an anchorage for tooth movement, because they ate easy to place and to remove, increase the number of sites available, give minimum strain to patients regarding surgical procedures, and offer uneventful healing alter removal. The use of titanium miniscrews as an orthodontic anchorage has been reported in clinical case reports, but clinicians have experienced screw loosening when using such screws.' To our knowledge, there are no published reports evaluating the stability of miniscrews. Information about the length of miniscrews used in relation to the location is of some importance, as stability will vary depending on bone duality The purpose of this study was to evaluate a variety of Lengths of miniscrews (dimeter: 2mm) which were inserted in maxilla or mandible and to demonstrate in a dog model which miniscrew provides fundamental stability in the jaws. 10 mm long miniscrews in the maxilla and 8mm long: miniscrews in the mandible showed no clinical mobility and retained their position throughout an 8 weeks force (200g) application. The mucosal condition around the screws was healthy in cases in which miniserews were inserted in the alveolar bone between the roots and the head of the screws emerged into the attached gingiva. When the force application was terminated, radiographic analysis revealed neither rent resorption not periodontal pathology around the miniscrews that remained stable during the entire treatment period. This study suggests that if titanium miniscrews with adequate length are properly used depending on the location, they provide sufficient stability for orthodontic anchorage.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.479-485
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• 1997

We investigated changes of the size of neoaortic annulus, root, and aortic anastomosis after arterial switch operation for complete transposition of the great arteries performed in infancy. A total of 23 patients were included in this study. Age ranged from 6 to 153 days. Body weight averaged 3.9$\pm$0.8kg and 17 patients were male. The preoperative angiocardiographic dimensions of the pulmonary annulus, the pulmonary root, and the sinotubular junction, standardized to the diameter of descending aorta at the level of diaphragm, were compared to the size of postoperative measurements of the neoaortic annulus, the neoaortic root, and the aortic an stomosis at a mean interval of 17.2$\pm$ 9.4 months. Mean dimensions of the neoaortic annulus and the neoaortic root were significantly increased postoperatively(n=23, annulus; p<0.01, root; p<0.01), however, those of the aortic anastomosis did not reveal significant change(n=23, p=0.06). There were no significant differences in changes of diameters of the neoaortic annulus, the root, and the aortic anastomosis between patients with(n=8) and without(n=15) postoperative neoaortic regurgitation(annulus; p=0.32, root; p=0.29, anastomosis; p=0.86). Postoperative dimensions of the neoaortic root and annulus between patients with ventricular septal defect(n: 10) and without ventricular septal defect(ni 13) were not significantly changed compared to the preoperative measurements(annulus; p=0.09, root; p=0.07) but mean diameters of the aortic anastomosis decreased significantly after operation in patients with ventricular septal defect(p=0.04). This study revealed that the site of the aortic an stomosis grows in proportion to patient's somatic growth after arterial switch operation. Although we could not demonstrate the relation between the aortic root dilatation and the postoperative neoaortic regurgitation in this study, a continuous close follow-up might be necessary to detect a possible progression of the aortic root dilatation and the resulting significant aortic valve regurgitation.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.151-159
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• 1991

As a part of investigation on causes of drop in egg production in domestic chicken breeding farm, bacteriological contamination on air, feed, drinking water and artificial insemination instruments of randomly selected three farms was surveyed. Total bacterial population in the air was very high in all of the chicken houses tested and was not significantly different among these farms . However, total bacterial counts in the air of the problem house having egg drop problem and colibacillosis was higher than normal house within the problem farm. Bacterial population in the assorted feed was low before or after administration on the normal farm while it was much more increased after administration than before administration on the problem farm. Bacterial population of the drinking water in the source of water supply was very low and has no differences among farms tested. Also, bacterial population in the normal farm was not significantly different between source of water supply and after administration. However, population of total bacteria and coliform bacteria after administration was increased. Bacterial population was much higher in the artificial insemination instrument of problem farm than normal farm. However, this bacterial population in the problem farm was decreased to those of normal farm after these instruments were sanitized.