• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.65-69
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• 2012

Composite coating can be manufactured during the electroplating with the bath containing a suspension of particles: ceramic, polymer, nanopowders. Improvement of hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and lubrication properties are well-known advantage of composite coating. In this study, nano $TiO_2$ powder dispersed Ni composite plating was investigated. The improvement of surface hardness and photo decomposition effects can be expected in this coating. Zeta potential was measured with pH. The effect of ultrasonication time and types of ultrasonicator were studied to minimize the agglomeration of $TiO_2$ nanopowders in the electrolyte. Optimum conditions for nano $TiO_2$ dispersed Ni composite coating were $40mA/cm^2$ of current density, pH 3.5, and $50^{\circ}C$. At these conditions, $TiO_2$ nanoparticles contents in the Ni deposit was 15-20 at.%.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 1998

Friction materials for brake linings and clutches have severe performance requirements. The principal function of such frictional elements is to convert kinetic energy to heat, and then either to absorb or to dissipate heat. In order to achieve these objectives, the coefficient of friction must be as high as possible, independent of variations in operating conditions, and the necessary energy conversion must be accomplished with a minimum of wear on the contacting parts. In this study, Al powder, Al bronze powder and Mo powder used in general for automobile brake was sprayed on automobile brake disc to restrain rust and to maintain friction performance. Dynamo and corrosion tests have been carried out. It is concluded that the sprayed disc with Al bronze powder has the most improved frictional performance and anti-corrosive characteristics. The main results obtained can be summarized as follows; 1. From the corrosion current density test for gray cast iron and sprayed disc with powders of Al, Al bronze and Mo, it was cleared that the spray treatment with Al bronze powder showed the most superior anti-corrosive characteristics than other powders. 2. By anode polarization toward the noble direction from corrosion potential, corrosion current density with sprayed brake disc by Al-bronze powder was the lowest. 3. Mean frictional coefficients obtained from dynamo test are as follows : the sprayed disc with Al(99.99%) powder was 0.190 ; the sprayed disc with Al-bronze powder was 0.312 ; the sprayed disc with Mo powder was 0.257 ; the non-sprayed disc of gray cast iron was 0.331. In the case of the sprayed disc Al-bronze powder showed the most excellent frictional characteristics . 4. Amount of burnish quantity obtained from burnish test by dynamometer is as follows : the sprayed disc with Al-powder was 1.079 mm : the sprayed disc with Al-bronze powder was 0.155 mm : the sprayed disc with Mo powder was 0.253 mm : the non-sprayed disc of gray cast iron was 0.241 mm. Al-bronze powder also showed the most excellent burnish characteristics.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.3 s.174
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• pp.603-612
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• 2000

Corrosion characteristics on the 12Cr alloy steel of turbine blade was electro-chemically investigated in 3.5wt% NaCI and 12.7wt% Na2S04 solution, respectively. Electro-chemical polarization test, Huey test and Oxalic acid etching test were previously conducted to estimate corrosion susceptibility of the material. And, using the horizontal corrosion fatigue tester, corrosion fatigue characteristics of 12Cr alloy steel in distilled water, 3.5wt% NaCI solution, and 12.7wt%(1M) Na2S04 solution were also fracture-mechanically estimated and compared their results. Parameter considered was room temperature, 60'C and 90'C. Corrosion fatigue crack length was measured by DC potential difference method.Obtained results are as follows,1) 12Cr alloy steel showed high corrosion rate in 3.5wt% NaCI solution and Na2S04 solution at high tempratue.2) Intergranular corrosion sensitivity of 12 Cr alloy was smaller than austenitic stainless steel.3) Corrosion fatigue crack growth rate in 3.5wt% NaCI and 12.7wt%(IM) Na2S04 solution is entirely higher than in the distilled water, and also increased with the temperature increase.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2007

The oxazole plays an important role in the binding of lexitropsin to the guanine-cytosine base pair from minor groove of DNA. The geometry optimization is performed with DFT calculations for the two possible conformations of the protonated oxazole. The proton affinities are calculated at B3LYP level of theory with 6-31G* basis set for the optimized geometry. It is found that the proton affinites of the conformations in which the oxazole nitrogen is the protonation center are greater than that of the conformations in which the oxazole oxygen is the protonation center. This result is in good agreement with molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) contour map. The proton affinities are also studied for various substituted oxazoles with the electron-donating and -withdrawing groups to estimate substitutent effect on the proton affinity at the hydrogen bonding site of the oxazoles. it is shown that the electron-donating substituents increase the proton affinity of oxazole, while the electron-withdrawing substituents decrease it.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.70-77
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• 2000

In this paper, the effect of solution and age heat treatment to the corrosion behavior for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy were studied by cyclic polarization methods. Ti-6Al-4V was solution heat treated at $1,066^{\circ}C$ and $966^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours, and followed by age heat treated at $650^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$ and $550^{\circ}C$ with 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 hours under vacuum environment. Test solution was 3.5% NaCl with temperature $25^{\circ}C$. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Base metal was exhibited higher electrical charge than that of solution and aged material. With decrease of solution-treatment temperature from 1066 to $966^{\circ}C$, the electrical charge was increased due to softening of micro structure. 2. The corrosion resistance of specimen that solution treated at $966^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours and age heat treated at 650, 660 and $550^{\circ}C$ were increased with increase of aging time to 4, 8 and 16 hours respectively, and then decreased. 3. In case of 316L stainless steel, measured charge and corrosion potential was 0.0627 coulomb and -614 mV respectively. Corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V was higher than that of 316L.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 1997

Anodic regeneration of PCB enchant and cathodic deposition of copper using electrochemical method has been studied. Cu(I)/Cu(II) concentration ratio as a function of Cu(I) oxidation at the anode was measured from the potential difference between platinum and Ag/AgCl/4M KCl electrodes. Chlorine gas evolution was minimized by maintaining Cu(I) concentration above a specific concentration and using non-porous graphite electrode. Dendritic copper deposition was observed at the cathode and the optimum conditions for Cu deposition was identified as the current density of $360mA/cm^2$, and copper concentration of 12 g/l. Titanium was the most effective cathode material which showed a higher current efficiency and copper recovery. The current efficiency decreased with increasing temperature, but the highest power efficiency was achieved at $50^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.749-759
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for improving a soft tennis forehand middle volley technique based on kinematic and kinetic analyses of volleys performed by four male national tennis players($33.3{\pm}2.16$ years). The results are as follows. The first phase of the stroke was the longest, covering 64.7% of the stroke time. The displacement of the center of gravity was 48.1% to the right and 54% to the front in the first phase. When impacted, the elbow joint showed the highest average velocity, 3.67m/s, and the upper arm segment displayed the highest angular velocity, $201^{\circ}/s$. The average of the elbow angle and the ball velocity were $149^{\circ}$ and 18.9m/s, respectively. In the ground reaction force, the left and right foot forces in both the x and y directions showed a statistically significant difference. This result seems to indicate that when the left foot is pushed to the right, the force of the right foot is proportional and symmetrical to the left, serving as a supporter.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.297-301
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• 2012

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is the major of bio-electrochemical system which can convert biomass spontaneously into electricity through the metabolic activity of the microorganisms. In this study, we used an activated sludge as a microbial inoculum and then investigated the feasibility of using dairy wastewater as a possible substrate for generating electricity in MFC. To examine the performance of MFC as power generator, the characteristics on cell potentials, power density, cyclic voltammetric analysis and sustainable power estimation were evaluated for dairy wastewater. The maximum power density of $40\;mW/m^2$was achieved when the dairy wastewater containing 2650 mg/L COD was used, leading to the removal of 88% of the COD. The results from this study demonstrate the feasibility of using MFC technology to generate electricity while simultaneously treating dairy wastewater effectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.79-79
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• 2018

마그네슘은 나트륨, 알루미늄과 함께 지구상에서 가장 풍부한 금속 중 하나로서 밀도가 약 $1.74g/cm^3$으로서 구조용 금속재료 중 가장 가볍고 우수한 비강도를 지니고 있으며, 우수한 열전도도, 전기전도도, 전자파 차폐능을 지닌다. 최근 마그네슘 및 그 합금은 항공기, 자동차, 전자제품, 기계류 및 생활용품 등에 쓰이고 있으며, 사용량 및 적용범위가 매년 급격히 증가되고 있는 추세이다. 그러나 마그네슘합금은 매우 낮은 표준 환원전위와 치밀하지 못한 표면 산화막으로 인하여 부식에 대한 저항성이 매우 취약하다는 한계를 가지고 있다. 따라서 마그네슘합금의 표면처리 가운데 부식에 대한 저항성을 보완할 수 있는 방법은 활발한 마그네슘합금의 응용에 필수적이다. 이러한 마그네슘합금의 내식성을 향상시키고자 전기화학적 플라즈마 전해 산화처리 (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation)를 하게 되는데, 아노다이징, 화성피막처리 등 과 같은 기존의 산업적 표면처리 방안으로는 불가능한 수준의 표면경도를 확보할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 두꺼운 산화피막 형성을 통해 이들 합금이 가진 기본적 취약점인 내식성 문제를 보완할 수 있는 장점이 있지만, 다공성 산화피막 형성만으로 기대할 수 있는 내식성 향상 효과가 매우 크지는 못하다. 따라서 다공성의 양극산화피막의 단점, 즉 다공성 물질로 부식성 물질의 이동을 허용할 수 있는 공간을 가지는 구조를 개선시킬 수 있는 추가적인 처리를 필요로 한다. 본 연구에서는 발수성 표면처리를 이용하여 다공성 구조물의 표면이 물에 대한 저항성을 가지도록 함으로써 초발수성 표면을 구현하고자 하였다. 이러한 방법은 기존의 후처리 방법인 봉공처리로는 얻을 수 없었던 다공성 구조물로의 부식성 물질의 침투를 억제할 수 있었으며, 상당한 수준의 내식성 향상 효과를 보여주었다. 또한 물에 대한 반발성은 표면에 물의 이동성을 높이는 효과를 보여주며 이로 인하여 자기세척 효과도 보여주었다.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.1144-1147
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• 1999

The effect of the heat treatment on electrochromic properties of $\textrm{MoO}_3$ thin films is investigated by studing optical modulation, optical density, response time, and cyclic voltammetry. From the results of XRD analysis, heat-treated at $450^{\circ}C$ in air for 1 hour Moo3 thin films are found to be crystalline while as-deposited and heat- treated at low temperature ($\leq\;300^{\circ}C$) film are amorphous. The electrochromic devices using as-deposited $\textrm{MoO}_3$ films exhibit good electrochromic properties compared to those using the heat treated $\textrm{MoO}_3$ films. It has shown that the heat-treatment affected the reversible color change and the electrochromic properties of $\textrm{MoO}_3$ films.