• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.249-251
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• 2004

감천항 3개 지점에서 조사된 식물플랑크톤은 3강 46속 98종류였는데 Bacillario-phyceae가 34속 76종류(77.6%), Dinophyceae 9속 17종류(17.3%, Chrysophycese 3속 5종류(5.1%)였다. 항 내에서 출현한 종은 모두 85종류로 항 외에서 출현한 94종류보다 적은 종이 출현하였고 규조류는 항 내에서, 와편모조류는 항 외에서 많이 출현하는 경향을 보였다. 계절별로는 가을에 62종류로 가장 많이 출현하였고 겨울에 45종류로 가장 적게 출현하였다. 지점별 현존량은 1,434(Feb. 2003; st. 3)~최고 17,708 cell/ml(Aug. 2003; st. 1)의 범위였고 여름철에 규조류(특히, Pseudonitzschia pungens와 Chaetoceros curvisetus 등)의 현존량이 많았다. 그리고 Pseudonitzschia pungens는 여름에 항 내에서 8,133 cell/ml로 가장 높은 현존량을 보였고 항 외에서도 4,000 cell/ml 이상 높은 현존량을 보였다, 본 조사기산 동안 출현한 주요종은 1,000 cell/ml 이상 출현한 우점종으로, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Chaetoceros debilis, Pseudonitzschia pungens, Skeletonema costatum, Stephanopyxis turris 등 5종, 출현빈번종은 Chaetoceros curvisetus, Chaetoceros lorenzianus, Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira hyalina 등 4종, 4계절 모두 출현한 종은 Chaetoceros didymus var. anhlica 외 13종이었으며 적조원인종도 Ceratium furca 외 13종으로 조사되어 항 내의 주기적인 조사가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 군집분석으로 우점도지수는 최저 0.205~최고 0.616였고 종다양성지수는 최저 0.213~최고 0.597로 나타났다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 1976

Monthly observation of phytoplankton were made from September, 1974 to June 1975 at three stations in the Masan Bay. Sixty three species of phytoplankton (diatoms), representing 25 genera were taken in this study. Of these Skeletonema costatum, Eucampis zoodiacus, Ditylum brightwellii, Chaetoceros debilis, Coscinosira polychorda, and Leptocylindrus danicus were the dominant species in this area. By the ecological division the neritic species occupied 85.71% of total diatom diversity and it showed the characteristics of emayment. Diversity index(H) were the lowest in January and May in surface, while the highest in October. Phytoplankton standing crop varied extensively by months; ranging from 3,780 to 7,642,798 cells/l. total phytoplankton standing crop showed three major peaks in September, December and May. After bloom diatom standing crop were decreased gradually and showed minimum in November and February.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.2 s.116
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• pp.271-283
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• 2006

A systematic water quality survey was conducted in August, 2005 for a drinking water supply reservoir (the Jeolgol reseuoir located in an island), which is at an early stage of impoundment, to investigate the causes of water color deterioration of the reservoir and the clogging of filter beds of a water treatment plant. The reservoir shape was simple and its average depth was 5.5 m, increasing from upreservoir toward the downreservoir end near the dam. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and chloropllyll-a (chi-a) showed a large variation while water temperature had a smaller range. Transparency ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 m (average 0.7 m). The average value of turbidity was 9.3 NTU, ranging from 8.0 ${\sim}$ 12.1 NTU. The transparency and the turbidity appear to be affected by a combination of biological and non-biological factors. The poor transparency was explained by an increase of inorganic colloids and algal bloom in the reservoir. The blockage of the filter bed was attributed to the oversupply of phytoplanktons from the reservoir. The range and the average concentration of chi-a within the reservoir were 31.6 ${\sim}$ 258.9 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, 123.6 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for the upper layer, and 17.0 ${\sim}$ 37.4 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, 26.5 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for the bottom layer, respectively. A predominant species contributing the algal bloom was Dinophyceae, Peridinium bipes f. occultatum. The distribution of Peridinium spp. was correlated with chi-a concentrations. The standing crop of phytoplankton was highest in the upreservoir with $8.5\;{\times}\;103\;cells\;mL^{-1}$ and it decreased toward the downresevoir. Synedra of Bacillariophyceae and Microcystis aeruginosa of Cyanophyceae appeared to contribute to the algal bloom, although they are not dominated. It is mostly likely that sloped farmlands located in the watershed of the reservoir caused water quality problems because they may contain a significant amount of the nutrients originated from fertilizers. In addition, the aerators installed in the reservoir and a shortage of the inflowing water may be related to the poor water quality. A long-term monitoring and an integrated management plan for the water quality of the watersheds and the reservoir may be required to improve the water quality of the reservoir.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22
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• pp.11-29
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• 2004

This study was conducted bimonthly from June 2001 to June 2003 to investigate the seasonal variation of the zooplankton community in Gwangyang Bay, Zooplankton were collected at 9 stations using a NORPAC net from surface layer. The zooplankton community consisted of 47 taxa and the mean abundance was 6,205 inds. $m^{-3}$ during the survey period. The maximum abundance was observed to be 20,060 inds. $m^{-3}$ in June 2002 and the minimum in August 2001 with 630 inds. $m^{-3}$. Copepods were the predominant constituent, wihich comprised 4.6~84.1% (mean 38.2%) of the total zooplankton abundance. Dominant species of copepods were Acartia omorii, Acartia erythraea, Centropages abdominalis, Paracalanus parvus. Paracalanus parvus dominated from June 2001 to December 2002. A red tide causative dinoflagellate, Noetiluca scintillans, dominated from June 2002 to February 2003, Acartia omorii and Centropages abdominalis dominated in winter and spring seasons. While, Acartia erythraea dominated in summer and fall seasons. In June and August, Cladocerans and Cirriped larvae dominated. The abundance of zooplankton according to the tidal cycle showed considerable fluctuations with a range of 2,768~15,856 inds. $m^{-3}$ $(\risingdotseq$ 5.7 times).

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2004

Temporal changes of Chl-α, physical and chemical factors were investigated by diurnal observation at 2-hour interval at three fixed stations in the western Chinhae Bay from 12 Aug. to 13 Aug. 1999. Difference of dissolved oxygen between surface and bottom layer was maximum when the thermocline were strong. Organic distribution such as COD was affected by the growth of phytoplankton. Limitting factor was nitrogen, that is, inorganic nitrogen plays a significant role on regulating the algal growth. Surface distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen was very low compared to bottom layer by uptake of organisms. Maximum value of Chl-α at station C2 and C11 were observed from subsurface layer, ranges of which exceeded possibility concentration of red tide outbreak, 10 mg/㎥. On the other hand, that of C15 exist at surface layer. In this area, DIN and DIP concentrations increased by input sources such as rainfall and benthic flux before the bloom of phytoplankton. Accumulation of phytoplankton occurred at subsurface layer by the rapid uptake of DIN, especially nitrate ion, when strong thermocline existed as approach to the afternoon, which led to the increase of organics in water column and oxygen deficiency water mass at bottom layer until late at evening. Since then, DIN increases gradually as water temperature decrease to minimum. The quantitative understanding of nitrogen of fluxed to and from the various sources is necessary for environmental management.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1979

In early August 1978, a huge red tide occurred off Chilcheon Is, , at the mouth of Jinhae Bay. It expanded rapidly into the central part and then soon covered all the bay except the innermost part of the bay. After staying for a week it disappeared, and thereafter several small scale red tides partially occurred and disappeared untill the end of August. It differed from the red tides hitherto recorded from this bay in respect of the dominant plankter, the geographical extent and the severe damaging effect to local oyster resources. During the red tide period, nevertheless, no oyster damage was found. In September, however, oyster mortailty was found from all rafts and longlines in the bay. Except the inner most part of the bay the oyster farms were completely destroyed. Of the oyster Production in the winter 1978, $96\%$ of an estimated yield of 5,879 tons (shucked meat) was lost and it was estimated to be 2,275 million won, equivalent to $US\$$ 4.55 million. The dominant species was a dinoflagellate, Ceratium fusus and it constituted about $45\%$ of the total phytoplankton. Cell count showed $7.0\times10^4\;cells/\iota$ and chlorophyll-a, $50mg/m^3$ during red tide peak. No oxygen was found ill the bottom waters in September. Sulphides in bottom waters and in the superficial mud increased to 15 and 8-fold respectively in September compared with July ana August. Precipitation from January to May of 1978 was about a third in comparison with the past ten years average but rainfall ill June was two and half-fold more than normal year, and thereafter drought persisited till September Air and water temperatures were also higher, and sunny days continued for a long time without strong winds. Therefore, water was calm for a long time after the red tide extinguished. The result indicated that the occurrence of the Ceratium red tide occurred in that year which was characterized by the combination of the formation of almost anoxic bottom water before the red tide occurrence, high air temperature and the calmness after a great quantity of rainfall in June. The mass mortality of oysters was presumed not to be directly related with the red tide but with the depression of dissolved oxygen in the environmental waters at the bottom due to settling of the red tide organisms.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 1991

Masan Bay is infamous for its severe eutrophication, exemplified by frequent red tide incidences and anoxic conditions. We carried out daily observations for 16 days at one site immediately after the summer rainy season in 1988 on the basis that shorter observation intervals be necessary to observe a process with high turnover rate. in spite of the relatively short survey period, we could observe dramatic changes in abundance and composition of the phytoplankton populations. Cell densities and chlorophyll concentrations changed in the magnitude of 70 and 10 times, respectively, Skeletonema costatum, a diatom species, dominated the first peak of phytoplankton biomass and was followed by Prorocentrum minimum, a dinoflagellate species, which occurred dominantly in the second peak after about a week, form the viewpoint of time scale, we suggest that at least a weekly sampling might be appropriate in complex coastal environments as Masan Bay. While stratification enabled high production in the surface layer, it hindered the transport of silicate from bottom to the surface, which in turn limited the prolonged growth of diatoms. Ensued second peaks of silicate and diatom abundance in the surface layer suggest periodic flux of silicate from bottom across the discontinuity driven by tidal currents.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.129-139
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• 2002

We investigated the outbreak of red tides dominated by harmful dinoflagellates from August to November 1999 in the coastal waters off the southern Saemankeum areas where a huge red tide dominated by Cochlodinium polykrikoides had been first observed in 1998. We took water samples from 2~5 depths of 4 stations (with 3-4 additional stations during red tides) in this study period and then measured the abundance of phytoplankton, water temperature, salinity, and the concentrations of nutrients. In the study period harmful dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense, C. polykrikoides, Gymnodnium catenatum, Gyrodinium aureolum, Gymnodnium impudicum were present, and of these G. aureolum and C. polykrikoides formed red tide patches on September 16 and October 18, respectively. The date of the outbreak of red tide dominated by C. polykrikoides in the study area was approximately 50 days later than that off the Kohung areas in 1997 and the surface water temperature when the red tides outbroke in the former area was 6$^{\circ}C$ lower than that fur the latter area. The maximum abundance of C. polykrikoides on September 16, October 7 and 18 were 5, 14, and 463 cells $m\ell$$^{-1}$ , respectively. The growth rate of C. polykrikoides, isolated from the study area, was 0.3~0.4 d$^{-1}$ at 20~$25^{\circ}C$, which enable this species to reach the maximum concentration without being transported from the adjacent waters containing already made red tide patches. The outbreaks of red tides dominated by C. polykrikoides in the study area and off Kohung have occurred when and/or where the concentrations of diatoms were low. This evidence suggests that the outbreak of red tides dominated by C. polykrikoides is adversely affected by the high diatom concentrations or the conditions favorable for the growth of diatoms.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.181-194
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• 2002

Parasitism is a one-sided relationship between two organisms in which one benefits at the expense of the other. Parasitic dinoflagellates, particularly species of Amoebophrya, have long been thought to be a potential biological agent for controlling harmful algal bloom(HAB). Amoebophrya infections have been reported for over 40 species representing more than 24 dinoflagellate genera including a few toxic species. Parasitic dinoflagellates Amoebophrya spp. have a relatively simple life cycle consisting of an infective dispersal stage (dinospore), an intracellular growth stage(trophont), and an extracellular reproductive stage(vermiform). Biology of dinospores such as infectivity, survival, and ability to successfully infect host cells differs among dinoflagellate host-parasite systems. There are growing reports that Amoebophrya spp.(previously, collectively known as Amoebophrya ceratii) exhibit the strong host specificity and would be a species complex composed of several host-specific taxa, based on the marked differences in host-parasite biology, cross infection, and molecular genetic data. Dinoflagellates become reproductively incompetent and are eventually killed by the parasite once infected. During the infection cycle of the parasite, the infected host exhibits ecophysiologically different patterns from those of uninfected host in various ways. Photosynthetic performance in autotrophic dinoflagellates can be significantly altered following infection by parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya, with the magnitude of the effects over the infection cycle of the parasite depending on the site of infection. Parasitism by the parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya could have significant impacts on host behavior such as diel vertical migration. Parasitic dinoflagellates may not only stimulate rapid cycling of dissolved organic materials and/or trace metals but also would repackage the relatively large sized host biomass into a number of smaller dinospores, thereby leading to better retention of host's material and energy within the microbial loop. To better understand the roles of parasites in plankton ecology and harmful algal dynamics, further research on a variety of dinoflagellate host-parasite systems is needed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.213-224
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• 2013

Between May 2006 and November 2009, we investigated the relationship between fluctuations in environmental factors and phytoplankton communities in Saemangeum Artificial Lake, South Korea. Nutrient concentrations in the lake increased because of the inflow of water from Mankyung and Dongjin Rivers during the summer rainy season; in particular, high concentrations were detected at an inner zone close to the estuaries. During the summer rainy season, salinity at the inner zone reduced more rapidly than that at the other zones, and it was similar to the changes in nutrient concentrations. Variations in phytoplankton communities were caused by fluctuations in environmental factors: the abundance of phytoplankton at the inner zone was higher than that at the other zones. Diatoms were the dominant species in the phytoplankton communities. A small centric diatom, Skeletonema costatum like species, was predominant, with a mean abundance of 19.5% in Saemangeum lake. Because of accelerated eutrophication in the lake, phytoplankton abundance increased continuously and the total number of species present in the community decreased. In particular, some dinoflagellates could intermittently cause red tides during low temperature and salinity conditions (at the inner zone). In 2006~2007, a red tide-forming dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum minimum, was the predominant species, while Heterocapsa triquetra, Karlodinium veneficum, and Heterocapsa rotundata were the newly recorded species in late 2008 to early 2009. Therefore, the dynamics of phytoplankton communities under the perennially eutrophic conditions in Saemangeum lake appear to be primarily affected by changes in water temperature and salinity. In particular, the growth of harmful algae may have been accelerated by the low salinity and temperature conditions during the spring season at the inner zone.