• Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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• 2000.12a
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• pp.29-34
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• 2000

산업 발달에 따라 날로 많은 식품들이 새롭게 개발되어지고 있다. 또한 이와 병행해서 식품으로 인한 알레르기 발생 빈도도 날로 증가하고 있으며 그 증상 또한 점차 심화되고 있는 것이 세계적인 추세이다. 우리나라도 예외는 아니어서 일반 알레르기 환자뿐 아니라 식품으로 인한 알레르기 환자들이 점차 증가됨이 보고되어지고 있다. 농산물 시장의 수입개방이후 우리나라에는 많은 해외 농산물이 수입되어지고 있으며 그 중 작년 한해의 경우 총 수입 농산물의 10%를 넘는 유전자 재조합 농산물이 우리나라에 수입되어진 것으로 통계 보고되어졌다. 이러한 관점에서 알레르기 환자의 증가와 새로운 식품 (특히 유전자 재조합 식품)의 증가에는 서로 관련성이 있을 것으로 추측되어지고 있어 (새로운) 식품에 대한 알레르기성의 예측과 관리가 필요한 실정이다. 이에 몇몇 발표된 유전자 재조합 식품에 관련된 알레르기성 검사 논문들과 실험실에서 이루어진 연구 결과들을 중심으로 유전자 재조합 식품의 알레르기 위험성에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 일반적으로 식품의 단백질이 알레르겐(allergen)으로 작용하기 위해서는 먼저 소화효소에 의해 분해되어지고 장에서 흡수되어져서 immunopotent cell에 의해 process 되어 immune system에 present 되어져야 한다. 따라서 단백질로 인한 알레르기 반응은 그 단백질의 자연적 형태 뿐만이 아니라 소화 효소에 분해된 단편들의 구조 또는 다른 알레르겐 단백질과의 유사 구조로 인한 교차 반응에 의해 발생함을 기억해야 한다. 식품 단백질 중 어떤 단백질이 알레르겐으로 작용하는가에 대한 특이성 조사에 많은 관심이 집중되어지고 있지만 아직까지는 대략 다섯 개 정도의 일반적인 특성으로서 요약되어질 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 대략의 특성에 적용되지 않는 식품 알레르겐도 많음을 잊어서는 안 될 것이다. 알레르겐으로 작용하는 식품 단백질의 일반적 특성 1. 좋은 수용성 2. 식품내에 많은 부분을 차지하는 주 단백질이 주 알레르겐으로 작용 3. 단백질내에 하나 이상의 IgE-binding site 존재 4. 위장액에 대한 저항성 5. 10～70 kDa 크기 유전자 재조합 기술이란 말 그대로 유전자를 인위적으로 새롭게 조합하는 기술로 이전의 기술로는 불가능했던 유전적 변형을 농작물과 동물에 가능하게 했으며 이로 인해 유전적으로 변형된 식용 동식물의 개발이 가능하게 되었다. 새로운 유전인자를 개체에 삽입함으로 새로운 단백질이 발현 될수 있고 그로 인해 1) 해충과 질병에 대한 저항성 증가, 2) 화학 제초제에 대한 새로운 저항성 부여, 3) 식품의 저장성 향상, 4) 식품의 영향적 보충/향상 등의 이점을 얻을 수 있다 (표 1). 세계적으로 유전자 재조합 된 새로운 농산물의 재배는 날로 증가추세에 있으며 그 중에서 가장 많은 부분을 차지하는 농산물로 soybean을 들 수 있으며 (표 2) soybean을 중심으로 그 알레르기성의 변화가 연구 조사된 몇 가지 예를 살펴보고자 한다. (표 3)에 요약된 soybean중 첫 번째 경우는 재초제에 대한 저항성을 높여주기 위해 Agrobacterium에 존재하는 EPSPS라는 단백질을 콩에서 발현하도록 찬 유전자 재조합 된 콩의 경우이다. 이 콩의 경우에는 첫째. 이전된 새로운 단백질 EPSPS가 다른 여러 식물에 이미 존재하고 있는 단백질로서 우리가 이미 이러한 식품을 섭취할 때 이 단백질도 같이 섭취해오고 있었다는 점, 둘째. 이 단백질이 소화액 분해 실험에서 짧은 시간내에 분해가 되었다는 점, 셋째. 재조합 된 콩과 자연 콩이 성분 분석에서 차이를 나타내지 않았다는 점, 네 번째. 쥐를 통한 다양섭취 실험에서 아무런 이상 반응이 없었다는 점등의 결과를 기준으로 알레르기에 대한 개별 검사 없이 안전한 콩으로 결론짓고 있다. 영양성을 높이기 위해 Brazil nut에서 methionine 함량이 풍부한 2s albumine을 콩에서 발현하도록 한 두 번째 유전자 재조합 콩의 경우 이전된 단백질 때문에 Brazil nut에 알레르기 반응을 일으키는 알레르기 환자들을 조사한 결과 역시 재조합 된 콩에도 알레르기 반응을 일으켰다는 보고이다. Brazil nut에서 콩으로 이전된 단백질이 Brazil nut에서의 알레르기성을 그대로 유지한 점을 볼 때 새로운 단백질이 어디에서 유래하는가가 중요함을 잘 보여준 연구이다 세 번째 콩의 경우 역시 영양성을 높여주기 위해 corn에서 10 kDa과 HSZ 단백질을 콩에서 발현하도록 유전자 재조합했는데 이 콩의 경우는 알레르기 환자들이 유전자 재조합 된 콩과 자연 콩에 반응의 차이를 나타내지 않았다는 결과 보고이다. 위의 세 실험 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 무엇보다도 새롭게 발현된 단백질이 원래 어떤 성질을 갖고 있으며 어디에서 유래했는지가 알레르기성 조사에 중요한 역할을 한다 할 수 있겠다. 또한 유전자 재조합된 식품들은 알레르기 환자들을 위해 표기되어져야 할 것인데 이를 위한 알레르기성 검사 실험은 공공단체를 통해 이루어져야 할 것이며 환자들마다 알레르겐으로 작용하는 단백질의 인식부위(epitope)가 다를 수 있기 때문에 적어도 10명 이상의 알레르기 환자들이 조사되어져서 검사가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 환자들의 혈청을 통한 in vitro 실험에서는 ELISA, RAST, immunoblotting과 같은 검사 방법들이 적용될 수 있고, 그 결과가 음성인 경우에 그 다음 단계로 in vivo 실험에서는 직접 환자의 피부반응검사 (skin prick test)나 DBPCFC (double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge) 검사 방법을 통해 확인되어져서 이 모든 경우가 음성인 경우와 하나라도 양성인 경우를 구별하여 식품에 표기함으로 알레르기 환자들의 유전자 재조합 식품에 대한 안전성이 보장되어져야 할 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.180-189
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• 2017

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been developed worldwide through the recombinant DNA technology and commercialized by global agricultural companies. Until now, GM crops have not been cultivated commercially in Korea. Commercialization of GM crops requires a compulsory assessment of environmental risk associated with the release of GM crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of pollen mediated gene flow from Bt transgenic rice (Agb0101) to japonica non-GM rice (Nakdongbyeo), indica non-GM rice (IR36), and weedy rice (R55). A total of 729,917, 596,318 and 230,635 seeds were collected from Nakdongbyeo, IR36, and R55, respectively, which were planted around Agb0101. Selection of the hybrids was determined by repeated spraying of herbicide and Cry1Ac1 immunostrip assay. Finally, the hybrids were confirmed by PCR analysis using specific primer. The hybrids were found in all non-GM rice and out-crossing ranged from 0.0005% at IR36 to 0.0027% at Nakdongbyeo. All of hybrids were located within 1.2 m distance from the Agb0101 rice plot. The meteorological elements including rainfall and temperature during rice flowering time were found to be important factors to determine rice out-crossing rate. Consideration should be taken for many factors like the meteorological elements of field and physiological condition of crop to set up the safety management guideline to prevention of GM crops gene flow.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.192-200
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• 2012

For the development of genetically modified plants, it is important to verify various factors which potentially affect the risk assessment as well as to establish an experimental program to produce scientific and reliable data. However, it is a time and cost consuming process to develop GM plants as well as to prepare scientific and convincible data for government's approval. Therefore, using the transgenic hot pepper tolerant to a new CMV pathotype, we attempted to suggest few methodological procedures, such as probe saturation for southern blot analysis and RT-PCR and ELISA for expression analysis, for identification and stability evaluation of inserted gene in genetically modified plant which are required for submission for approval. Ten partially overlapped probes covering full length of inserted gene were produced. We could identify that the inserted gene was stacked as a single copy as well as no partial element existed. Also, we could identify the stability of the inserted gene stacked in hot pepper using probe saturation. In the expression analysis with RT-PCR and ELISA, we also could provide the stable expression of transcript and proteins in leaves and placenta and pericarp of fruits of the CMV-resistant hot pepper.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.97-125
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• 2021

Blockchain is a core technology to solve personal information leakage and data management issues, which are limitations of existing Genomic Sequencing services. Due to continuous cost reduction and deregulation, the market size of Genomic Sequencing has been increasing, also the potential of services is expected to increase when Blockchain's security and connectivity are combined. We created our research model by combining the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Innovation Resistance Theory also analyzed the factors affecting the acceptance intention and innovation resistance of the Blockchain Based Genomic Sequencing Information Platform. A survey was conducted on 150 potential users of Blockchain and Genomic Sequencing services. The analysis was conducted by setting the four Blockchain variables: Security, transparency, availability, and diversity). Also, we set the Perceived Usefulness, Perceived risk, and Perceived Complexity for Technology Acceptance and Innovation Resistance variables and analyzed the effect of the characteristics of the Blockchain on acceptance intention and innovation resistance through these variables. Through this analysis, key variables that need to be considered important to reduce resistance and increase acceptance intention could be identified. This study presents innovation factors that should be considered in companies preparing a new Blockchain Based Genomic Sequencing Information Platform.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.136-151
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• 1984

The purpose of this study is to find out the linkage relationship of the resistance genes Wbph1 and Wbph2 which are known to be present in the rice cultivar N22 and ARC 10239 respectively, with the genetic markers which are identified as the specific linkage tester. Crosses were made between the resistant parents and the genetic marker stocks and their F$_2$ populations were grown out in the field. The genetic segregations of the marker character were studied and the seeds were harvested individual plant base. These F$_3$ seeds were grown into plant-line base in the greenhouse and their responses to the whitebacked planthopper were tested. Then the linkage relationship between the F$_2$ plant marker character and the F$_3$ resistance responses to the whitebacked planthopper were examined. In the F$_2$ generation of the crosses between the resistant parent N22 and the genetic marker stocks, the genetic markers, such as lg, d-t, g, la, bl and gl, showed the segregation of 3 dominance to 1 recessiveness, and the Bh marker segregated into 9:7 ratio. Another 4 marker genes, such as Cl, gh, Lh and bc, did not show the good fittness to the expected value. In the F$_2$ generation of the crosses between the resistant parent ARC 10239 and the genetic marker stocks, the genetic markers, such as Cl, lg, Pn, g, la, bl and gl, showed the segregation of 3 dominance to 1 recessiveness, and the Bh gene segregation fitted well to the 9:7. The rest 4 genetic markers, such as gh, Lh, nl and be, did not show the good fitness to the expected ratio. The resistance genes Wbphl of N22 and the Wbph2 of ARC 10239 appeared to be single dominant gene each. The Wbphl gene was linked with the marker gene, liguleless (lg) of linkage group II with the recombination value of 36.8%, and with the black hull (Bh) with the value of 35.9%. The Wbph2 gene appeared to be independent of all the markers tested here, such as Cl, lg, Pn, g, Lh, la, nl, bl, bc, gl, Bh, of linkage gtoup I, II, III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII respectively. That the Wbph2 linkage relations were not investigated was regarded as the causes that the tested marker genes on the chromosome were located with the resistance gene at the distant loci, and of the phenctypic properties of the marker characters. The Wbph2 linkage relations should be reexamined in the cross combinations of linkage group Ⅶ, Ⅷ, Ⅹ and XII including linkage group V which was not tested in this experiment.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 2011

We investigated the systemic effects of leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) resistant rice (transgenic rice, Nakdongbyeb) in Sprague-Dawley rats for 13 weeks. Leaf folder resistant rice was added to the diet at percentage levels of 0, 5 and 20 percentage/feeder and was administered for 13 weeks. The results did not show any changes in food and water intake. There were also no biologically significant changes in both body and organ weights, hematological and blood biochemical parameters, autopsy and histopathology between the treatment and control groups. Based on these results, no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of transgenic rice was considered to be more than 10,000 mg/kg b.w. under the conditions of the present study.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2008

One hundred and three isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Korea were evaluated for their virulence on four near-isogenic lines (NILs) containing a single resistance gene, and Korean differential varieties. The resistant gene backgrounds of Cheongcheongbyeo, Pungsanbyeo, Hangangchalbyeo, Milyang42 were not completely understood and they were not suited for the classification of X. oryzae pv. oryzae. Four NILs, IRBB101, IRBB103, IRBB105, and IRBB107 were difference for characterizing races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae because they have a single resistance gene. These NILs may be useful differential set in examining pathogenic races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in Korea. Based on the virulence of 103 isolates to new differential varieties, they were classified into 3 races.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 2017

The rice blast fungus is a representative model phytopathogenic fungus in which Gene-for-Gene interaction with host rice is applicable. After 1980, eight differential varieties have been constructed and classified to analyze the race of rice blast isolates in Korea. However, since there is limited information about the genetic background of rice blast resistance genes within the Korean differentials, scientific analysis on the emergence of new race or resistance break down was difficult. Recently, a differential system has been developed using monogenic resistance lines to understand the interactions of pathogen race and rice resistance genes. In this study, a total of 50 isolates were selected from four different races isolated in Korea, and they were inoculated into monogenic lines. As a result, the isolates in the same race classified by the Korean differential system reacted differently in single monogenic lines. This suggests that the isolates categorized as the same race group contains different avirulence genes and furthermore, it is presumed that the Korean differential system is difficult to provide useful information for breeding program. For this reason, introduction of differential system using monogenic resistance lines is required in addition to the current system.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.153-160
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• 1997

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) leads to a cause of poor crop productivity and quality. To solve this problem, we attempted to develop a virus-resistance tobacco plants by using viral coat protein (CP) gene. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing CMV CP gene were analysed by the resistance upon CMV infection. The virus-resistance was measured in $\textrm{T}_{1}$, generation by the inhibition of plant growth and the expression of the mosaic symptoms infected with CMV. The transgenic lines were divided into four groups: highly resistant, resistant, moderate and susceptible based on their growth and symptom severity. Out of 39 transgenic lines, 16 lines showed significant virus-resistance. And of resistant lines, 2 lines were designated highly resistant based on the facts that they achieved similar plant height to that of non-infected tobacco plants and showed lower disease symptom than that of other lines. The steady state level of CP RNA and coat protein level were measured by northern blot and immunoblot analysis. The CP RNA was highly accumulated in most resistant and moderate lines but barely detected in susceptible lines. The coat protein was detected in most lines regardless of their resistance to CMV. from this result, virus-resistance appeared to correlate more with CP RNA level than the level of coat protein. However, in two highly resistant lines, CP RNA level was unexpectedly low. This unexpected phenomenon need to be further investigated.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.127-127
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• 2003

벼 도열병 저항성 조절과정을 연구하는 효율적인 방법은 돌연변이를 분리하여 해당유전자를 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 벼에서 제조된 4가지 돌연변이 집단을 이용하여 도열병 저항성 돌연변이를 분리하였다. 실험재료로는 1) fast neturon을 처리하여 제조된 Moroberekan 2,000 라인, 2)T-DNA의 형질전환에 의해서 제조된 화영 1,000 라인, 3)DEB처리에 의해서 제조된 RIL260 3,000라인, 4) gamma ray 처리에 의해서 제조된 상해향혈나 10,000 라인 등이 사용되었다. 병 저항성이 감소된 돌연변이의 분리를 위하여 재료로 사용된 벼 품종과 비친화적 상호작용을 보이는 균주의 포자를 2-3주된 벼 잎에 직접 살포하는 방법을 이용하였다. 균주 접종 7 일 후에 blast lesion을 형성하거나 lesion mimic 표현형을 보이는 돌연변이 등 병저항성이 감소된 라인을 선별하였다. 현재까지 1) Moroberakan 5 라인, 2) 화영 4 라인, 3) RIL260 1 라인 등이 선별되었다. 이와 함께 병저항성이 현저히 증가된 돌연 변이를 선별하기 위하여 친화적인 균주를 사용한 실험에서는 상해향렬나 2 라인이 선별되었다. 선별된 돌연변이는 벼 도열병 저항성 유전자의 분리 및 저항성 조절기작을 연구하는데 효과적으로 사용될 것이다.