• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-26
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• 1993

Leo Kanner (1943)의 자폐증에 관한 획기적 논문발표 50주년을 맞아, 자폐증의 개념변천, 분류, 의학, 원인설 및 자폐증의 본질을 문헌고찰을 통해 살펴 보았다. 초기에 자폐증을 정신병의 아형으로 보다가 1980년 (DMS-III)을 기점으로 전반적 발달장애로의 개념 변천이 일어났다 원인설도, 초기의 심리${\cdot}$환경설은 지지 받지 못하고 1960년대에는 신경${\cdot}$생물학적 이상이 자폐병리의 기저를 이룸이 분명해 졌고 1970년대에는 지각과 운동, 감각과 인지 통합의 결함, 심각한 언어, 인지의 장해가 일차적인 결함으로 생각 되었다 최근 1980년 후반기 부터 상징적${\cdot}$표상적 인지의 결함, 타인의 감정과 생각의 이해 결함, 사회적${\cdot}$정감적 표현의 결함등 사회${\cdot}$정서발달의 이상이 자폐의 근본적 결함이라는 비교 관찰 연구가 많이 보고되어, 자폐증의 근본적이고 일차적인 결함이 정감적 접촉의 선천적 장애라는 Kanner의 놀라운 임상적 통찰을 증명해 주고 있다. 저자는 이상의 광범위한 문헌 고찰을 통해 자폐장애를 일차성 애착장애로 개념화하고 앞으로 치료, 교육의 방향도 일차적으로 사회${\cdot}$정서발달에 촛점을 두어야 하며, 특히 어머니와의 애착증진 치료가 필요함을 제안하고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.148-153
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• 1998

Objectives：This study investigated the severity and frequency of depression in mothers with autistic children and the correlation between K-BDI score of mothers with autism and severity of autistic symptoms of their children. Methods：The subjects for this study consisted of 45 autistic children and their mothers. The severity of autistic symptoms of children were evaluated by K-CARS and severity of depressive symptoms of mothers with autistic children evaluated by the K-BDI. Results：1) Total K-BDI scores of mothers with autistic children were $17.3{\pm}10.9$ and this score was belonged to subclinical depression on the K-BDI STEN score. There were significant differences of total KBDI score between in mothers with autistic children and in those of normal control. The 26.7% of 45 mothers with autistic children were depression. 2) There was no correlation between total K-BDI score and each factor of mothers with autistic children and K-CARS score of the their children. Conclusion：There were many depression in mothers with autistic children than in those of normal control. This result suggested that the education and the supportive psychotherapy for mothers with autistic children is as important as the treatment for autism.

• Journal of Institute of Convergence Technology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.1-5
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• 2011

It is known that as many as 15-20 in 10,000 children are diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder. A framework of the treatment system for children with autism using affective computing technologies was proposed by Chung and Yoon. In this paper, a prototype for the framework is proposed. It consists of emotion stimulating module, multi-modal bio-signal sensing module, treatment module using virtual reality, and emotion recognition module. Primitive experiments on emotion recognition show the usefulness of the proposed system.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2003

The autistic disorder is identified as an independent clinical entity, since the first description of Leo Kanner. The etiologies of the autistic disorder are almost unclear and the autistic disorder has several abnormalities in aspect of morphology and function of brain. Self-mutilation is observed in the low functioning autistic patients, and early treatment for self mutilation are needed in order not to be chronic. This article reviewed the drugs for the several symptoms of the autistic disorder, especially for self-mutilation. The serotonin reuptake inhibitors does not have clear primary anti-aggressive effects. The dopamine blockers have considerable effects in order to decrease aggression and self injury, and the risperidone is most recommended because of side effects of conventional drugs. The naltrextone does not have consistent study results yet. The clonidine has aggression-decreasing effect. Also lithium is effective on the treatment for aggressive and self-injurious behaviors. And the anticonvulsants including carbamazepine are effective on aggressive explosive behaviors. In the future the pharmacotherapy for self-mutilation will be advanced through stalbe diagnosis and measurement of treatment response.

• Proceedings of KHEA Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.151-151
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• 2006

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2009

We treated the persistent ruminative vomiting of a 13-year-old autistic boy by using a behavioral and psychopharmacological approach in a closed ward. Before the interventions, the patient had lost about 10kg of body weight due to very high-frequency ruminative vomiting. Together with psychopharmacological trials, the psychiatric treatment included a combination of a behavioral approach and food regulation that emphasized food restrictions, and we provided regular light meals. There was a considerable reduction of the ruminative vomiting and 2kg weight gain was achieved during the admission. These therapeutic gains were maintained at the 4-month follow-up assessment and the vomiting symptom reached a near-zero level and the weight loss were recovered by about 8kg. The issues related to the treatment approaches for ruminative vomiting with autism are discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.993-996
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• 2015

최근 미국에서 자폐 아동 비율의 급증세를 보이고 있다. 이와 관련된 미국 연구원들은 자폐 아동의 증가 원인이 임신 중독, 임신 합병증 등이 있으며 자폐증에 대한 인식 제고로 조기 진단을 받는 아동이 늘어나는 것과도 관련이 있다고 분석했다. 이렇게 늘어나는 자폐아 수와 비례하여 미국에서는 재활 시설 수가 증가하는 것에 비해 한국에서는 자폐아의 치료에 대해 외면을 받고 있다. 이런 문제를 해결하고자 본 논문에서는 자폐증의 치료법 중 하나인 응용행동분석(ABA : Applied Behavior Anaylsis)을 적용한 어플리케이션을 제안한다. 응용행동분석은 일대일로 대상을 관찰하는 섀도우 프로그램을 통해 아이의 능력을 최대로 이끌어내고 최종적으로 자립된 생활을 하도록 도와주는 치료법이다. 하지만 보호자가 자폐아를 완벽히 보호 관찰하는 응용행동분석 치료법은 현실적으로 불가능하다. 이를 보완하는 방법으로 응용행동분석 치료법을 적용한 본 논문에서 제안하는 어플리케이션으로 아이가 느끼는 감정을 촬영한 객체를 사진으로 확인함으로써 아이를 지속적으로 관찰할 수 있는 해결책을 제시한다.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.19-31
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• 2019

Objective : The purpose of this study was to examine differences of psychological symptoms for mothers of infants with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) according to the level of parenting stress. Methods : The subjects were seventy-two mothers of infants with ASD(aged 22 months to 71 months) completed Korean Parenting Stress Index (K-PSI) and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI-2). The data was analyzed using SPSS 23.0 program. Results : First, total and parent domain of parenting stress were positively correlated with several clinical scales of MMPI-2. However, there was no significant association between the child domain of parenting stress and clinical scale MMPI-2. Second, as a result of verified the difference of psychological symptoms according to level of total and parent domain of parenting stress, high-risks group was significantly higher scores in several clinical scales of MMPI-2 relative to those in normal range group. However, regarding the association between the child domain of parenting stress and psychological symptoms, there was no significant difference in psychological symptoms between high-risks group and normal range group. Conclusions : The results of this study have implications for verified the difference of psychological symptoms according to level of parenting stress among mothers of infants with ASD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.123-132
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• 1997

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the current trends of British Music Therapy and its effectiveness as a therapeutic intervention for the autistic children. This paper consists of two parts；Part one will provide a general picture of music therapy by looking at its fundamental concepts and therories. Part II(two case studies) will illustrate the actual processes of music therapy which can engender a therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the autistic child. Through the first case study of Charlie, a 3 year and 9 month non-verbal autistic boy, we shall see how music therapy facilitates both non-verbal and verbal communication and a form of pretend play. The second case of Mark, a 10 year old autistic boy with complex emotional, behavioural and learning difficulties who had been sexually abused in the past, presents how the therapist’ acceptance of the child’ being and the shared experience of music therapy enable the child to express his difficulties and to develop the awareness of self and others. By exploring both musical and interpersonal aspects of music therapy, this gives an in depth examination of therapeutic processes. In order to clarify clinical procedure, this paper is viewed in musical, developmental and psychodynamic perspectives. To ensure confidentiality, the clients will be referred to by alter-native forenames.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-28
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• 2006

Autistic children have difficulties in communication. They tend to have more difficulties in general expression than in understanding sentences. This thesis tested the effect of music activities on children who have difficulties in language expression. As a research method, a group of autistic middle school students was selected who were attending normal schools. Three male students were selected for the test of K-ABC and CARS. Music treatments on the selected students were applied fifteen times, twice a week, for thirty minutes every time. The total treatment process could be divided into two stages. The stage one included the first twelve treatments and the stage two included following three treatments. In the stage one, the selected autistic students learned twenty four musics under real-world-like social circumstances. In the stage two, the students repeatedly learned the twenty four musics. A week before beginning the music treatment, the students were tested by PRES and a test developed by the author of this thesis. And a week after all treatments were completed, the students were tested again with the same test method to check if the students' expressive language ability got improved. The results of the research were as the following: First, the music treatment helped improve the autistic student's ability of expressing themselves such as 'requesting', 'rejecting', 'applying social customs' and 'providing information'. Second, the author of this thesis first had a hypothesis that the tested students might show different levels of achievements according to their intellectual ability or expressive language ability in K-ABC test, PRES and CARS. But it was not true. The student's level of achievement by music activities was proved not to have a significant correlation with their intellectual or expressive language abilities in the tests. Third, it was found that, through pre- and post-test of PRES, the music treatments could improve the receptive language ability as well as the expressive language ability. It saw great effect that musical data that utilize in specially this research investigator according to children's ability, autistic children write lyrics setting in social circumstance that is revealed much routinely and composes. To front, expect that suitable a lot of musics are developed in function and ability of subject person for elevation of expressive language ability.