• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine people's awareness of health insurance in a bid to help improve the management of dental health insurance coverage. The subjects in this study were 1,036 people who included experts in that field and medical consumers. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. In regard to the demographic characteristics of the expert group including gender and age, the female experts outnumbered the males, as the former accounted for 84.7 percent. And the experts in their 20s made up the largest age group, followed by the 30-39 age group and those in their 40s. As to the demographic characteristics of the medical consumers, the rates of the men and women stood at 49.8 percent and 50.2 percent respectively, which were similar. By age, the largest number of the medical consumers were in their 20s, followed by in their 30s and in their 40s. 2. Concerning opinions on the procurement of finance for health insurance, many respondents in both groups agreed that the health insurance coverage should be enlarged by securing more finance, and that items involved in the coverage should be prioritized again. Regarding a means of securing financial resources, the experts placed the most emphasis on extended budgetary support from the government, followed by establishing a social security system and budget compilation by local governments. The medical consumers attached the most importance to extended budgetary backing from the government, followed by budget compilation by local governments and determining contribution according to income level. 3. As for general view of the dental health insurance, the experts believed that the amounts of copayment and self-payment by the insured were appropriate(2.47), and they found the number of benefitted items to be proper(2.29) as well. The medical consumers thought that the benefit percentage of the dental health insurance in the overall health insurance budget was appropriate(2.26), and they also considered the number of benefitted items adequate(2.16). But this group didn't give a lot of marks to the appropriateness of those things. 4. As to perception about the dental health insurance, both groups took a similar view of it. Specifically, they felt the strong need for a dental health insurance system. In terms of satisfaction level, both groups were dissatisfied with it, and there was a strong tendency for them to be discontented with the health insurance coverage.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristic of recurred giant cell tumor after bony curettage and cementation, and to review a way to prevent the recurrence. Materials and Methods : Thirty seven cases were analyzed, which were pathologically diagnosed giant cell tumor after diagnostic biopsy or surgical excision, followed by curative curettage, burring and cementation. Location, character, and time interval to recurrence were reviewed. Results: Thirteen out of thirty seven analyzed cases(35%) showed recurrence after primary curettage and cementation. The mean interval to recurrence was sixteen months(5 months to 43 months). Most of recurrence happened within the first two years except two cases. Among the recurred cases, eleven showed recurrence in the vicinity of window area. Two cases recurred in the depth of bone marrow, where cementation was made. The advantage of curettage and cementation is the immediate stability of the operation site, early rehabilitation, and early detection of recurrence. Furthermore, cementation is beneficial in that the cement-producing heat can eradicate the residual tumor burden. In this study, 85% of cases with insufficient curettage (for example, in cases where too small surgical window was made, or where there were anatomical difficulty in approaching the target tumor burden) showed recurrence. Conclusion: Bony curettage, burring and cementation is widely used as the primary curative modality for giant cell tumor. A few other modalities such as chemical cautery using phenol and $H_2O_2$; cryotherapy; and anhydroalcohol have also been introduced, but the benefit of these are still questionable. For some cases that relatively small surgical window was made due to anatomically complicated structures (such as ligament insertion or origin site) over the target tumor burden, unsatisfactory curettage and burring was made. This study showed high chance of recurrence after unsatisfactory curettage, and 85% of recurrence developed in the vicinity of the small window area. Most of the recurrence occurred within the first two years. It is concluded that sufficient window opening, extensive curettage and eradicative burring are key factors to prevent recurrence. Also, it should be reminded that careful and close observation should be made for at least the first two years after initial treatment for early detection of recurrence.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.349-359
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• 2006

Objective: Nickel-titanium alloy wire possesses excellent spring-back properties, shape memory and super-elasticity. In order to adapt this wire to clinical use, it is necessary to bend as well as to control its super-elastic force. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of heat treatment on the load-deflection properties and transitional temperature range (TTR) of nickel-titanium wires. Methods: Nickel-titanium wires of different diameters ($0.016"\;{\times}\;0.022"$, $0.018"\;{\times}\;0.025"$ and $0.0215"\;{\times}\;0.028"$) were used. The samples were divided into 4 groups as follows: group 4, posterior segment of archwire (24 mm) without heat treatment; group 2, posterior segment of archwire (24 mm) with heat treatment only; group 3, anterior segment with bending and heat treatment; group 4, anterior segment with bending and 1 sec over heat treatment. Three point bending test was used to evaluate the change in load-deflection curve and obtained DSC (different scanning calorimetry) to check changes in $A_f$ temperature. Results: In the three point bending test, nickel-titanium wires with heat treatment only had higher load-deflection curve and loading and unloading plateau than nickel-titanium wires without heat treatment. Nickel-titanium wires with heat treatment had lower Af temperature than nickel-titanium wires without heat treatment. Nickel-titanium wires with heat treatment and bending had higher load-deflection curve than nickel- titanium wires with heat treatment and nickel-titanium wires without heat treatment. Nickel-titanium with heat treatment of over 1 sec and bending had the highest load-deflection curve. Nickel-titanium wires with heat treatment and bending had lower Af temperature, Nickel-titanium wires with heat treatment of over Af sec and bending had the lowest Af temperature. Conclusion: From the results of this study, it can be stated that heat treatment for bending of Nickel-titanium wires does not deprive the superelastic property but can cause increased force magnitude due to a higher load-deflection curve.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.537-543
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• 2014

Three different granule powders of Citrus Hallabong were prepared with different ratios of fresh juice and citric acid (J10C3=10.0:3.08, J08C4=8.75:4.33, J07C5=7.5:5.58) at fixed quantities of juice powder (70%), pressed cake powder (10%), and additives (6.92%), and their physicochemical properties were measured and compared with targeted commercial product (CP). The moisture content of Hallabong granules (HG) was 5.08~5.44% (w/w), which was two times higher than that of CP. Titratable acidities increased with higher citric acid content and were 1.7~2.3 times lower in HG compared to that of CP. Soluble solids of HG increased with higher citrus juice content ($90{\sim}98^{\circ}Brix$) and were slightly lower than that of CP. Vitamin C contents of HG increased with higher citrus juice content and were 5.8~7.6 times lower than that of CP. In terms of color difference, L and b values of HG were higher while a value was lower than those of CP. Bulk and compaction densities of HG were 0.541~0.660 g/mL and 0.561~0.689 g/mL, respectively and were similar to those of CP. Water solubility and swelling capacity were 66.6~72.0% and 3.84~6.40 g/g, respectively, and were similar to those of CP. Hygroscopicity of HG after an hour of elapsed time was 1.6~1.8 times higher than that of CP. Sensory evaluation test showed that color, sweetness, and overall acceptance of HG were not significantly different from those of CP, whereas flavor and bitterness of HG were lower than those of CP. In conclusion, convenient food granules could be made with Citrus Hallabong juice and pressed cake, which is similar to the commercial product.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 2003

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify the current status of symptom and pain control in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Methods : The study population consisted of 66 cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and the data was collected by chart audit and using questionnaire from 19 clinicians in an university hospital during the period of August 7 to 24, 2001. The degree of symptom, analgesics type, dose, administration route, and pain control method of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy was investigated. The collected data were analyzed by frequency, percent, mean, and SD using SPSS $PC^+$ program. Results : The number of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy was 66, male 35 (53.0%), female was 31 (47.0%). The largest of age group was $61{\sim}69$(34.8%) years old. Most frequent cancer site was stomach 19 case (28.8%), cole-rectal 17 case (25.8%), urinary 11 case (16.7%) in the respective order. The most common stage of cancer was stage 3, 14 case (29.2%). The most frequent duration of diagnosis was under 3 month, 25 (37.9%). The frequent symptom of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy was marasmus ($2.4193{\pm}1.2220$), pain ($1.9333{\pm}1.2194$), sleep disorders ($1.7142{\pm}1.0384$), personality change ($1.5806{\pm}0.8971$) in the respective order. 3) The analgesics used for pai control were narcotic analgesics 66.2% and nonnarcotic analgesics 33.8%. Pain control method were regular basis+as needed 47.4%, as needed 31.6%, regular basis 21.0% in order. Administration route were oral 50.7%, injection 41.8%, patch 7.5% in order. Conclusion : The most frequent symptom of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy were marasmus and pain. The frequent analgesics was narcotic analgesics but 21% of the clinician regularly prescribed analgesics for pain control. Thus this prescription was insufficient for pain control. Administration route that were used more oral or injection than patch. Based on this evidence, it seemed that more active practice and education about evaluation and pain control of cancer patients treated with chemotherapy are needed.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 2004

Purpose and Methods: Urinary tract infection(UTI) is one of the most important diseases of childhood, especially for young infants. To characterize the patients diagnosed with febrile UTI in their first 6 months of life and to explore the risk factors of recurrent UTI, a retrospective study was performed. Results: Among the 90 patients studied, 77 were boys(86%). First episodes of UTI were diagnosed at the age of $2.5{\pm}1.4$ months. These patients underwent ultrasonographic evaluation of urinary tract(n=90) and voiding cystourethrography(n=81) where 53 and 35 studies showed abnormal findings respectively, and a total of 45 cases of urinary tract anomaly including vesicoureteral reflux(VUR, n=35) were diagnosed. Normal findings on ultrasonography indicated decreased risk of VUR in boys of 1-3 months of age(n=30). 53 patients were followed up more than 6 months and 45 episodes of subsequent UTI developed in 29 patients during the first 6-month period. Patients with relapse were older than patients without relapse at the diagnosis of first UTI, but other clinical parameters including abnormal findings on the imaging studies and prophylactic antibiotics prescription were not different between the two groups. Conclusion: UTI in early infancy occurred mainly in male infants and half of the patients had structural anomalies. USG was of clinical value in detecting anomalies requiring surgical intervention, and to rule out high grade VUR in 1-3 months old boys. Results of the imaging study or prophylactic antibiotics could not modify the risk of recurrent UTI. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2004;8:223-228)

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.311-316
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• 2009

Background: Clopidogrel is widely used just before coronary artery bypass surgery, yet its pharmacological effect can cause postoperative bleeding-related complications. The purpose of this study was to find the effect of preoperative clopidogrel exposure on the blood transfusion requirement and on the rate of reexploration for bleeding control and the rate of readmission caused by bleeding in patients who undergo off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB). Material and Method: This study included 103 patients who had been on clopidogrel preoperatively and they underwent OPCAB by one surgeon from January, 2005 to November, 2007. We divided the patient into two group. Group 1 consisted of 45 patients who stopped cloidogrel 5 days before surgery and group 2 consisted of 58 patients who were taking clopidogrel within 5 days before surgery. Two groups were compared in terms of the bleeding related reoperation rate and the readmission rate, the amount of postoperative bleeding and the required amount of transfusion. Result: There were no significant differences between the two groups concerning the demographic, echocardiographic and hematologic features. There were no significant differences in the postoperative bleeding amount, but the amount of required transfusion was greater in group 2 (p=0.018). While group 1 showed a 0% reoperation rate for hemostasis and 0% readmission rate as related to postoperative bleeding, group 2 showed a 6.9% reoperation and a 5.2% readmission rate, but three were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: Continuous use of clopidogrel did not cause postoperative major bleeding, but can increase the amount of bleeding and the amount of required transfusion postoperatively. We that discontinuation of clopidogrel for a while before elective OPCAB can help the patient's postoperative recovery.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.4907-4921
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• 2010

The object of this descriptive survey research was to provide basic information source for building objective standards of DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) that can be clinically applied, by analyzing college students' awareness and attitude toward DNR. The participants of the study were 1,267 students from one college of Daegu, South Korea. The structured survey questionnaire was used for data collection, and the survey was conducted from 1-31 July, 2010. The error and percentage was estimated by SPSS 17.0 program, and analyzed with $x^2$-test. As a result of comparing the nursing students' and non-health care major students' awareness and attitude toward DNR, the significant differences were found in the necessity of DNR, reason for supporting DNR, reason for opposing DNR, and DNR decision-maker, among the awareness dimension; among the attitude dimension, significant differences were found in implication of family DNR and self-DNR. Comparing the nursing students' and non-health care major students' awareness toward DNR related information provision, researchers have found significant differences in the necessity of giving information on DNR, timing of the DNR information provision, result of the DNR-related information provision, and guidelines for the DNR information provision. In terms of the difference in DNR's necessity recognition by the demographic information, the significant differences existed based on the religion and the history of blood donation; in terms of the differences in attitude toward DNR decision-maker, the differences were found on the religion and the number of siblings. For the attitude toward family member's DNR, the significant differences existed for the sex, age, economic status, religion, the number of siblings, the history of familial illness and death, and experience of blood donation; the attitude toward the DNR for the self was significantly differed by the sex, economic status, the number of siblings, and the history of familial illness and death. To establish the standards for DNR based on the study, we suggest more well-designed future studies.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2293-2303
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• 2013

Objective: This study aims to determine whether national patient safety indicators (PSIs) can be calculated. Methods: Using PSI criteria from Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) Health Technical Papers 19 based on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), PSIs were identified in the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey (KNHDIIS) database for 875,622 inpatient admissions between 2004 and 2008. Logistic regression was used to estimate factors of variations for PSIs. Results: From 2004 to 2008, 3,084 PSI events of 8 PSIs occurred for over 80 thousands discharges. Rates per 1,000 events for decubitus ulcer (PSI3, 4.88), foreign body left during procedure (PSI5, 0.05), postoperative sepsis (PSI13, 1.32), birth trauma-injury to neonate (PSI17, 7.92) and obstetric trauma-vaginal delivery (PSI18, 32.81) are all identified between ranges from maximum to minimum of OECD rates, respectively. However, rates per 1,000 events for selected infections due to medical care (PSI7, 0.22), postoperative pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis (PSI12, 0.90) and accidental puncture or laceration (PSI15, 0.71) are below the minimum of OECD range. 7 PSIs except PSI 18 showed statistically significant relationship with number of secondary diagnoses. When adjusting patient characteristics, there are statistically significant different rates according to bed size or location of hospitals. Conclusion: This is the first empirical study to identify nationally number of adverse events and PSIs using administrative database. While many factors influencing these results such as quality of data, clinical data and so on are remain, the results indicate opportunities for estimate national statistics for patient safety. Furthermore outcome research such as mortality related to adverse events is needed based on results of this study.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.103-115
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• 1999

Objectives : A large of studies have found an association between premenstrual syndrome and affective disorder, in particular, depression. Some studies have reported that women with depressive disorders may experience menstrual cycle-associated changes in the severity of their symptoms. This study was designed to compare the characteristics of premenstrual changes between control group and affective patient group, and to assess possible risk factors for premenstrual changes in patients. Methods : Eighty normal controls and eighty outpatients given maintenance therapy with fixed dose for at least more than four weeks were asked to complete questionnaires on menstrual history, obstetric-gynecological history, and functional impairment. In addition, to compare the characteristics of premenstrual changes, 16 items based on DSM-IV criteria A for premenstrual dysphoric disorder were rated on the following scale : 0(no change), 1(mild), 2(moderate), 3(severe). Moderate or severe change in each item was considered as premenstrual change and the subjects who reported more than one premenstrual change were defined as premenstrual change group. Results : The results were as follows : 1) The percentage of premenstrual change group was 32.6% in patient group and 50% in control group. 2) Frequently reported premenstrual changes were as follows in control group : breast tenderness; anger ; affective liability ; lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy ; abdominal pain or discomfort. In patients, the mood or behavioral changes were frequently reported. The changes were as follows : lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy ; change in appetite; affective liability ; sense of difficulty in concentrating : hypersomnia or insomnia. 3) In the premenstrual change group, the patients with only mood or behavioral changes were significantly more than those with only physical changes or both changes. 4) The severity of functional impairment was significantly correlated with the frequency of mood or behavioral changes in patients. 5) There were no significant differences in menstrual characteristics between patients with premenstrual changes and patients without them except the severity of dysmenorrhea. And the severity of dysmenorrhea was correlated with the frequency of premenstrual change. Conclusion : The proportion of patients with affective disorder, who reported moderate-to-severe premenstrual changes, experiencing mood or behavioral changes larger than those experiencing physical changes during premenstrual period. It is possible that some patients with affective disorder, who reported premenstrual mood or behavioral changes, suffer from coexisting premenstrual syndrome with affective disorder or premenstrual exacerbation of affective disorder. Since the more premenstrual changes, the severer functional impairment, the patients reporting mood or behavioral disturbance in premenstrual period should be carefully evaluated, and appropriate therapeutic stategies might be considered.