• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effects of various media compositions in regeneration of Lilium lancifolium. The adventitious bud initiation from microscale was the best on MS medium supplemented with BAP 1.0 mg/L and NAA 0.1 mg/L after 4 weeks of culture. However, from bulbscales, adventitious bud initiation was the best in dark condition on MS medium supplemented with BAP 0.5 mg/L and NAA 0.1 mg/L. On the other hand, callus induction was found to be the best from the microscales incubated in complete dark condition for 8 weeks on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L and BAP 0.1 mg/L. The highest plantlet regeneration from callus was obtained after incubation in the light condition for 8 weeks on MS medium supplemented with NAA 0.5 mg/L and BAP 0.1 mg/L. Rooting of shoots was obtained easily on MS medium and the plantlets were transferred to soil pots after 8 weeks. The chromosome analysis of the root tip cells was revealed that the callus-derived plantlets had normal chromosome number, 2n=24. No variation was observed in the morphology of the plantlets.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2017

Transgenic lily plants have been obtained after particle bombardment, using PDS-1000/He system and scale explants of lilies, followed by PPT (D-L-phosphinothricin) selection. In this study, scales of the lily plants cv. 'red flame' were bombarded with a plasmid containing the bar gene as a selectable marker, and the AtSIZ gene as a gene of interest, showing salt tolerance and drought tolerance respectively, and both being driven by the CaMV 35S promoter. For optimization of a protocol, factors which optimized and showed a high transformation efficiency under following conditions, were considered: a bombardment pressure of 1100 psi, a target distance of 6 cm and $1.0{\mu}m$ of gold particle, and 24-h pre-culture and post-culture on MS medium containing 0.2 M sorbitol and 0.2 M mannitol as osmoticum agents. After bombardment, all the bombarded scales of lily were transferred to MS medium without selective agents, for a week. Subsequently, these bombarded scales were transferred to a selection MS medium containing 10 mg/l PPT, and incubated for a month for further selection, after which they were cultured for another 4-8 weeks with a 4-week subculture regime on the same selection medium. After transferring into hormone-free MS medium, the PPT-resistant scales with shoots were successfully rooted and regenerated into plantlets. PCR analysis revealed that the surviving putatively transformed plantlets indicated the presence of both the bar gene and the AtSIZ gene. In conclusion, when 100 scales of lily cv. Red flame are bombarded, this study produced approximately 17-18 transgenic plantlets with an optimized bombardment protocol. The protocol described here can contribute to the breeding program of lilies.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 1994

This experiment was carried out to establish micropropagation system in Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. Through the culture of bulblet scales, stems, node-buds and shoot tips with special reference to the effect of physiological age of explant and plant growth regulators on bulblet formation. Number of formed bulblets was significantly increased in node-bud or stem tissue compared to scals segments and on the medium supplemented with kinetin than BA containing medium. Optimum levels of kinetin for bulblet formation from node-bud taken from above 3 cm shoot length and stem segments excised from below 3 cm shoot length were 5.0 mg /L and $1.0{\sim}3.0\;mg$ /L kinetin, respectively. Interesting phenomenon was observed, the direct formation of bulblets from the axilliary bud of cultured explants. Bulblet forming capacity in stem tissue was depended on stem age, young stem had high regeneration ability compared to old stem taken from above 10 cm shoot length. 1.0 mg /L kinetin was optimum concentration for the formation of bulblets from old stem segments. Stem tissue taken from underground growing plant was promoted coampare to shoot tips or bulb scale segments. Optimum concentration of sucrose was $5{\sim}7%$. Summariged above results revealed that effective explant for micropropagation was stem and /or node-bud tissue excised from less than 3 cm plant height compared to those of bulb scale segments which showed high contamination after culture. Maximum multiplication rate of young stem and /or node-bud segment was about 20 times. Kinetin requirement for stimulation of bulblet formation from cultured explant depended on source of explants but favorable levels of kinetin for organogenesis ranged from 1.0 mg /L to 5.0 mg /L.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate cultivation to save the production method cost of warm type garlic. The optimum system for producing excellent seed bulbs by using bulbils of garlic has been required. The bigger size bulbils induced fast growth and lower rate of non-cloved bulbs. The ratio of non-cloved bulbs was the highest in the 0.1 g bulbils sowing of 'Namdo' and was low in the big size bulbils sowing. The bulbil growth rate of 'Deaseo' was much faster than that of 'Namdo', but most of 'Deaseo' bulbils showed low rate of non-cloved bulbs and small size scales in bulbs. The higher productivities of "Namdo" bulbils appeared at the September 11th sowing time, but 'Deaseo' bulbils produced small size non-cloved bulbs and got the very low ratio of non-cloved bulb production in all of the treatment, sowing that Jeju Island could not produce the non-cloved bulbs with 'Deaseo' garlic bulbuls. The growth rate such as leave number, leave length, bulb and clove size in the sowing distance of big size bulbils increased as the sowing distance was wider, but the rate of non-cloved bulbils decreased regardless of treatment. More than 3 g clove in the $10{\times}15cm$ distance of bulbs was produced resulted in sowing clove production potentials by using big size bulbil.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2013

Lilium cernum Komarvo. is an important endangered plant belonging to the family Liliaceae. A method was developed for the rapid micropropagation of L. cernum through plant regeneration from bulb scales explant-derived calli. The bulb scales segments were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, $3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ kinetin and 0, 0.1, 0.5, $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA or 2,4-D for callus induction. In media with $0.5{\sim}3.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ kinetin and $0.1{\sim}1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA and 2,4-D, 95~100% of explants produced callus. They were then transferred to MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of NAA (0, 0.01, 0.05 and $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) in combination with BA (0, 1.0 and $2.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) for bulbet formation. Bulbet induction (78%), weight (468 mg) and size (15.5 mm) were obtained the highest on MS medium containing $2.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BA and $1.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA. In vitro frequency of plant regeneration was not significantly treated in strength of MS and sucrose concentration. Chlorophyll contents in 1/2MS with $50g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sucrose treatments were higher than those in control and another treatment. This in vitro propagation protocol will be useful for conservation and mass propagation of this endangered plant.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.56-62
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• 2023

Transgenic lilies have been obtained using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AGL1) with the plant scale explants, followed by DL-phosphinothricin (PPT) selection. In this study, scales of lily plants cv. "red flame" were transformed with the pCAMBIA3301 vector containing the gus gene as a reporter and the blpR gene as a selectable marker, as well as a gene of interest showing herbicide tolerance, both driven by the CaMV 35S promoter. Using a 20-minute infection time and a 5-day cultivation period, factors that optimized and demonstrated a high transformation efficiency were achieved. With these conditions, approximately 22-27% efficiency was observed for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in lilies. After transformation with Agrobacterium, scales of lilies were transferred to MS medium without selective agents for 2 weeks. They were then placed on selection MS medium containing 5 mg/L PPT for a month of further selection and then cultured for another 4-8 weeks with a 4-week subculture regime on the same selection medium. PPT-resistant scales with shoots were successfully rooted and regenerated into plantlets after transferring into hormone-free MS medium. Also, most survived putatively transformed plantlets indicated the presence of the blpR gene by PCR analysis and showed a blue color indicating expression of the gus gene. In conclusion, when 100 scales of lily cv. "red flame" are transformed with Agrobacterium, approximately 22-27 transgenic plantlets can be produced following an optimized protocol. Therefore, this protocol can contribute to the lily breeding program in the future.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.740-744
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to clarify the effects of physiological properties in culture media on the proliferation and the acclimation of bulblets of several kinds of lilies cultured in vitro. Proliferation rate of bulblets from bulblet of Oriental hybrid ‘Marco Polo’, ‘Casa Blanca’ and Asiatic hybrid ‘Jolanda’ was higher in solid MS media compared with bulblets from scale Acclimation rate of regenerated bulblets was high in solid media which was pre-cultured in vitro, compared with liquid media. Sprouting rate of bulblets from bulblet was higher than bulblets from scale.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.341-346
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• 2001

To investigate the effects of MS medium strength and nitrogen concentration on bulblet formation from bulblet scale segment culture and bulblet growth from bulblet of Lilium oriental hybrid 'Casa Blanca', asiatic hybrid 'Mona', and longiflorum hybrid 'Hinomoto', 0.5∼2.0 strength of MS salts and 30∼120 mM nitrogen concentrations of MS medium were examined in vitro. The number of bulblets from bulb scale segment was favored in the strength of 0.5∼1.0 strength of MS salts or 30 mM total nitrogen concentration of MS medium in three cultivars. But the growth of bulblets formed in vitro was promoted in the 2 strength of MS medium or hight concentration of total nitrogen of MS medium up to 120 mM in three experimented cultivars.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.891-899
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• 2015

The lily symptomless virus (LSV) is the most common virus in Korean native lilies and causes various types of damage to overall plant growth. This study was carried out to investigate the elimination rate of the LSV by the in vitro scale culture (scaling) method in Korean native lilies and to test reinfection rates of the LSV under several field culture conditions of bulb production. Four Korean native lilies (Lilium dauricum, L. distichum, L. lancifolium, and L. maximowitzii) were used and their scales were cultured in vitro for micro-scale formation. The micro-scales were subcultured repeatedly using MS culture medium supplemented with 30 or $90g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sucrose. The culture conditions were $24{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD with 16 hour daylength using fluorescent lamps and maintained at $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The virus-free bulblets were grown for one to three years in the greenhouse and transplanted to the field in October or March. Virus infection rates were investigated by direct tissue blotting immunobinding assays and measurement of chlorophyll and protein contents. Virus-free plants could be obtained from the 5th subculture of micro-scales in L. lancifolium and L. maximowitzii or from primary culture in L. dauricum and L. distichum. LSV-free plants were reinfected during bulb production in the field. Reinfection rates were higher at older bulb ages and under higher planting density. The plants planted in October and at inland Gyeongsan had higher infection rates than those planted in March and at coastal area Pohang. The reinfection rate of L. maximowitzii was higher than those of L. dauricum and L. lancifolium. The LSV-infected plants had lower chlorophyll contents and unchanged protein contents compared to virus-free plants.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

We investigated growth, clove development, and photosystem II activity in garlic (Allium sativum L.) grown under different day/night temperature regimes using Soil-Plant-Atmosphere - Research (SPAR) chambers to determine the optimum cultivation temperature and to assess the impact of temperature stress on garlic. In the early stages of growth, plant growth increased markedly with temperature. At harvest time, however, the pseudostem diameter decreased significantly under a relatively low day/night temperature range ($14/10-17/12^{\circ}C$), suggesting that these temperature conditions favor regular bulb growth. At harvest time, the bulb diameter and height were great at $14/10-23/18^{\circ}C$, whereas the bulb fresh weight and number of cloves per bulb were greatest at $17/12-20/15^{\circ}C$. However, the number of regularly developed cloves per bulb was highest at the relatively low temperature range of $14/10-17/12^{\circ}C$, as were the clove length and fresh weight. The photochemical efficiency ($F_v/F_m$) and potential photochemical efficiency ($F_v/F_o$) of photosystem II in the leaves of garlic plants were higher at $14/10-20/15^{\circ}C$ and lower at temperatures below $14/10^{\circ}C$ or above $20/15^{\circ}C$, implying that the $14/10-20/15^{\circ}C$ temperature range is favorable, whereas temperatures outside this range are stressful for garlic growth. Furthermore, at temperatures above $20/15^{\circ}C$, secondary growth of garlic, defined as lateral bud differentiation into secondary plants, continuous growth of the cloves of the primary plants, or the growth of bulbil buds into secondary plants, was enhanced. Therefore, to achieve commercial production of fresh scapes and bulbs of garlic, it may be better to grow garlic at relatively low temperature ranges of $14/10-17/12^{\circ}C$.