• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.275-278
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• 2008

Ginseng stem fungus gnat, Phytosciara procera, is reported as a ginseng pest for the first time. It is new to science that a member of the family Sciaridae is a ginseng pest. In our observation, larvae of the gnat can penetrate the stem of ginseng, and then they make a shaft in shoot and root. Number of adults captured by yellow sticky traps were peaked in twice, from late July to early August and from late August to early September. In a ginseng field, 29.7% of ginseng damaged by Phytosciara procera is also infected by bacterial disease caused by Erwinia carotobora. However, there is a possibility on environmental-friendly control, as a result of decreasing effect of damage over 85% when remaining a part of berry on peduncle than tatally remove.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.237-241
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• 1994

Surveys were conducted in 66 ginseng fields damaged by insect and other an~mal pests from 1984 to 1993. Holohichio rnoroso, Holotrichio dromphalio, Holotrichia titonis Malodera orientaliq Ectinus sericeus, Gyllotalpa ofricana, Teleog~iluse mmo, Ostrinio furnacoii* Agrotis tokionis, Marnestro brassicae, Hydrellia griseolo, unidentified stem maggo$, Pseudococcus comstocki (13 species of insects). Deroceras uarions (slug), Acusta despecta sieboldiona (snail), probably two species of rats. and pheasant species were ascertained to damage ginseng plants M them, Holotrich~a morosa, Holotrichia diomphalia, Gryliotaipo africanq Deroceras uarions, Acusto despech siebaldiano showed higher frequencies. Underground (root) damage occul~ed mainly in spring penod (MayJune) and fall period (September-Odober) in 2-year-old glnseng fields at slopes, and aboveground (leaf and stem) damage occurred mainly in spring period in 3 or more-year-old ginseng iields mulched with rice straws at plains. Three ginseng fields were abolished due to heavy underground damage.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2000

Non-chemical or low-chemical control measures against key insect pests and rats in the ginseng field were studied from 1993 through 1999. Broadcasting chemicals beside the ginseng field in the oviposition period showed the same control effect on the adults of the Korean black chafer, Holotrichia diomphalia, as broadcasting at the ginseng ridge. Ginseng damage by adults of African mole cricket, Gryl1ota1pa africana, were reduced considerably by broadcasting chemicals beside the ginseng field. The larvae of wheat wireworm, Ectinus sericeus, were attracted effectively to potatoes in the ginseng field. Spreads of the mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki, were very slow in the ginseng field, indicating that it is possible to eradicate the early colonies of Pseudococcus comstocki effectively. The rat repeller, Dekur $500S^{showed}$ a significant control effect of rats in the ginseng field.

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.11 no.6 s.99
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• pp.95-104
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• 1990

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.12 no.1 s.100
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• pp.104-111
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• 1991

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 2007

This study aims to investigate if the properly use of pesticide in Ginseng farmland at Gangwon-do, Korea. Questionnaire included 36 questions such as control method for plant diseases, pests and weeds and pattern of pesticide use was answered by 271 Ginseng farmers lived in 4 cities and 8 counties at Gangwon-do. Ginseng farmers have noxious plant diseases, insects and weeds such as leaf spot, anthracnose, snail, stem-mining fly, horseweed and hairy crabgrass. To control of these, 35% of farmers relied on various type of pesticides and 31.5% of farmers used pesticides mingling with natural enemy, microorganism and organic materials. Farmers selected the pesticide based on the their own experiences or by recommendation of market dealers and neighbors, resulting in the use of inappropriate pesticides in the Ginseng farmland(78.8 % ). They followed standard dosage of the pesticide from Handbook of Pesticide Application(96.3%). They, however, used the same pesticides from 2 to 5 years(44.1 %). This consecutive use of pesticide could be induced resistance. This survey resulted that study for pesticide resistance and systematic educational program for proper use and selection of pesticide to Gingseng farmers should be conducted in farmland at Gangwon-do, Korea.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2008

This study was carried out to reduce the number of chemical treatment by optimal apply for the disease and pest and obtain the basal data of environmental-friendly cultivation in Panax ginseng in 2006. The result by checking disease Incidence and pests fried in ginseng field of jeollabuk-Do was as follows. The kind of disease occurred in Jinan was 8 including Rhizoctonia solani, 7 with Botrytis cinerea in Jeongeup, and also 6 with Botrytis cinerea in Kochang within Jeollabuk-Do. It was required thorough disease control before the rainy season because the occurrence time was peaked around July. Also, the most serious disease in Jeollabuk-Do was Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerera, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The actual harmful pests in ginseng field were Asusta despecta steboldiana and Holotrichia sp. and in other method using black light trap, Maladera orientalis, Ostrinia furnacalis, and Holotrichia morosa were mainly trapped.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.183-202
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• 2013

The demand of ginseng which has attracted many people for a long time has expanded further with great spotlight ; but it has caused anxiety of some safety-sensitive customers due to unavoidable pesticides and its weakness for disease and insect pest. On the other hand, sluggish studies on effective doses of ginseng and red ginseng which is produced and processed after hardship have worsened confusion of customers. Against this backdrop, this study is about to find out measures for safe ginseng cultivation and effective dose of white or red ginseng which are safely produced and reaches meaningful conclusions as follows ; As for a study to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides or to change them into environmentally-friendly products, ginseng cultivation utilizing Lime Sulfur complex might be an alternative. The effects of Lime Sulfur complex are great on ginseng seeding with under 200 times compound KHCO3 and five-year-old ginseng with over 200 times compound using NaHCO3. When using with green materials like Bordeaux mixture, there would be great potential to realize ginseng without pesticide use.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1996

The crop rotation of rice and ginseng in paddy field has very important meaning because up-land field suitable for ginseng cultivation is now being insufficient day by day in main ginseng production area. This studies were conducted to define basic problems related to ginseng cultivation and replanting in paddy field. In Keumsan district, the most serious problem on ginseng cultivation in paddy field was excess of mineral salts left behind in the soil of rice cultivation. The amounts of organic matters, CEC and the mineral elements including potassium were higher in the soil of paddy ginseng field compared to those of upland. Plant growth of 3 and 4 year old ginseng and root yield of four year old ginseng cultivated in paddy field of 1st and replanting were not decreased compared to those of 1st - planting of up-land field, but those were significantly decreased in replanted compared to those of first planted upland field. Crop rotation with ginseng and rice in paddy field seemed to be a good way to avoid hazards of continuous cropping of ginseng with it's outyield of root and less infection of diseases. Amounts of crude saponin and ginsenosides of ginseng cultivated in paddy field were not differ from those of upland field.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.200-204
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• 1991

Densities and larval food habits of Holotrichia titanis belonging to Melolonthinae, and of Anomala corpulenta and A. mfocuprea belonging to Rutelinae, collected from surroundings of ginseng fields, were investigated to determine potentia]s as ginseng pests in scarabaeids. H. titanis had similar food habit to the ginseng pests, H. morosa and H. diomphalia, although the density of H. titanis was relatively low during the period of survey, which indicates that the scarabaeid may have potentials to be a major pest with build-up or the population in the fields. However, A. corpulenta and A. rufacuprea with higher populations than H. morose and H. dicmphalia had no or low potency as ginseng pests since they had little preference to ginseng roots or did not feed on these. The latter two species in Rutelinae showed different food habits in relation to dead organic matter.