• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.37-41
• /
• 2024

The coconut shell, a by-product of popular tropical fruit, is a promising material due to its interesting properties. The preparation of the composite consisted of conducting polymer and coconut shell using a simple wet method, and subsequent carbonization produced a carbonized material under a controlled carbonization cycle. In addition, its electrochemical performance as an anode in lithium-ion batteries was also investigated. The appearance of the obtained materials was observed with a scanning electron microscope. The internal structure of the carbon derived from the coconut shell under a controlled heating profile was analyzed using a Raman spectroscope. A simple electrical measurement based on the ohmic relationship showed that the carbonized product has a significant electrical conductivity. The application of the carbonized product as anode in a lithium-ion battery was tested using half-cell charge/discharge experiments. This article provides important information for future research regarding the recycling of fruit shells and food waste.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.15-31
• /
• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the characteristics of patient safety incidents (PSIs) related to nursing and to provide primary data for preventing the recurrence of similar incidents. Methods: This secondary analysis study included damage claims rulings filed for clinical negligence from 2014 to 2018 that contained the keyword 'nurse'. It excluded judgments irrelevant to nursing care and in which clinical negligence or causal damages were overruled. A total of 93 cases were analyzed. The characteristics of PSIs were derived through descriptive statistics, and two instances of nursing-related PSIs were examined by qualitative content analysis focusing on root causes. Results: The analysis of PSIs related to nursing suggested that the medical institutions where the PSIs occurred most frequently were hospitals, and the most common types of PSIs were medication, surgery, and treatment/procedure, in that order. In addition, it indicated that nursing-related PSIs occurred most frequently in general wards during the day shift, with the most common related nursing practice being managing potential risk factors. The qualitative analysis showed that careless monitoring and institutional inertia were causes of PSIs. Conclusion: To prevent nursing-related PSIs, nurses need to individually monitor and assess patient conditions. In addition, support should be accompanied by the improvement in the systems in place aimed at preventing the recurrence of nursing-related PSIs at the institutional and national level, such as securing appropriate nursing personnel and improving labor conditions.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.58 no.4
• /
• pp.344-351
• /
• 2005

Background : Both gemcitabine and vinorelbine are effective anticancer drugs with mild toxicity on non-small cell lung cancer, and monotherapy of these drugs are effective as a second-line chemotherapy. The aim of this trial was to assess the response and toxicity of a combination of gemcitabine and vinorelbine in patients of previously treated for non-small cell lung cancer. Materials and Methods : 24 patients, initial stage III A/B,IV and previously treated with platinium and taxane based regimens, were enrolled from June 2000 to March 2004. The regimens consisted of vinorelbine $25mg/m^2$ followed by an infusion of gemcitabine $1000mg/m^2$ on day 1 and day 8 every three weeks. This course was repeated more than twice. Results : Twenty-four patients were analyzed for the response, survival rate, and toxicities. The overall response was 17% with a complete remission rate of 4%. The median time-to progression (TTP) was 3.1 months (95%, CI 1-10months), and the survival time was 8.2 months (95%, CI 1-23 months). The grade 3/4 toxicities encountered were neutropenia (12.5%), anemia (0%), thrombocytopenia (0%). Non-hematological 3/4 toxicities were not observed. Conclusion : A combination of gemcitabine and vinorelbine in patients previously treated for non-small cell lung cancer provides a relatively good response rate, and a low toxicity profile. However, further study will be needed to confirm its effectiveness.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.927-933
• /
• 2022

We synthesized (C₁₀H₈N₂H)₂Cr₂O₇, The structure of the product was characterized with FT-IR(infrared) and elemental analysis. The oxidation of benzyl alcohol by (C₁₀H₈N₂H)₂Cr₂O₇ in organic solvents showed that the reactivity increased with the increase of the dielectric constant. The oxidation of alcohols was examined by (C₁₀H₈N₂H)₂Cr₂O₇ in DMF, acetone. As a resuit, (C₁₀H₈N₂H)₂Cr₂O₇ was found as efficicent oxidizing agent that converted benzyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, primary alcohol and secondary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones(65%~95%). The selective oxidation of alcohols was also examined by (C₁₀H₈N₂H)₂Cr₂O₇ in DMF, acetone. (C₁₀H₈N₂H)₂Cr₂O₇ was selective oxidizing agent(15%~95%) of benzyl alcohol, allyl alcohol and primary alcohol in the presence of secondary ones. In the presence of DMF solvent with acidic catalyst such as H₂SO₄. (C₁₀H₈N₂H)₂Cr₂O₇ oxidized benzyl alcohol(H) and its derivatives. The Hammett reaction constant(ρ) was -0.69(308K). The observed experimental data were used to rationalize the hydride ion transfer in the rate determining step.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.12 no.5
• /
• pp.375-381
• /
• 1999

Near infrared spectrophotometry(NIR) was developed as a non-invasive determination of blood alcohol. The first pure alcohol/water samples were prepared with ethanol concentration from 0.01 to 0.1%(w/w). Analysis of the second-derivative data was accomplished with multilinear regression(MLR). The standard error of calibration(SEC) of ethanol in ethanol/water solutions was approximately 0.0039%. The calibration models were established from the blood alcohol spectra by MLR and PLSR analysis. The best calibration was built with the second-derivative spectra of 2266 and 2326 nm by MLR. Second-derivative spectra in the spectral ranges of 1100~1340, 1500~1796 and 2064~2300 nm with four PLSR factors provided the standard error of prediction(SEP) of 0.030%(w/w). These results indicate that NIR may be applied for a fast non-invasive determination of alcohol in the blood.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.53-68
• /
• 2011

This study analyzed the learning objectives in the 2007 revised 10th grade Home Economics textbooks of 6 different publishing companies and the achievement standards developed by Ministry of Education, Science and Technology(2009). Two experienced coders performed initial analysis based on the 'revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives' and had subsequent conferences to reach an agreement on different results between coders. For knowledge dimension, the results show that the major types of learning objectives in the "Future Family Life" unit are mainly consisted of factual knowledge and procedural knowledge, where as those of "Family Life Culture" unit are consisted of factual knowledge and conceptual knowledge. The achievement standards in both "Future Family Life" and "Family Life Culture" units are solely in a factual knowledge major type. The sub-type of knowledge dimension of both learning objectives and achievement standards fall into 'a specific facts and knowledge component'. For cognitive process dimension, the results show that the leaning objectives are focused on 'understand' and 'analyze'. Those of achievement standards are 'analyse' in the "Future Family Life" unit and 'understand' in the "Family Life Culture" units. From the result of this study, we can conclude that both learning objectives and achievement standards do not adapt any meta-cognitive knowledge, higher order thinking, and cognitive process.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2008.05a
• /
• pp.490-494
• /
• 2008

본 연구에서는 상수도 배수관로의 내 외부적 특성에 따라 개별관로를 정의하는 방법을 연구대상 지역의 배수관로 파손 데이터베이스에 적용하여 비례위험모형을 구축하였다. 연구에 사용된 자료는 연구대상지역의 배수관로의 제원 및 파손시기를 포함하는 관로 파손데이터베이스, 관로매설지역의 급수인구 및 수압범위에 관한 자료를 포함하는 GRID 데이터베이스와 관로매설지역의 토지개발 정도에 관한 자료를 포함한다. 이러한 자료를 이용하여 관로를 순차적 파손경험에 따라 7개의 생존시간군(STG I $\sim$ VII)으로 구분하고 각 생존시간군에 대한 비례위험모형(Model I $\sim$ VII)을 구축하였다. 이러한 모형을 이용하여 관로의 파손횟수가 증가하는 동안 파손에 영향을 미치는 인자의 변화와 그 효과를 파악하였으며, 또한 추정된 공변수의 위험비율을 분석함으로써 관로의 제원 혹은 매설환경, 급수인구 등에 따른 위험률의 상대적인 변화를 분석하였다. 또한 비례 위험모형의 구축과정에서 관로의 파손에 영향을 미치는 공변수의 비례성 가정을 검토하여 시간종속형 공변수를 모형화하였으며, 모형의 이탈잔차(deviance residual)를 분석하여 모형의 적합성을 검토하였다. 본 연구에서 구축된 비례위험모형에 대해 Shoenfeld 잔차를 이용한 스코어 잔차의 변화(score process)를 검토한 결과, Model I 과 Model II 에 대해서는 공변수의 시간종속 효과가 발견되었다. Model I에 대해서는 관로재질과 급수인구의 영향이 시간에 따라 변하며 Model II에서는 급수인구의 영향만이 시간에 따라 변하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 Model III $\sim$ Model VII 들에 대해서는 공변수의 영향이 시간에 따라 변하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 각 생존시간군에 대해 관로재질, 토지개발정도, 관로길이 및 급수인구의 변화가 관로의 상대적 누수위험률에 미치는 영향을 상대위험률의 95% 신뢰구간을 고려하여 정량적으로 산정하였고, 시간 종속형 공변수로 모형화된 공변수는 시간에 따른 공변수 영향의 변화를 분석하였다. 순차적 파손사건에 대한 비례위험모형의 구축 결과 생존시간군(STG) I의 기저위험률은 매설 후 대략 450개월까지는 파손 위험률이 '0'에 가까우나 그 이후로 급격히 증가하다가 매설 후 약 700개월에 이르러서는 약간 감소하고 약 850개월 이후에는 다시 급격히 증가한다. STG II의 기저위험률은 첫 번째 파손 후 약 300개월이 되면 위험률이 급격히 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. STG III $\sim$ STG VII의 기저위험률은 이차함수의 형태를 띄며, 특히 STG V, STG VI 및 STG VII의 기저위험률은 욕조형 곡선(bathtub curve)의 형태를 가진다. 각 생존시간군의 기저생존함수의 생존확률 '0.5'에 해당하는 기저중간생존시간에 대한 분석으로부터 파손횟수가 많아질수록 순차적 파손사건 사이의 경과시간은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 기저생존시간에 대한 경향은 관로의 파손횟수가 많아질수록 관로의 일반적은 내구성은 감소하기 때문인 것으로 분석된다.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.381-391
• /
• 2011

Weathering can reduce rock strength and eventually affect the structural stability of a rock mass, which is important in the field of engineering geology. Several methods have been developed to evaluate the degree of weathering, including the chemical weathering index. In this study, we analyzed the weathering degree and characteristics of microtextures and pores in crystalline rocks (gneiss and granites) based on petrographic observations, the chemical weathering index, mineralogy by XRD, microtextural analysis by SEM/EDS, measurements of pore size and surface area by the BET method, and microporosity by X-ray CT. The formation of secondary minerals and microtexture in gneiss and granitic rocks are assumed to be affected by complex processes such as dissolution, precipitation, and fracturing. Hence, it is clear that some chemical weathering indices that are based solely on whole-rock chemistry (e.g., CIA and CWI) are unable to provide reliable assessments of the degree of weathering. Great care is needed to evaluate the degree of chemical weathering, including an understanding of the mineralogy and microtexture of the rock mass, as well as the characteristics of micropores.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.51-63
• /
• 2023

Objective : This study aimed to analyze the association between lifestyle and medical expenses of older adults with mental illness using claims data. Methods : We conducted secondary data analysis using the older adult cohort database provided by the Korea National Health Insurance Service. The lifestyle and medical expense variables were extracted from the cohort database. We used a generalized linear model to examine the association between lifestyle and medical expenses. Results : In total, 32,853 records were extracted. The results showed that smokers had medical expenses (estimate = -218,255, p = .037). As the number of days of walking increased, medical expenses significantly decreased (estimate = -58,843, p < .0001). Furthermore, as the number of days of drinking decreased, medical expenses increased (estimate = 692,289, p < .0001). Conclusion : This study analyzed the estimates of medical expenses according to lifestyle among older adults with mental illness. Smoking and exercise were negatively associated with medical expenses. These results suggest the importance of a healthy lifestyle for older adults with mental illness. In addition, this study can be used as clinical evidence for lifestyle management programs to improve physical and mental health.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.359-371
• /
• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress distribution in mandibular implant overdentures with telescopic crowns compared to bar attachment. Material and methods: Three-dimensional finite element models consisting of the mandibular bone, 4 implants, and primary bar-splinted superstructure or secondary splinted superstructure with telescopic crowns were created. Vertical and oblique loads were directed onto the occlusal areas of the superstructures to simulate the maximal intercuspal contacts and working contacts such as group function occlusion. Maximum stress and stress distribution were analysed in mandibular bone, implant abutments, and superstructures. Results: 1. In comparison of von Mises stress on mandibular bone, telescopic overdenture had a little lower stress values in vertical load and working side load except oblique load. In the mandible, the telescopic overdenture distributed more uniform stress than the bar overdenture. 2. In comparison of von Mises stress on implant abutments, telescopic overdenture had much lower stress values in all load conditions. In implant abutments, the telescopic overdenture distributed stress similar to the bar overdenture. Stress was concentrated on the distal surfaces of the posterior implant abutments in both mandibular overdentures. 3. In comparison of von Mises stress on superstructures, the telescopic overdenture had much more stress values in all load conditions. However, the telescopic overdenture distributed more uniform stress on superstructure than the bar overdenture. In the bar overdenture, stress was concentrated on each cental area of bar structures and connected area between implant abutments and bar structures. Conclusion: In the results of this study, the telescopic overdenture had lower stress values than the bar overdenture in mandibular bone and implant abutments, but more stress values in superstructures. However, if optimal material was selected in making superstructures, the telescopic overdenture was compared to the bar overdenture in stress distribution.