• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2019

This study analyzed the relationship between housing price, purchase price, Gini coefficient, interest rate, and the employment, considering that the change in housing price was an important factor influencing macroeconomic variables and income inequality. The panel VAR model was constructed considering the panel data, and the Granger causality, Impulse response and Variance dispersion analysis were performed. As a result, when compared to before and after the global financial crisis, it was shown that the rent price had an effect on income inequality, but in the following period, both the rent price and the selling price affected the income inequality. And that it has a large impact on inequality. In addition, the causality between income inequality and employment rate, interest rate, and tax rate was confirmed. Therefore, it is expected that it will be a desirable policy to mitigate income inequality considering the influence of policy variables for economic activation including government real estate policy.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 1990

본 논문에서는 인구이동과 소득분배의 관계를 분석하기 위하여 상대적 박탈감 개념을 적용한 인구 이동모형을 바탕으로 개인과 사회의 분배요소가 인구이동과 어떤 상호연관성을 갖는가를 이론적으로 검토하였다. 인구 이동으로 인한 개인의 상대적 박탈감의 변화는 이동자와 비이동자의 이동 이전과이후의 상대적 위치와 그들의 준거집단이 누구를 포함하는가에 따라 증가할수 있다. 또한 각 개인의 상대적 박탈감의 변화에 따라 사회적 소득분배는 인구이동으로 인하여 더욱 악화될수 있다는것을 논의하였다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.267-274
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• 2021

This paper examines the impact of the Basic Pension scheme in terms of poverty reduction and income distribution among elderly households by focusing on the differences in the household type. It compares the data before (2013) and after (2016, 2019) the introduction of Basic Pension by using Household Income and Expenditure Survey data. Empirical analyses indicate that, first, the overall income and the public income transfer of the elderly households increased during the period compared. Second, the poverty rate was considerably higher for the elderly living alone than for other household types. The government policy led to poverty-reduction for all types of elderly households, wherein the effect was most profound in the case of elderly living with spouse. Third, income distribution improved for all types of elderly households, though maximum margin was observed in the case of the elderly living alone. Fourth, according to the multivariate logit regression, the Basic Pension had a positive impact on reducing the risk of poverty (defined as below 40% of median income) among the elderly households.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.50
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• pp.61-85
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• 2002

Using the 2001 Family Income and Expenditure Survey micro-data, this study analyses the anti-poverty effectiveness of public and private income transfers. In this study, the anti-poverty effectiveness of income transfers is summarized in two ways; 1) the poverty reduction effect of the income transfers, and 2) the poverty reduction efficiency of the income transfers. The poverty reduction effects are measured with several poverty indices including the head-count ratio, poverty gap, and Sen index. Using Beckerman's model, this study also analyses the poverty reduction efficiency of income transfers. This analysis documents substantial differences in the anti-poverty effectiveness of public and private income transfers. Although the private income transfers contribute more to reduce the head-count poverty ratio and Sen index than public income transfers, their differences are significantly reduced after the enactment of National Basic Livelihood Security Act. The results also reveal that the anti-poverty effectiveness of public and private income transfers vary by the types of families. In families headed by elderly and working aged, private income transfers have more anti-poverty effectiveness. But, public income transfers contribute more to reduce poverty than private income transfers among families headed by single adults with children. The results of this study suggest that recent changes in anti-poverty policies in Korea have been strengthened the Government's responsibility. And more importantly, to effectively reduce poverty among the poor families, anti-poverty polices must be designed to consider different family types.

• Journal of Teachers' Pension
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• v.4
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• pp.91-123
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• 2019

본 연구는 2009년 법 개정에 따른 기준소득의 변경이 가입자별 보험료 부담과 연금급여의 변경에 어떠한 영향을 주었는지를 구체적 사례를 중심으로 살펴봄으로써 제도 변경 전후의 가입자별의 연금소득 변화를 산정함과 아울러, 2015년 사학연금법 개정에 따른 사학연금 가입자간 소득재분배제도의 도입이 2009년 법 개정에 따른 연금소득효과에 어떠한 영향을 주었는지를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 사학연금가입자의 경우 법 개정 당시의 전제가 되었던 기준소득대비 보수월액의 비율인 65% 수준에 근접하는 사람은 일부에 불과한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 60~70%기준에 포함되는 계층은 5.6%에 불과하고, 60% 이하인 자가 88.6%, 70% 이상인 자는 5.8%로 나타났다. 이는 사학연금 가입자 상당수가 기존의 보수월액이 실제 과세소득의 일정비율보다 낮은 위상에 있었음을 의미한다. 따라서 2009년 법 개정 결과, 처음의 기대와는 달리 개정 이전 연금액에 비하여 높아지는 가입자가 87.5%, 낮아지는 가입자가 12.5%인 것으로 나타났다. 그렇지만 연금액이 증가되었지만 보험료 부담이 함께 증가되었기 때문에 수익비 측면에서 더 유리해졌다고 할 수 없다. 더 부담하고 더 많이 받는 경우가 대다수였다. 물론, 오히려 기준소득이 보수월액보다 절대치조차 낮은 가입자도 있었다. 이 경우, 본인의 희망에 따라 법령에서 별도로 정한 최저소득기준을 선택할 수 있도록 함으로써 문제점이 완화되었다. 2009년 법 개정 상에 나타난 연금액 증가는 소득재분배 요소를 도입한 2015년 법 개정으로 상대적으로 저소득 가입자는 연금액이 증가하고 고소득자는 연금액이 감소됨으로써, 2009년 법 개정에서 나타난 고소득자에게 유리할 수 있는 부분이 완화되는 결과를 만들었다. 2015년 개정은 2009년 개정 상 발생한 문제를 다소 보완하는 결과가 되었다. 공무원의 보수월액을 적용하여왔던 제도를 기준소득월액으로 바꾼 것은 사학연금 가입자가 실제의 소득에 기초하여 보험료를 부담하고 연금을 지급받을 수 있도록 되었다는 점에서 제도의 정상화로 보는 것이 바람직하다. 소득기준의 전환으로 내재적으로 혼란이 발생할 가능성이 있었지만, 2015년의 법 개정으로 제도가 보다 완결적으로 발전가능하게 된 것으로 평가된다.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.77-109
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• 2005

On the basis of the Korea Labor and Income Panel Survey for the 1997 through 2003 period, this paper investigates if the income distribution has become more bi-polarized since the recent financial crisis. The polarization measure developed by Esteban and Ray(l994) and Duclos, Esteban, and Ray(2004) indicates that the distribution of total income has become much more bi-polarized than unequalized for the entire sample period. Second, the rapid increase in the bi-polarization measure is attributed to the enhanced within-group homogeneity among the lower-income group as well as the widening gap between the two groups in the mean income level. Third, no such pattern exists in the distribution of labor income. Overall, the findings in the current study would support the hypothesis of a centrifuging society which is characterized by the slow disappearance of the middle class and the formation of two poles and which is observed in the United States and the United Kingdom among others.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.179-201
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• 2013

Since the 1960s, Korean welfare regime has been characterized by developmental welfare regime, of which invisible welfare programs like relation-based welfare are one of core elements. Developmental welfare regime of Korea has been dismantled after 1990s by the internal and external pressures. Focusing on the declines of relation-based welfare, this study examines the dismantle of developmental welfare regime of Korea. Since the late-1990s, the roles of inter-family income transfer and public income transfer are significant changed in terms of each share of total household income and each contribution of poverty alleviation. In other words, the role of public welfare has been growing while that of relation-based welfare has been decreased in the last twenty years. For the sake of a successful welfare regime transition in Korea, redistributional function of public welfare is quite important, but the development of reciprocal social economy and open community are also needed. Because, at this time and in this place, traditional welfare state building strategy is not proper in many aspects. However, it is impossible to achieve the development of reciprocal open community by restoration of relation-based welfare which has been already declined. This study regards enlargement of social economy or third sector as a development of reciprocal open community, and insists that cooperatives are especially worthy of notice.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.53-74
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• 2016

In this study, to verify influence that economic situations of a household unit have on donation behavior, after economic situations of a household unit were measured with income and assets by type and income to assets, effect which each variable has on secular giving was verified. This study used 3-year panel data of a total of 4,938 households based on the fifth to seventh year data as investigation data from 2012 to 2014 among data of financial panel investigation of Korea Institute of Public Finance of National Survey of Tax and Benefit. As an analysis method, a random effect tobit model was used. At the analysis result, it appeared that as scales of financial assets, earned income, property income, and transfer income become larger, the amount of donation increased. Also, it was represented that rates of income to assets had negative influence on secular giving. In case of demographic variables, education levels of householders and sizes of houses had relation of a positive direction. In case of ages, it appeared that they had inverted U-type relation. This study has meanings in that understanding of donation behavior of a household unit can be increased and expanded more and also implications related to intervention strategies of a household unit to expand sharing culture can be extracted by verifying influence which economic factors of a household unit have on donation behavior based on panel data.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.261-296
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• 2009

I constructed the 2003 Korean 'social accounting matrix'(SAM) to analyze the multipliers of total demand for each economic activity. I find that the relative magnitude of the influence of the welfare policy to the national economy measured by input-output production multipliers tends to be underestimated compared to SAM multipliers. This is because the total demand multipliers of SAM include the private sector effects, which is not considered in the input-output model. The result also support that income inflows in public service areas including education, health and social work, generate gains in the relative income of households.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.502-516
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• 2014

This study has decomposed the Gini coefficient using Korean Labor & Income Panel Study data and empirically analyzed the impact of demographic characteristics and source-specific income of householder on the household income gap using panel analysis. The scope of areas were divided into 'nationwide,' 'metropolitan areas,' and 'non-metropolitan areas,' and the period before and after the global financial crisis was examined. The analysis findings are as follows. First, when the entire period was examined by income source using Gini decomposition with division of areas into 'nationwide,' 'metropolitan areas,' and 'non-metropolitan areas', the following results were revealed. The absolute and relative contribution level of property income to the gross income was the largest in the category of 'nationwide' and 'metropolitan areas,' while the contribution level of earned income was the largest in the category of 'non-metropolitan areas'. In addition, property income worsened the household income gap the most in the category of 'nationwide' and 'metropolitan areas.' Second, property income worsened the household income gap less after the financial crisis than before the crisis. It is probably because the price of real estate skyrocketed before the global financial crisis, worsening the household income gap, whereas the price drop after the crisis temporarily alleviated the gap. Third, a correlation analysis revealed that households with older householders whose education is high school graduation or below had relatively low gross income, and households with higher source-specific income, especially earned income, had relatively high gross income. Fourth, when the household income determinants were compared through panel analysis with division of areas into 'nationwide,' 'metropolitan areas,' and 'non-metropolitan areas,' the following results were obtained. While the impact of earned income, financial income, and other incomes was greater in non-metropolitan areas than in metropolitan areas, the impact of property income was greater in metropolitan areas than in non-metropolitan areas. To reduce the income gap, the government should impose higher taxes on the high-income class and provide tax benefits to the low-income class, with efforts to create a wide variety of jobs. In addition, since income inequality gets worse as the proportion of incomes generated through asset holdings becomes higher, the government should focus on stabilizing property prices while paying attention to the regional differentiation when carrying out related policies.