• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.3
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• pp.406-418
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate optimal storage techniques for bare root plants and container seedlings of Quercus variabilis and Zelkova serrata in order to maintain high quality of seedlings until planting. Refrigerated storage treatments were given at two temperatures (-2℃ [freezing] and 2℃ [cooling]) for nine different durations (0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days after storage). We analyzed total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content and measured shoot moisture content (SMC) during the storage stage and survival rate (SR) and dry weight during the planting stage of seedlings. The TNC content and SMC of the seedlings of the two species decreased with an increase in storage duration. The TNC content of seedlings rapidly decreased after 180~240 days of storage. The TNC reduction rate in the freezing treatment was lower than that in the cooling treatment. Also, with an increase in the storage duration of the two species, the SMC reduction rate in the cooling treatment increased in comparison with that in the freezing treatment. In both the species, the SR after planting decreased rapidly after 60 days of cooling storage and 180 days of freezing storage, respectively. The SR after planting was less than 60% when the TNC content for both the species dropped below 20 mg g^-1. In addition, the SR was lower than 80% when SMC measured before storage decreased by approximately 30% and 20% for Q. variabilis and Z. serrata, respectively. Our results suggest that cooling (1~2℃) storage is recommended for a short-term period (2 months or less), whereas freezing (-2~-4℃) storage is suitable for longer periods (2~6 months). These optimal storage techniques, allied with seedling harvesting and handling systems, will improve the quality of seedling production in nursery stages and increase seedling growth performances in plantations.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.246-259
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• 2021

Research has been conducted in various fields on a local fortress (eupseong) in the Joseon Dynasty, but the archaeological research on the prison (獄), which is part of the internal government, has not been conducted properly. Since the prison was first discovered in Gyeongju in 1997, there has been a necessity for research on the deployment and structure of the prison. This includes the office where jailers worked and had night duty and also the enclosure that keeps the prisoners inside. But the research came to a standstill because there was no comparative data. However, compared to the more recent findings of the Yeonil Prison and the Gonju Prison, we can identify that the structure was built during the early to the late Joseon Dynasty. King Sejong designed the standard prison blueprint called Anokdo (犴獄圖) in 1426 to manage prisoners nationwide and revised it once in 1439 to give better treatment during the winter and summer seasons. The Yeonil Prison operated from 1421 to 1743 and shows the structure of the prisons during the early to mid-Joseon period. It was very similar to the Gyeongju Prison on a smaller scale, which was operated until the late Joseon Dynasty with two main structures, one east and one west, and a circular fence. This structure was maintained even in the Gongju Prison during the late Joseon Dynasty, and it remains visible in photographs. The prison of the Joseon Dynasty had a circular fence with an estimated height of 3 meters and two buildings that separated male and female prisoners. The prison was divided into men on the east and women on the west with tile-roofed house structures that were difficult to escape. In front of the circular fence, there was an office with a thatched roof for the jailers and access to the prison was only possible through a double prison gate. The layout of the building reflects the improvements of the king's prison design made during Joseon Dynasty improving the environment of prisoners who are on trial and separating men and women in order to embody humanism.

• Journal of vocational education research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.77-103
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• 2017

The purposes of this study are 1) to analyse the importance and performance of the success factors in steps of Formation process Of Cooperation NetWork(FoCNW) of educational institutions and businesses, and 2) to draw the success factors that need improvement. To achieve these purposes a survey research was conducted with a group of 1,098 (professors, teachers and workers in charge of cooperation at universities, technical colleges, vocational high schools and businesses which are equipped with a cooperation system), and 339 questionnaires were analyzed. The major results of the study are as follows. Firstly, while cooperation workers showed high recognition on the importance of success factors in steps of FoCNW, their performance of those factors was relatively low. Secondly, both the recognition of importance and performance of success factors in steps of FoCNW was higher in educational institutions than in businesses. Thirdly, the success factors in need of improvements from both educational institutions and businesses are 'collecting outer information and consulting' and 'publicizing cooperation competency', 'setting cooperative activities (programs) and contents of agreements', 'managing cooperation quality formally', 'drawing plans for sustainable cooperation improvement' and 'diffusing cooperation network'. The success factors in need of improvements from educational institutions are 'perceiving necessity of and forming consensus on cooperation' and 'deciding and supporting the worker in charge of cooperation', and 'participating and sharing of organization members'. The success factors in need of improvements from businesses are 'deciding goals and performance strategies', 'developing mutual understanding and checking possibility of cooperation with potential partners', and 'evaluating cooperation activities and their outcomes and providing feedback' and 'adjusting contents of agreements and deciding whether to maintain cooperation'. Therefore, efforts from each partner to improve those factors and support from related organizations are necessary.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.23
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• pp.141-178
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• 2010

The Administration of Labor was responsible for the technical and practical functions like policy-making of labor matters and implementing the relevant laws. However, there has been a few record transferred to the National Archives to help find out the labor policy-making process. This is one of the typical examples that shows the discontinuity and unbalance, and disorderly filing of the administrative records in Korea. Naturally it is almost impossible to retrieve the appropriate content through the records file-name. Users should be at the trouble to compare the record items and their content one by one. For the re-organization of the Administration of Labor' records, this research suggests the four-level analysis of functions of the Administration. The Administration of Labor' survived records could be linked to each level function. And the publication of the 'Records Abstract Catalog' providing users with more information about the records would pave the way for easier access to the records. In addition, it also suggests the logical re-filing of the survived records of which we cannot find the order or sequence. This re-organization of the survived records would help to establish the acquisition and appraisal policy of the labor records as well as the new way of description and finding tool hereafter. Drawing up labor history map is a starting point for the acquisition strategy of the labor records, which could allow users to gain systematic access on the survived records. Of course, extensive investigation and research on the survived records is a prerequisite for the map. It would be required to research on the survived records of the other government agencies, including economic-social area ministries and investigation agencies and the National Assembly as well. It is also needed to arrange and typify the significant incidents and activities on thematic and periodic frames in the labor history. If possible to understand or connect the survived records and these accomplishments comprehensively, it would be of great help for the acquisition of the labor records and the related oral records projects.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.4-29
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• 2015

To protect cultural heritages from damage and destruction, evaluating the crime prevention environments is considered extremely important. This study analyzed the crime patterns related to cultural heritages, classified the crime environments by their types, and deduced the elements of the CPTED(Crime Prevention Through Environment Design), aiming to present the indices for evaluating the crime prevention environments. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the crimes related to cultural heritages that must be prevented were identified as the night time trespassing and arson. According to the results of the analysis of external environments based on crime actions, the crime prevention environments of cultural heritages were classified into 10 types. Second, the important evaluation principles of the cultural heritage CPTED were the access control, surveillance reinforcement and the surrounding environment. Third, the access control that cover the internal region, boundary, external region and surroundings were classified into 22 indices. The surveillance reinforcement covers natural, organized and mechanical surveillance with 21 indices. Fourth, the applicability of the CPTED evaluation index was presented according to the types of the cultural crime prevention environments. The results confirmed that the maximum 43 indices were applicable to the seowon(lecture hall), hyanggyo(Confucian school), and gwana(district government office), and the minimum 10 indices, to the ramparts. Finally, the 43 indices were applied to Donam Seowon to validate their applicability. The results confirmed that most of the indices were applicable with the partial supplements. The evaluation index presented in this study is likely to contribute to studies in the cultural heritage CPTED field and to the protection of cultural heritages. Furthermore, this study is considered significant because it unleashed continuous concerns on and developments of CPTED. However, as the field survey to validate the applicability of the indices was limited to only one type, it may require further objective verification such as through an expert's examination of the validity and applicability of the evaluation index. In addition, to accommodate the index in related policies and systems, more precise verifications of the indices by type are considered necessary.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementary feeding levels on livestck and forage productivity and grazing intensity in Elk stags (Cervus canadensis). A fifteen 2-year-old Elk stags about 195 kg were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (five animals per treatment). The dietary treatments consisted of a feeding concentrate of 1.0% of body weight (T1), 1.5% of body weight (T2) and 2.0% of body weight. Total dry matter intake (TDMI) was increased with increased with an increasing supplementary feeding levels. Average daily gain (ADG) were significantly increased with an increasing supplementary feeding levels (p<0.05) and reached a maximum on July and was lower in spring than autumn. The velvet antler production was no differences among treatment groups. Forage productivity of pasture and crude protein content were highest on May and decreased thereafter, however, crude fiber content was the reversed. The grazing intensity of Elk stags was increased in spring (38 to 59 head per ha) than summer and autumn (13 to 32 head per ha). The average grazing intensity of Elk stags ranged from 21 to 34 head per ha, which is affected by supplementary feeding levels. This result suggests that feeding supplementary diet at 1.5 % of body weight was needed to maintain the stable wight gain in antler growing periods and control the proper grazing intensity of Elk deer stags.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.224-239
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• 2016

This article aims to review the major problems of the present Korean management system of archaeology and to seek desirable suggestions in order to pursue the sustainable harmony between the recovery of academic excavations and economic development. In order to continue the sustainable harmony between preserving the values of archaeological resources as limited pure public goods and economic development, the present system of developer's payment for archaeology must be replaced by the introduction of the development fee for archaeology. The excavation of archaeological resources have been done according to the market principle, that is, the lower price principle. But the principle has produced a lot of serious problems in the Korean management system of archaeology, which must result in the market failure. So the governmental intervention is urgently required. By introducing the development fee, the archaeological field units and the developers can avoid direct contact. Instead, the Heritage Management Office will operate the excavation fund raised by the development fee for archaeology in order to avoid low-price contracts, degrading excavation quality, and other related residents' complaints and social conflicts in advance. In addition, the budget for purchasing the preserved excavation sites, which are the source of the landowners' enormous complaints, must be allocated to the Heritage Management Office by the Ministry of Planning and Finance. More budget for small-sized excavations must be allocated as well in order to solve many residents' complaints. These budget increase will be the fundamentals to decrease the residents' big complaints and social conflicts in relation with the archaeological management, which will be a challenge of the Korean government. Along with the governmental efforts, the archaeological field units must do their all-out efforts to overcome many problems in excavation including low-price contracts. Finally, the wage system and working status system must be revised. Excellent young excavators must be recruited appropriately and continue to work in a safe psychological condition, which are the basis to guarantee high-quality excavation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.68-80
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• 2019

This study is to provide basic data for the user-oriented design for a middle school meditation forest in the future by analyzing the physical environment characteristics of existing middle school meditation forests, the users' utilization behavior, and the degree of the importance satisfaction. For this purpose, 24 evaluation indices based on site characteristics, naturalness, functionality, and the effectiveness of meditation forest sites were selected for analysis of importance satisfaction. We surveyed and analyzed the students and teachers of two middle schools 'A' and 'B' in Gwangju Metropolitan City. The results of this study are as follows. First, the perception and utilization rates of the meditation forests by students was significantly lower than teachers at both schools. 'A' school has a better use and recognition rate than the 'B' school. Second, the purposes of using meditation forests were rest (49.6%), weekday lunchtime (63.6%), with friends (65.0%) or colleagues (60%), and short (less than 10 minutes) rests (68.6%). They preferred flowers (30.0%) and shading plants (28.9%), mainly using shelters (57.9%) and walking trails (37.1%). Third, as a result of the importance of satisfaction analysis, the average score of the 24 items importance (3.81), higher than the satisfaction (3.62). The 24 items positioned in 4 quadrants are as follows: Nine items are in the I quadrant for 'persistent maintenance'. Three items are in the II quadrant for 'priority correction'. Seven items are in the quadrant III for 'low priority in the management and operation'. Five items are in the quadrant IV for 'avoid over effort'. For the comparison of two middle schools' satisfaction, 'A' school satisfaction was higher than 'B' school for 16 items, which showed a statistically significant difference. It is believed that the users in 'A' school are more satisfied than 'B' school because it has more forests and trails, better accessibility, and a variety of plant types and planting areas in the A school meditation forest. The results of the overall satisfaction analysis showed a significant difference between 'A' school (68.0%) and 'B' school (47.2%) as 'A' school has better shelters and trails. The rankings of the most satisfying space are walking trails (1st place) and shelters (2nd place). The reason for the highest satisfaction was for rest (stress relief and emotional support) in both 'A' and 'B' schools.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.63-72
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• 2019

As a sub-concept of corporate or organization governance, business governance and IT governance have become major research topics in academia. However, despite the importance of process as a construct for mediating the domain between business and information technology, research on process governance is relatively inadequate. Process Governance focuses on activities that link business strategy with IT system implementation and explains the creation of corporate core values. The researcher studied the basic conceptual governance models of political science, sociology, public administration, and classified governance styles into six categories. The researcher focused on the series of metamodels. For examples, the traditional Strategy Alignment Model(SAM) by Henderson and Venkatraman which is replaced by the neo-SAM model, organizational governance network model, sequential organization governance model, organization governance meta model, process governance CUBE model, COSO and process governance CUBE comparison model, and finally Process Governance Framework and etc. The Major difference between SAM and neo-SAM model is Process Governance domain inserted between Business Governance and IT Governance. Among several metamodels, Process Governance framework, the core conceptual model consists of four activity dimensions: strategic aligning, human empowering, competency enhancing, and autonomous organizing. The researcher designed five variables for each activity dimensions, totally twenty variables. Besides four activity dimensions, there are six driving forces for Process Governance cycle: De-normalizing power, micro-power, vitalizing power, self-organizing power, normalizing power and sense-making. With four activity dimensions and six driving powers, an organization can maintain the flexibility of process governance cycle to cope with internal and external environmental changes. This study aims to propose the Process Governance competency model and Process Governance variables. The situation of the industry is changing from the function-oriented organization management to the process-oriented perspective. Process Governance framework proposed by the researcher will be the contextual reference models for the further diffusion of the research on Process Governance domain and the operational definition for the development of Process Governance measurement tools in detail.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.21-29
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• 2018

The contents of total nitrogen(T-N), phosphate($T-P_2O_5$), and potash($T-K_2O$) are important factors to determine the application rate of the livestock compost to prevent nutrients accumulation and maintain their appropriate levels in arable lands. The concentrations of nutrient, organic matter, salt, water content, heavy metal in livestock compost in circulation were investigated with 659 samples from 2016 to 2017. In order to investigate the fluctuation nutrient contents of livestock composts with the same product name, 19 samples were collected and analyzed T-N, and $T-P_2O_5$, and $T-K_2O$ concentration during two years. The mean levels of T-N, $T-P_2O_5$, and $T-K_2O$ in livestock composts of from 2016 to 2017 were 1.73%, 1.88%, and 1.66%, respectively. The average contents of organic matter, water, and salt were 38.9%, 40.9%, and 1.2%, respectively. There were found that the maximum concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn in some livestock composts were exceeded the criteria of the official standard of commercial fertilizer. The maximum variation coefficient of T-N, $T-P_2O_5$ and $T-K_2O$ content of livestock composts was found to be 24%, 27%, and 50% on average, respectively. In order to manage the nutrients in agricultural soils, it will be reasonable that the error range of T-N and $T-P_2O_5$ content in livestock composts should be recommended to be 27% in mean as variation coefficient in case of displaying the nutrient element in liverstock compost.