• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.327-353
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• 2017

The issue submitted to the Court of Justice on the merits of case C---573/13 originated from a claim brought in the context of a dispute between Air Berlin and the German Federal Union of Consumer Organisations and Associations. The challenge concerned the way in which air fares were displayed in Air Berlin's computerised booking system. The system was organised in such a way that, after selecting a date and a departure airport, one would find all possible flight connections in a summary table. However, the final price of the ticket was displayed only for the clicked connection, and not for all connections, thus preventing customers from being able to compare such price with the prices of other connections. The German Federal Union took the view that this practice did not meet the requirements laid down by Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No. 1008/2008, which requires transparency in the prices set for air services. This led the German State to bring an injunctive action to cause Air Berlin to discontinue said practice. The claim was upheld at both the application and appeal stage of the relevant proceedings. Subsequently, Air Berlin submitted the matter to the German Federal High Court, which decided to stay the proceedings and ask for a preliminary ruling from the Court of Justice as to 1. whether Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No. 1008/2008 must be interpreted as meaning that, during the computerised booking process, the final price to be paid must be indicated at all times when prices of air services are shown, including when they are shown for the first time; and 2. whether, during the computerised booking process, the final price must be indicated only for the air service specifically selected by the customer or for each air service shown. In a nutshell, the Court, by the here---discussed judgment determined that Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No. 1008/2008 must be interpreted as meaning that, in the context of a computerised air ticket booking system, the final price to be paid must be indicated not only for the air service specifically selected by the customer, but also for each air service in respect of which the fare is shown. Clearly the above judgment will place air companies under an obligation to update and adjust (when needed) their computerised ticket booking and payment systems, in consideration of the primary need for consumers to be aware at all times of the actual price payable for a ticket and be able to compare the price of the service selected with the prices for other air services in respect of which the fare is shown.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2013.01a
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• pp.169-171
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• 2013

본 연구는 초등학생을 대상으로 전자교육 학습자의 학습이력에 따른 중도탈락 원인들을 규명하고 재수강 의사 결정에 차이를 보이는지 분석을 통해 학습자의 재수강을 높일 수 있는 방안을 검토하고 효율적인 전자교육 프로그램을 운영할 수 있도록 시사점을 제공하기 위한 것이다. 구체적으로는 초등 전자교육에서 학습이력별 중도탈락 원인을 규명하고 재수강 의사 결정에 차이가 있는지 분석하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 초등전자교육에서 학습자의 학습이력 중 특히 학습자의 이수율이 중도탈락율과 관련 있으며, 유의한 원인은 시간부족, 교육내용 방법 평가로 나타났다. 둘째, 시간이 부족하거나 교육내용 방법 평가 방법이 적절하지 않아 중도탈락한 학습자들의 50% 이상이 재수강 의사를 밝혔으며, 중도탈락 원인 중 학업능력은 재수강을 결정하는데 유의한 원인으로 파악되었다. 셋째, 중도 탈락자의 재수강을 유도하는 방안으로서는 초등 전자교육 수강자는 온라인 플래너를 활용하여 매일 1시간씩 학습 시간을 관리하는 것이 필요하며, 선행학습은 한 학기 전까지 다루는 것이 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2010.10a
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• pp.106-107
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• 2010

물류환경의 급격한 변화와 함께 항만을 둘러싼 환경도 빠르게 변화하고 있다. 이와 같은 항만환경의 급격한 변화는 동북아지역을 중심으로 한 전 세계 컨테이너 물동량의 급속한 증가, 정기선사의 경영전략 변화, 부두운영업의 글로벌화, 물류중심화 선점을 위한 경쟁 격화, 선박기술의 혁신 등으로 나타나고 있다. 항만의 운영 관리 책임자들이 이러한 변화를 예측하고 이에 신속히 대응하지 못하면 그 항만은 경쟁에서 뒤지게 된다. 국내외를 연결하는 항만 간 경쟁은 국제적인 것이 일반적이어서 우리나라 항만뿐만 아니라 이웃나라 항만과의 경쟁에서도 살아남아야 한다. 특히 우리나라 항만은 전 세계적으로 항만 간 경쟁이 가장 치열한 동북아 지역에 위치하고 있어 더욱 강력한 경쟁력을 확보하지 않으면 항만 간 경쟁에 뒤져 국제무대에서 사라질 수밖에 없다. 이에 본 논문에서는 대형항만을 중심으로 이루어진 항만선택결정요인에 대한 기존 연구들을 살펴보고 이를 재고찰하여 중소형항만에 적용시키고 향후 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 2018

This paper suggests simple algorithm of facility location problem in perishable commodities that satisfy with minimum total transportation cost and within the transportation time constraint $L^*$. For this problem, Lee[4] suggests very complex algorithm that decides candidate facility locations, computes total transportation cost for each candidate facility location, then moving the location to optimal location for top two facilities. On the other hand, this paper simply determines the candidate facility locations within $L^*$ using subtree concept, and decides optimal minimal total transportation cost for top two locations in centralized area of required quantity using neighborhood concept.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.96-101
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• 2001

In this study, diluted magnetic $Zn_{1-x}Mn_{x}Te$ epilayers were grown on GaAs(100) substrates by hot-wall epitaxy, and their characteristics were systematically examined. The maximum Mn composition of the $Zn_{1-x}Mn_{x}Te$ epilayers was 0.97. The crystallographic orientation was toward <100> and the structure of the $Zn_{1-x}Mn_{x}Te$ epilayers was the zincblende structure, identical to those of the GaAs substrate. With increasing the substrate temperature (350~$400^{\circ}C$), Mn composition increased (0.02~0.23) and he quality of the epilayer became worse. The lattice constants increased linearly with increasing Mn composition, but the band gap energy increased nonlinearly with increasing x.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.270-277
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• 2009

As social diversity is increased recently, conflict between government and non-government organizations is also being increased. This conflict disturbs social development and also social cost to solve the conflict is very high. Therefore, it is necessary to set up a mediation organization which can draw reasonable decision making while minimizing social conflict. In this study, we compares Samangeum reclamation project and Youngweol dam case to find out how their recognition framings are formed, confronted, or adjusted and also how the process affects their conflict.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.243-254
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• 2023

This study investigates the factors contributing to price fluctuations in the shipscrapping market, the final stage in a vessel's life cycle. Shipping companies make decisions on ship dismantling based on factors such as declining freight rates, increasing vessel age leading to higher costs, or compliance with new environmental regulations. Utilizing the FMOLS (Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares) and VECM (Vector Error Correction Model) methodologies, the research explores the long-term elasticities of factors influencing shipscrapping prices and examines short-term causal relationships. Using a time series dataset spanning from December 2015 to April 2023, covering a total of 90 months, the study focuses on the shipscrapping prices of Capesize vessels in India and Bangladesh, which constitute a significant portion of the shipbreaking market. The findings indicate that, in the long term, shipscrapping prices are closely related to global scrap prices, 20-year-old secondhand Capesize vessel prices, newbuilding prices, and exchange rates. In terms of short-term causal relationships, an increase in global scrap prices induces a rise in shipscrapping prices, while the remaining variables do not contribute to such increases. Specifically, an escalation in shipscrapping prices is associated with increased prices of 20-year-old secondhand vessels, newbuilding prices, and exchange rates. However, the other variables do not show a significant influence on short-term increases in shipscrapping prices.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.143-149
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• 2021

This paper proposes length rate measurement for relative efficiency that is a core of data envelopment analysis(DEA). It has been said that the linear programming(LP) is a unique method to get the relative efficiency. This method has drawback that applies fractional LP focusing on each DMU in turn. This paper draws bi-dimensional input-output relational graph and distinguishes between efficient and inefficient DMU. The relative efficiency of inefficient DUM is solve using length rate measurement. As a result of various experimental data, the LP shows mistake of application, but this method gets the correct relative efficiency at all times. Also, this method only gets the relative efficiency for only inefficient DMUs without efficient DUMs that already achieved 100% efficiency. This method solves the relative efficiency of inefficient DUM draws the line to efficient frontier and decides the reference set easily.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.157-162
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• 2023

To NP-complete 3-SAT problem, this paper proposes a O(nm) polynomial time algorithm, where n is the number of literals and m is the total frequency of all literals in equation f. The algorithm firstly decides a truth value of a literal in sequence of previously-set priority. The priority order is as follows: a literal whose occurrence in a clause is 1(k=1), a literal which is k≥2 and whose truth value is either 0 or 1, and a literal with the minimum frequency. Then, literals whose truth value is determined are then deleted from clause T and the remaining clauses. This process is repeated l times, the number of literals. As a result, the proposed algorithm has been successful in accurately determining the satisfiability of a given equation f and in deciding the truth value of all the literals. This paper, therefore, provides not only a linear-time algorithm as a viable solution to the SAT problem, but also a basis for solving the P versus NP problem.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.382-382
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• 2011

보다 저렴한 다결정 실리콘 웨이퍼를 사용한 다결정 실리콘 태양전지의 발전효율개선을 위해서는 태양광스펙트럼의 표면 흡수기구를 최적화하고, 전자-정공쌍의 생성극대화 및 재결합 기구 제어를 통한 전하운바자들의 안정적인 분리와 전극으로의 효율적인 수집이 필수적인다. 현재 양질의 다결정 실리콘 웨이퍼에 기반한 다결정 실리콘 태양전지 양산공정에서 16~17% 발전효율이 이루어지고 있으며 18% 이상의 발전효율을 얻기 위해서는 보다 더 우수한 품질의 다결정 실리콘 웨이퍼가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 15.5~16.5% 대역의 평균 발전효율을 갖는 15.6 cm${\times}$15.6 cm 크기 고효율 다결정 실리콘 태양전지 전면의 전자발광(EL : electroluminescence)데이터로부터 효율기여도가 높은 위치와 상대적으로 기여도가 낮은 위치들을 선정하여 380~1050nm 파장대역의 광선속에 대해 국부적인 외부양자효율(EQE : external quantum efficiency)을 측정하고 투과전자현미경(TEM : tunneling electron microscope) 등을 활용하여 결정방향 등에 기인하는 양자효율 악화기구를 분석하였다. 결론적으로 15%대의 상대적으로 낮은 발전효율을 보이는 태양전지들은 300~600 nm 단파장 영역에서 양자효율이 상대적으로 낮은 저급한 결정성의 웨이퍼에 기인하고 16.5%이상의 높은 발전효율을 갖는 태양전지들은 단파장영역에서 높은 양자효율을 갖는 영역이 수광면적의 80~90%를 차지하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이와 더불어 15%대의 발전효율을 갖는 태양전지에서는 600~1100 nm 파장대역에서 상대적으로 악화된 양자효율을 갖는 저급한 결정성 영역이 30~40%를 차지하였으나 16.5%대역의 고효율 태양전지에서는 저급한 결정성 영역이 5~10%를 차지하여 대조를 보였다. 따라서 18%이상의 높은 발전효율을 갖는 다결정 실리콘 태양전지의 양산을 위해서는 양자효율이 우수한 양품의 웨이퍼를 기반으로 표면 texturing을 통해 평균 태양광 흡수율을 90%이상으로 개선하고, 보다 미세한 프론트 전극패턴을 통해 수광면적을 개선하고 선택적인 에미티공정 기술 등을 적용할 필요가 있음을 제안하고자 한다.