• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1027-1032
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• 2016

Antigen is substance causing disease derived from pathogen. Living organism has the immune system in terms of defense mechanism against antigen. Antigen is processed through several pathways such as phagocytosis, antibody action, complement activation, and cytotoxins by NK or cytotoxic T lymphocyte via MHC molecule. Lymph node (LN) is comprised of the complicated 3 dimensional network and several stromal cells. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC) are distributed in T zone for interaction with T cells. FRC produces the extra cellular matrix (ECM) into LN for ECM reorganization against pathogen infections and secretes homing chemokines. However, it has not so much been known about the involvement of the antigen process of FRC. The present report is for the function of FRC on antigen process. For this, FRC was positioned with several infected situations such as co-culture with macrophage, T cell, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNFα stimulation. When co-culture between FRC with macrophage and T cells was performed, morphological change of FRC was observed and empty space between FRCs was made by morphological change. The matrix metallo-proteinase (MMP) activity was up-regulated by Y27632 and T cells onto FRC. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine, TNFα regulated the expression of adhesion molecules and MHC I antigen transporter in FRC by gene chip assay. NO production was elevated by FRC monolayer co-cultured with macrophage stimulated by LPS. GFP antigen was up-taken by macrophage co-cultured with FRC. Collectively, it suggests that FRC assists of the facilitation of antigen process and LN stroma is implicated into antigen process pathway.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.spc1
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• pp.765-772
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• 2020

The amount of water resources identified by water balance analysis are usually used to formulate water resources plans. However, this does not consider the trade in goods between countries. It is possible to use virtual water to come up with a supply and demand plan by looking at the export and import of products. This is because it looks comprehensively at the direct water use (water resources within the region) and indirect water use (water resources of other regions from imported products). Yet South Korea does not actively use the concept of virtual water in the national water resources plan. There is difficulty with calculating and identifying the appropriate virtual water amount as many of the research papers present only few of the cases or omit the calculation process. This paper introduces detailed water footprint values for calculating the virtual water trade for South Korea. The international movement, water footprint, and virtual water trade of agricultural and livestock products are presented and compared to existing research. The water footprint and virtual water research in this paper can be utilized as baseline data for future researchers.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2011

Modeling and Simulation(M&S) technology gets an attention from various parts such as industry and military. Especially, military uses the technology to cope with a different situation from the one in the Cold War and maximize the effect of training against the cost in the new environment. In order for the training based on M&S technology to be effective, the situations of a battlefield and a combat must be more realistically simulated. For this, a technique development on Computer-Generated Forces(CGF) which represents a unit's simulation logic and a human's simulated behaviors is focused. The CGF simulating a human's behaviors can be used in representing an enemy force, experimenting behaviors in a future war, and developing a new combat idea. This paper describes a methodology to accomplish Computer-Generated Forces' autonomous intelligence. It explains the process of applying a task behavior list based on the METT+T element onto CGFs. On the other hand, in the domain knowledge of military field manual, fuzzy facts such as "fast" and "sufficient" whose real values should be decided by domain experts can be easily found. In order to efficiently implement military simulation logics involved with such subjectivity, using a fuzzy inference methodology can be effective. In this study, a fuzzy inference methodology is also applied.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

This study looked into the change of tree growth of seven forest growth monitoring plots which were set up at the Undulyeong Hongchungun Kangwondo, and was accomplished to offer the basic data for the forest administration calculating carbon storage and removal in the Undulyeong area. Annual height and DBH growth were slowly progressed in the Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi stand which was young stand, but the growth rate of the other stands was lower than those young stand. The diameter class of the mixed forest and Qurcus mongilica stand was predicted to be similar to the now and Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi stand was predicted to move now diameter class to the high diameter class because thickening growth speed of the those stands were rapid. Now the end of 2003, total carbon storage of the Undulyeong model forest increased 149,000TC$(2.7\%)$ compared with the previous year. Seeing by forest types, occupied broad-leaved forest$(50\%)$, mixed forest$(34\%)$ and coniferous forest. During in 2003, total carbon which was removed and stored according to growth of the forest was 156,813TC and net carbon removal(148,664TC) increased into 2,613TC$(1.8\%)$ compared with the previous year. Seeing by forest types, occupied coniferous forest$(3.3\%)$, mixed forest$(3.1\%)$, broad-leaved forest$(2.8\%)$. Resultingly, the Undulyeong model forest is acting to net removal resource when see as green-gas side and net carbon removal are showing the tendency to increase recently little by little.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical properties of some commercially available mouthwashes and to ascertain whether the mouthwashes accelerated mineral loss in dental enamel. Five commercially available mouthwashes were selected from the three largest malls in Korea: Perio Total 7 Aqua Cool Mint Strong $Fresh^{TM}$ (PS; LG Household & Health Care Ltd.), Garglin $Original^{TM}$ (Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), Garglin $Zero^{TM}$ (Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), Listerine Naturals $Citrus^{TM}$ (LC; IDS Manufacturing Ltd.), and Listerine Cool $Mint^{TM}$ (LM; IDS Manufacturing Ltd.). The composition, pH, and titratable acidity of the mouthwashes were investigated. Six bovine teeth specimens were prepared for each mouthwash group. Each of the six specimens was individually immersed in 30 ml aliquots of mouthwash for 1 minute, 30 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes, and the samples were placed in a $36.5^{\circ}C$ stirred incubator. The degree of mineral loss (${\Delta}F$) of the tooth surface area exposed to mouthwash, compared with normal teeth, was analyzed by quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital. The difference in ${\Delta}F$ among mouthwash groups was examined by the Kruskal-Wallis H test (${\alpha}=0.05$). The contents of mouthwashes differed between Listerine and other products, and the pH ranged from 4.09 to 6.75. The titratable acidity of PS was the lowest at 0.63 ml and highest at 9.25 ml for LM. Minor mineral loss was observed when dental specimens were immersed in the Listerine products (LC and LM) for more than 90 minutes, but the degree of mineral loss for Listerine products was not statistically significantly different from that for groups without mineral loss. In conclusion, all five commercially available mouthwashes showed no harmful effects on tooth enamel.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.64-67
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• 1995

우리나라 조선산업이 21세기에 명실상부한 선진 조선국으로 발돋움하기 위해서는 단기적으로는 가격경쟁력의 강화가 요구되나 장기적으로는 기술자립화를 통해 과거 가격위주의 경쟁체제에서 기술위주의 경쟁체제로 전환함으로써 질적인 성장을 추구해야 할 것이다. 또한 우리나라의 조 선산업은 세계조선시장을 리드하는 선도국으로서 세계선박수급구조의 안정화에 노력하고 지구 해양환경보호를 위한 국제적인 프로그램에 적극 참여하는 한편, 후발조선국에 대한 기술협력, 기술지도 등 국제협력도 강화하여 명실상부한 선진조선국의 면모를 갖추어야 할 것이다. 이를 효과적으로 추진하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 과제를 해결해야 할 것이다. 첫째, 효율적 기술개발을 통한 건조기술의 재고가 그 무엇보다도 중요하다. 즉 단기적으로는 주요 대체수요 선박이면서 국내 주력건조선박인 탱커, 벌크케리어 등 재래단순형 선박에 대해 성에 너지화, 성인력화 및 표준선형화하고, 선박 생산공정의 개선, 생산성 향상을 통해 가격경쟁력을 지속적으로 확보해야할 것이다. 그러나 중장기적으로는 가스운반선,카페리선, 초고속선 등의 부가가치선박에 대한 건 조기술의 자립화로 이들 선종을 주력선종화하여 해외 수주 경쟁력을 재고시켜야 한다. 이와함께 심해탐사장비, 해양구조부유물 등의 해양개발장비의 개발로 사업영역을 확대해야할 것이다. 상 기의 각종 기술재발을 효율적으로 추진하기 위해서는 범국가적인 연구체제의 구성을 통한 산학연 공동연구형태로 추진하는 것이 바람직하다. 둘째, 핵심 조선기자재의 국산화와 품질 향상이 필 요하다. 향후 조선기자재의 국산화추진은 과거 개발 품목의 확대에서 벗어나 핵심적이고 부가 가치가 높은 품목 위주의 질적 국산화로 전환되어야 할 것이며, 이때 국산화이후 조선소의 적 극적인 구매가 전제되어야 할 것이다. 또한 기자재의 품질, 성능검사기능의 강화와 다수요 품목을 중심으로한 표준화, 규격화의 확대 추진으로 지속적인 품질향상과 원가절감을 도모해야한다. 특히 조선기자재업체의 영세상을 감안하여 조선소 인근지역에 단지화함으로써 생산설비의 현 대화, 자재의 공동구매, 물류비용의 절감 등을 기해 가격경쟁력을 강화해야 할 것이다. 또한 업계 공동의 해외판매망, A/S망의 직수출을 늘려야 할 것이다. 셋째, 국제협력 강화로 통상환경에 적극 대응해야 한다. 다자간조선협정 발효에 따른 제소 가능성에 대비하여 관민차원의 국제협 력을 강화하는 한편, 회계 기준의 통일, 제소사례의 연구 등을 업계 공동으로 추진하는 것이 바 람직하다. 또한 향후 2010년이후에 중국을 비롯한 후발조선국에 대해 조선협정에의 참여를 유도, 세계조선시장의 수급안정화에 노력해야할 것이다. 그외에 국제적으로 추진되는 지구그린화에 주도적 역할을 수행해야 할 것이다. 넷째, 선박금융제도의 개선과 신금융상품의 개발이 요구된다. 내수 수요인 계획조선의 지원조건을 개선하고 연불수출자금을 BBC자금으로 활용토록하여 국내 선주들의 신조를 유도해야 할 것이다. 그 외에 향후 금융개방화에 맞추어 해외자금을 활용한 리스금융, 상사금융 등의 민간신용제도를 더욱 활성화하고 선진국의 선박금융기법에 대한 연구 및 도입 등 선주들에게 다양한 선박건조자금을 제공하여 내수기반 확충에도 노력해야 할 것 이다.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.415-422
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• 2017

In a situation where there is excessive competition among logistics centers due to the low price of logistics centers for attracting freight volume, the conditions provided by the logistics centers are similar. Therefore, in order to determine the logistics center, we want to find out what kind of differentiated service the shippers desire, as well as what level of service they want in addition to al ow price. There are currently no studies about the service quality of logistics centers. The components of the service quality of the logistics center were extracted by applying them to the logistics center based on the existing service quality theory. Factor analysis revealed five dimensions of service quality: tangibility, reliability, empathy, assurance, and know-how. It was found that service quality had a statistically significant influence on customer satisfaction, from the investigation of the causal effect relationship. In addition, 'Know-How' among these factors has more influence on customer satisfaction, so it is important to accumulate differentiated 'Know-How' only in logistics centers.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.493-511
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• 2009

The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the characteristic methods of Mathematics Education. However, it is not simple to find the proper research method of Mathematics Education since Mathematics Education deals with the practice of teaching and learning mathematics, as well as the topics of scholarly research on the practice. Issues on Mathematics Education might vary with the epidemical aspects, which are basic attitudes toward the knowledge and understanding about Mathematics. Thus, this thesis will discuss two questions: First, What are the distinguishing characteristics of Mathematics Education as a field of study, when compared with ones of mathematics? Second, What are the characteristic methods of Mathematics Education, when compared with ones of other academic fields? For solving those questions, this thesis starts from meanings of science and education. And it also classifies Mathematics as formal science whereas Mathematics Education as social science by showing differences between Mathematics and Mathematics Education: research subject of Mathematics targets on mathematics itself and it uses the deductive method. On the other hand, Mathematics Education research handles the practice of mathematics of students and uses plausible reasoning. Also, it will also show why Mathematics Education shares lots of aspects with social science, not with natural science, which has many different characteristics from those of social science. Many researchers have agreed that Education should be categorized into the social science but misplaced Mathematics Education and Science Education into the natural science. It is true that physics and chemistry are natural science. And also it should be said that pure science is formal science. But it should be considered that just like Education, Mathematics Education and Science Education are in the category of social science.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.991-998
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• 2008

This study is to determine the effects of PCM concentration on the temperature changes of the air layers of a garment when the environmental temperature changes. The selected PCM was Nonadecane and coated on cotton fabrics with PCM concentrations 10%, 20%, and 30%. The temperature changes of the air layers between fabrics were measured by Human-Clothing-Environment Simulator which measure a dynamic heat transfer. After stabilizing at $34^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour, the multi layered garment system were exposed to $5^{\circ}C$ or $10^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes and then, exposed to $34^{\circ}C$ for 30minutes. The results like following could be obtained. When the environmental temperature changed high to low, temperature of the air layer increased by heating effect of PCM. In the contrast, when the environmental temperature changed low to high, the temperature increase of the air layer was delayed because of cooling effect by PCM. Also, the more concentration of PCM, the bigger the heating effect. Cooling effect showed more clearly at PCM concentration 20%. The temperature differences of the air layers between with PCM fabrics and with non-PCM fabrics were bigger at $10^{\circ}C$ than at $5^{\circ}C$. Consequently, though PCM has influenced on the temperature of the air layer by heating and cooling effect, those effects haven't shown in all layers equally. It was shown that the effect of PCM varied according to the layer in the case of multi layered garment system and heat gain as well as heat loss in the outermost layer had to be taken into account.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2013

The present study proposed a methodology to analyze the networking efficiency of arterial road networks. The methodology was motivated to design three-dimensional networks and to analyze the networking ability quantitatively, which is a novel approach compared to existing methods depending on the two-dimensional network definition and the qualitative analysis for improving arterial road networks. The method considered the interdependence between high-level freeways and low-level highways, the ITS-based information for traffic and road conditions, and the physical networking. These three factors were quantified by a networking index (NI), and the networking efficiency was measured by a networking rate (NR). The present study proved that the networking efficiency (NR) was influenced by travel information sharing (i.e., ITS) and physical factors. This supports the fact that the integrated improvements of physical and ITS factors are necessary for an arterial road. The proposed method was applied for an actual arterial road network. It was found that the nation-wide NR was higher than that for the metropolitan area, which might be due to the difficulty in switching between high- and low-level networks and the lack of ITS functions in the metropolitan area.