• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.343-347
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• 2011

Due to the strong dependence on fossil fuels within the history of human progress, it leads to disaster of the whole world like flood, shortage of water and extinction of the species. In order to curb carbon dioxide emissions, many technologies are being developed. Among them, porous carbon materials have important advantages over other absorbent, such as high surface area, thermal and chemical resistance, low cost, various pore distribution and low energy requirement for their regeneration. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has attracted the significant research efforts for reducing green house gas emission using several absorbent and process. Moreover, the absorbent are used for the separation of bio mass gas that contains methane which is considered a promising fuel as new green energy resource. In this review, we summarized the recent studies and trend about the porous carbon materials for CCS as well as separation from the biogas.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.38-49
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• 2018

Since the ratification of the Paris Agreement (COP21), the government is continuously strengthening policies for the reduction of greenhouse gas of the construction industry in accordance with the growing importance of reducing greenhouse gas and obligation of the government. Especially, the government emphasizes the need to improve the energy performance of old public buildings. Since 2014, the government is running a pilot project in which the government supports the construction cost of the green remodeling project of old public buildings and it is intended to develop the best practice of green remodeling and activate the green remodeling in the private sector. In this study, we analyzed the economical efficiency of the old public buildings by each level through green remodeling and conducted building related investigation and equipment measurement to plan the alternatives of the corresponding buildings. The improvement plan is a green remodeling plan that integrates alternatives. Five improvement plans were developed for each level to analyze the economic feasibility of each plan. As for the analysis method, the first energy demand amount calculation and the LCC analysis were performed through ECO2. In the LCC aspect, the improved 3/4 plan (middle level plan) was the most excellent and results were obtained in the order of the highest cost plan followed by the lowest cost plan. As a result, it is expected that it can be utilized as a basic data for future green remodeling performance plan and economic feasibility analysis in the future.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2023

To limit greenhouse gas emissions from ships, numerous environmental regulations and standards have been taken into effect. As a result, alternative fuels such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ammonia, and biofuels have been applied to ships. Most of these alternative fuels are low flashpoint fuels in the form of liquefied gas. Their use is predicted to continue to increase. Thus, management regulations for using low flash point fuel as a ship fuel are required. However, they are currently insufficient. In the case of LNG, ISO standards have been prepared in relation to bunkering. The Society for Gas as a Marine Fuel (SGMF), a non-governmental organization (NGO), has also prepared and published a guideline on LNG bunkering. The classification society also requires safety management areas to be designated according to bunkering methods and procedures for safe bunkering. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a procedure for setting a safety management area according to the type of fuel, environmental conditions, and leakage scenarios and verify it with a numerical method. In this study, as a feasibility study for establishing these procedures, application status and standards of the industry were reviewed. Classification guidelines and existing preceding studies were analyzed and investigated. Based on results of this study, a procedure for establishing a safety management area for bunkering in domestic ports of Korea can be prepared.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2016

Global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions is considered as a major problem worldwide, and many countries are making great efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Many technologies in post-combustion, pre-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion $CO_2$ capture have been developed. Among them, a hybrid pre-combustion $CO_2$ capture system of a water gas shift (WGS) reactor and a membrane gas separation unit was investigated. The 2 stage WGS reactor integrated high temperature shift (HTS) with a low temperature shift (LTS) was used to obtain a higher CO conversion rate. A Pd/Cu dense metal membrane was used to separate $H_2$ from $CO_2$ selectively. The performance of the hybrid system in terms of CO conversion and $H_2$ separation was evaluated using a 65% CO, 30 % $H_2$ and 5% $CO_2$ gas mixture for applications to pre-combustion $CO_2$ capture. The experiments were carried out over the range of WGS temperatures ($200-400^{\circ}C$), WGS pressures (0-20bar), Steam/Carbon (S/C) ratios (2.5-5) in a feed gas flow rate of 1 L/min. A very high CO conversion rate of 99.5% was achieved with the HTS-LTS 2 stage water gas shift reactor, and 83% $CO_2$ was concentrated in the retentate using the Pd/Cu membrane.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.393-402
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• 2017

In this study, greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions from bioenergy (biogas, biomass) have been estimated in Korea, 2015. This study for construction of reduction inventories as direct and indirect reduction sources was derived from IPCC 2006 guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, guidelines for local government greenhouse inventories published in 2016, also purchased electricity and steam indirect emission factors obtained from KPX, GIR respectively. As a result, the annual GHG reductions were estimated as $1,860,000tonCO_{2eq}$ accounting for 76.8% of direct reduction (scope 1) and 23.2% of indirect reduction (scope 2). Estimation of individual greenhouse gases (GHGs) from biogas appeared that $CO_2$, $CH_4$, $N_2O$ were $90,000tonCO_2$ (5.5%), $55,000tonCH_4$ (94.5%), $0.3tonN_2O$ (0.004%), respectively. In addition, biomass was $250,000tonCO_2$ (107%), $-300tonCH_4$ (-3.2%), $-33tonN_2O$ (-3.9%). For understanding the values of estimation method levels, field data (this study) appeared to be approximately 85.47% compared to installed capacity. In details, biogas and biomass resulting from field data showed to be 76%, 74% compared to installed capacity, respectively. In the comparison of this study and CDM project with GHG reduction unit per year installed capacity, this study showed as 42% level versus CDM project. Scenario analysis of GHG reductions potential from bioenergy was analyzed that generation efficiency, availability and cumulative distribution were significantly effective on reducing GHG.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.986-994
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• 2017

In this paper, $CO_2$ absorption of scrubber was tested for removal of high concentration $CO_2$. Liquid to gas ratio($18L/m^3$) and Superficial velocity(0.14 m/s) was determined through Lab-scale test. As flow rates increase 1, 2, 3, 4 and $5m^3/min$, $CO_2$ removal efficiency decrease 98.47%, 96.46%, 92.95%, 89.71% and 85.49%. Also, the scrubber operation made energy improvement(5.4%), energy saving(11.5 TOE/year) and greenhouse gases reduction(6.5 TC/year).

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.464-464
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• 2023

최근 이산화탄소(Carbon Dioxode, CO₂) 배출량 증가로 인하여 지구온난화와 같은 기후변화 문제가 심각한 사회 문제로 대두되고 있다. 이에 따라 2015년 12월 12일 프랑스 파리에서 열린 제21차 유엔기후변화협약에서 교토의정서를 대체하는 파리협정(Paris Agreement)을 채택하였으며, 국내에서는 이러한 국제사회의 기후변화 대응에 동참하고 온실가스 감축을 이행하기 위한 2050 탄소중립 정책을 추진하였다. 이산화탄소를 다량으로 발생시키는 철강·산업·건설·에너지 분야 중건설 분야에서 배출되는 이산화탄소는 전체 배출량의 19.9%로 특히 시멘트를 제조하는 과정에서 많은 양의 이산화탄소가 배출되고 있다. 기존의 건설 분야 에서는 이산화탄소를 저감하기 위해 콘크리트 배합 또는 양생과정에서 챔버 내 이산화탄소를 가스 형태로 주입하여 탄산화 반응을 통해 콘크리트 내부에 이산화탄소를 영구히 저장시키고자 하였다. 그러나 이는 챔버 사용, 양생조건 등 적용 조건이 제한적이며, 콘크리트 내 이산화탄소 흡수 효율이 높지 않아 이를 개선할 수 있는 기술이 필요하다. 이를 개선하기 위해 최근에는 콘크리트 배합수 내 이산화탄소를 용해시켜 배합과정에서 콘크리트 내부로 이산화탄소를 강제로 인입시키는 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 그러나 콘크리트 배합수로 사용되고 있는 일반물이나 지하수의 경우 가압을 하여도 약 1,400mg/L의 이산화탄소를 용해시키며, 가압을 통해 용해된 이산화탄소는 쉽게 대기 중으로 방출되는 한계점을 지니고 있어 현장에서 사용하기 어려운 문제가 있다. 이러한 한계점을 극복하기 위해서 본 연구에서는 200nm 이하의 크기를 가지는 나노버블기술을 이용해 압력을 가하지 않은 상태에서 수중에 이산화탄소를 용해시킬 수 있는 시스템을 개발하고자 한다. 나노버블기술을 이용한 수중 이산화탄소용해 시스템을 통해 수중에 이산화탄소를 용해시켜 콘크리트 배합수로 활용하기 위한 기초 연구가 될 것으로 판단된다.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.389-406
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• 2011

As part of a feasibility study for introducing carbon labeling of fruit products in Korea, we explore the use of carbon footprints for Korean kiwifruit from Gyeongnam region as a case study. In Korea, the Korean Environmental Industry and Technology Institute (KEITI) is responsible for the carbon footprint labeling certification, and has two types of certification programs: one program focuses on climate change response (carbon footprint labeling analysis) and the other on low-carbon products (reduction of carbon footprints analysis). Currently agricultural products have not yet been included in the program. Carbon labeling could soon be a prerequisite for the international trading of agricultural products. In general the carbon footprints of various agricultural products from New Zealand followed the methodology described in the ISO standards and conformed to the PAS 2050. The carbon footprint assessment focuses on a supply chain, and considers the foreground and the background systems. The basic scheme consists of four phases, which are the 'goal', 'scope', 'inventory analysis', and 'interpretation' phases. In the case of the carbon footprint of New Zealand kiwifruit the study tried to understand each phase's contribution to total GHG emissions. According to the results, shipping, orchard, and coolstore operation are the main life cycle stages that contribute to the carbon footprint of the kiwifruit supply chain stretching from the orchard in New Zealand to the consumer in the UK. The carbon emission of long-distance transportation such as shipping can be a hot-spot of GHG emissions, but can be balanced out by minimizing the carbon footprint of other life cycle phases. For this reason it is important that orchard and coolstore operations reduce the GHG-intensive inputs such as fuel or electricity to minimize GHG emissions and consequently facilitate the industry to compete in international markets. The carbon footprint labeling guided by international standards should be introduced for fruit products in Korea as soon as possible. The already established LCA methodology of NZ kiwifruit can be applied for fruit products as a case study.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 2014

Gangnam-gu, where the survey of residents' consciousness has been made in this study, is the district shows the highest rate of the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission per unit area except some industrial districts such as Gwangyang, Ulsan, and Pohang. The greenhouse gas emission amount of Gangnam-gu is 4,863,765 $tCO_2$ which accounts for 10 % of the total discharging amount of Seoul, 50,330,356 $tCO_2$, which is ranked the top greenhouse gas emission rate in the commercial category and the 2nd place in the household category. The average recognition rate for the 5 subjects of the global warming phenomenons has indicated to be 83.58%. A survey questioning about the main agent to reduce the greenhouse gas, in all age groups except 20s have replied that it should be done by themselves, the residents of Gangnam-gu. For the question of the role of local government to respond to the climate change, the necessity of establishing infrastructure which is suitable for walking and biking. For the other question about the educational facilities to cope with the climate change, many answered the relevant education should be processed from the middle and high schools. For the practical activities in daily life to respond to the climate change, many replies have shown that the energy and resource conservation has been practiced pretty well broadly, but the ecomileage (former carbon mileage) has not been practiced well. Also, many replies have pointed that there were no benefits or rewards for the people who practiced the eco-mileage in their daily lives, which indicates that a kind of incentive is necessary for the efforts to respond to the climate change from the local government to execute the policy substantially and effectively. This study has the purpose to search the political countermeasures to improve the potentiality to reduce the green house gas emission rate through the residents conscious survey about climate change and the political solution by the local government to improve the certain items which showed the lower awareness rate.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.471-478
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• 2012

A carbon capture and storage (CCS) plays a very important role to reduce $CO_2$ dramatically in $CO_2$ emission sources which are distributed throughout various areas. Numerous research works have been undertaken to analyze the techno-economic feasibility of planning the CCS infrastructure. However, uncertainties such as $CO_2$ emissions, $CO_2$ reduction costs, and carbon taxes may exist in various impact factors of the CCS infrastructure. However, few research works have adopted these uncertainties in designing the CCS infrastructure. In this study, a two-stage stochastic programming model is developed for planning the CCS infrastructure under uncertain operating costs and carbon taxes. It can help determine where and how much $CO_2$ to capture, store or transport for the purpose of minimizing the total annual $CO_2$ reduction cost in handling the uncertainties while meeting the $CO_2$ mitigation target. The capability of the proposed model to provide correct decisions despite changing the operating costs and carbon taxes is tested by applying it to a real case study based on Korea. The results will help to determine planning of a CCS infrastructure under uncertain environments.