• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.392-397
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• 2016

Zaluzanin C is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Ainsliaea acerifolia, a Korean medicinal plant. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of zaluzanin C were demonstrated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). Zaluzanin C inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) by alleviating the protein expression of inducible NO synthase in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, it suppressed the release of interleukin-6 induced by LPS. Zaluzanin C was also found to block the translocation of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-kB from the cytosol to the nucleus, which is one of the underlying mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory action of zaluzanin C. These data suggest the potential of zaluzanin C in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.797-804
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• 2016

In an acute toxicity test for Chrysanthemum indicum Linne, 0.5~10 g/kg of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne extracts were administered. Chrysanthemum indicum Linne did not produce acute toxicity even at high doses of 10 g/kg, making it a highly safe material. In the chronic toxicity test, oral administration of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne up to 2 g/kg was carried out for 13 weeks, showing liver non-toxicity. The gout inhibitory effect of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne extracts was measured by inflammatory cytokine expression and foot thickness after 24 h of monosodium urate crystal (MSU) oral administration when inflammatory cytokine production reached a maximum. The group administered 2~4 g/kg of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne extract showed an inhibitory effect on gout inflammation and edema, whereas the 10 g/kg administered group showed an increase in inflammation. Therefore, the moderate concentration of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne extract for gout inhibitory effect was under 4 g/kg. Chrysanthemum indicum Linne extract showed an anti-inflammatory effect on MSU as a relatively safe material at high capacity. These results indicate that Chrysanthemum indicum Linne extract is thought to be an excellent substance for gout prevention.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.464-469
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• 2007

The present study describes the preliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activities of Artemisia fukudo extracts. The 80% ethanol extract of A. fukudo was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, and butanol. In order to effectively screen for anti-inflammatory agents, we first examined the extracts’ inhibitory effects on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines activated with lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, we examined the inhibitory effects of the A. fukudo extracts on pro-inflammatory factors (NO, iNOS, COX-2, and $PGE_{2}$) in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The protein levels were determined by immunoblotting. Of the sequential solvent fractions, the n-hexane and dichloromethane fractions inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6), production of NO and $PGE_{2}$, and the protein levels of iNOS and COX-2. These results suggest that A. fukudo may have signifIcant effects on inflammatory factors, and may be a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic plant.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.311-320
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• 2016

Kava (Piper methysticum, P. methysticum) is used as traditional herbal medicine for urogenital diseases, rheumatisms, gastrointestinal problems, respiratory irritations, and pulmonary pains. We identified a flavokavain C (FKC) from P. methysticum, which showed anti-inflammatory activity on nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$)-dependent nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. FKC inhibited accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, and was able to dose-dependently reduce the LPS-induced NO production and the expression of various inflammation-associated genes (iNOS, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6) through inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPKs (ERK and JNK). In conclusion, these results indicate that FKC may have the potential to prevent inflammation process including NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPKs pathways, and it could be applicable to functional cosmetics for anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.477-484
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of ginger and processed (Beopje) ginger on colitis induced by 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in Balb/c mice. Beopje means a process that herbal medicines are treated by a specific Korean traditional method in order to obtain better pharmacological effects. Mice were fed saline or two different doses of ethanol extracts (ginger and processed (Beopje) ginger) once a day for 14 days. Colitis was induced from day 7 to 14 via administration of 2.5% DSS in drinking water. Experimental animals were divided into four groups: Nor (Normal, 200 ${\mu}L$ of saline without 2.5% DSS-treated group), Con (Control, 200 ${\mu}L$ of saline and 2.5% DSS treated group), G (500 mg/kg of ginger and 2.5% DSS treated group), and BG (500 mg/kg of Beopje ginger and 2.5% DSS treated group). Body weights of both ginger-administered groups increased compared to the control. Colon length increased to 7.6, and 8.0 cm in the G and BG groups, respectively, whereas that of control was 5.7 cm. Histological colon injury induced by DSS-induced colitis was reduced (P<0.05). In serum and DSS-treated colon tissues, mRNA expression levels of IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-12 of the Beopje ginger-treated group were significantly suppressed compared to those of the ginger-treated groups. Expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 of the Beopje ginger-treated group were significantly reduced compared to those of the ginger-treated groups (P<0.05), and BG showed stronger anti-inflammatory effects on colitis. These results indicated that ginger exerted anti-inflammatory effects on DSS-induced colitis in mice, and its effects could be increased through Beopje.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1254-1260
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• 2012

The moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) plant is used both as food and an anti-allergic agent. In this study, we investigated skin protection effects of methanol extracts from the root, seed, fruit, and leaves of moringa in HaCaT keratinocyte cells. To investigate the pharmacological potential of various moringa extracts on TNF-${\alpha}$-induced collagen degradation in HaCaT cells, we measured the activity of matrix metallopeptidase-9,2 (MMP-9,2) by zymography analysis. Our results showed that all the moringa extracts inhibit the TNF-${\alpha}$-induced enzyme activity of MMP-9. In particular, moringa root extracts significantly suppressed MMP-9 and MMP-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Next, to investigate the anti-inflammation effect of the moringa extracts, we examined cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression of the extracts. The results showed that both the root extracts and the seed extracts decreased the TNF-${\alpha}$-induced expression of COX-2. In addition, the root and leaf extracts reduced the expression of IL-6. However, none of the moringa extracts affected the expression of iNOS. The results suggest that moringa root extracts down-regulate MMP-9, COX-2, and IL-6 and that the root extracts offer superior skin protection effects compared with other extracts of moringa in HaCaT cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.70-80
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of red ginseng-derived non-saponin fraction (NSF) on inflammatory responses and monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in RAW264.7 and THP-1. NSF effectively inhibited inflammatory responses by downregulating nitric oxide (NO) production and protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). NSF ($2000{\mu}g/mL$) decreased the levels of NO, iNOS, and COX-2 by 33, 83, and 64%, respectively. NSF inhibited the differentiation of monocyte-to-macrophage by decreasing cell adherence along with downregulation of the cluster of differentiation molecule $11{\beta}$ ($CD11{\beta}$) and CD36. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), were significantly reduced with NSF treatment. The NSF-mediated inhibition of inflammatory responses was due to the regulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). NSF effectively suppressed the translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ into the nucleus, while nuclear Nrf2 and its target protein, heme oxygenase-1, levels were significantly increased.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2017

Hyaluronidase inhibitory activity as inflammatory factor of Koreinsis chinensis leaf ethanol extract was showed higher inhibitory activity than water extract. 29.5% inhibitory activity was shown at concentration of $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations ($5-25{\mu}g/mL$) of Koreinsis chinensis leaf extract and the amount of nitric oxide (NO) was determined; LPS-treated cells produced 3 times more NO than non-LPS treated cells. Moreover, the NO production in cells treated with Koreinsis chinensis leaf extract showed inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner. Due to the stimulant-induced NO production is regulated by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), we determined the iNOS protein level to elucidate the mechanism by which the NO production was inhibited. It was reduced by 40% with a Koreinsis chinensis leaf extract concentration of $25{\mu}g/mL$ and identified iNOS inhibition in dose-dependent manner. The prostaglandin $E_2$ production in cells treated with Koreinsis chinensis leaf extract was reduced by 26.2% at concentration of $25{\mu}g/mL$. The protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells was inhibited by 64% at $25{\mu}g/mL$ of Koreinsis chinensis leaf extract. Koreinsis chinensis leaf extract had a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the production of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin-6 as pro-inflammatory cytokine in LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells at $25{\mu}g/mL$ of Koreinsis chinensis leaf extract. Their levels were decreased by 61.7 and 62% respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.144-160
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• 2007

목 적 : 이 연구는 천식, 기관지염, 폐렴, 결핵, 산후감모 등의 호흡기 질환에 사용되는 청폐화담탕(淸肺化痰湯)의 항염작용(抗炎作用)의 효과에 대해 알아보기 위해 시행되었다. 방 법 : 청폐화담탕(淸肺化痰湯)의 항염작용(抗炎作用)의 효과를 평가하기 위해 세포독성에 미치는 영향, NO, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-l${\beta}$, IL-6 생성량에 미치는 영항, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-l${\beta}$, IL-6 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향, iNOS, 염증cytokine 유전자 및 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향, PGE$_2$ 합성에 미치는 영향 및 NF-${\kappa}$B 활성에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험평가를 하였다. 결 과 : 청폐화담탕(淸肺化痰湯)은 MTT 분석을 통한 RAW 264.7 세포주의 생존력 평가에서 세포독성이 없었고, LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포주에서 NO 생성량을 농도 의존적으로 억제하였다. 청폐화담탕(淸肺化痰湯)은 400 g/ml 농도에서 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포주에 대해 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6 생성량을 각각 41.86${\pm}$2.26 %, 61.11${\pm}$2.54 %, 55.33${\pm}$3.65 % 억제하였으며 TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1${\beta}$ 및 IL-6 유전자 발현을 농도 의존적으로 억제하였고, LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포주에서 iNOS와 COX-2 유전자 및 단백질 발현은 농도 의존적으로 억제하였다. 또한 그 농도에 따라 PGE$_2$ 생성량이 현저하게 억제하였고, LPS로 유도된 NF-${\kappa}$B 전사활성을 농도 의존적으로 억제함으로써 iNOS와 염증Cytokine 유전자 발현을 하향조절 하였다. 결 론 : 이상의 실험을 통해 청폐화담탕(淸肺化痰湯)은 LPS로 유도된 macrophage에서 NO와 염증Cytokine 생성량을 억제하였고 murine macrophage에서 NF-${\kappa}$B 활성을 억제함으로써 iNOS와 염증Cytokine 유전자 발현을 하향조절 하였다. 이러한 청폐화담탕(淸肺化痰湯)의 항염작용으로 천식, 기관지염, 폐렴, 결핵, 산후감모 등의 호흡기 질환에 응용할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2008

목 적 : 동맥경화 유발에 있어서 중요한 역할을 수행하는 부착분자는 혈관내피세포가 염증성 물질에 자극 받아서 생성된다. 본 연구는 항염증성 curcumin이 혈관내피세포 부착분자 발현에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 방 법 : 혈관내피세포는 HUVEC을 사용하였고, 염증성 물질 $TNF-\alpha$로 자극하였다. 결 과 : Curcumin은 부착분자 VCAM-1 및 ICAM-1 발현을 억제시켜, 혈관내피세포에 백혈구가 부착되는 것을 억제하였다. Curcumin은 ICAM-1 및 VCAM-1 promoter 활성을 억제하였고, 또한 억제 kB의 인산화를 차단하였다. Curcumin은 NF-kB p65의 핵내 이동을 차단하였고, 세포내 ROS 양을 감소시켰고, JNK 및 p38 인산화를 억제시켰다. 그러나 curcumin은 TNF 수용체 I및 II에 어떠한 영향도 미치지 못했다. 결 론 : Curcumin이 NF-kB 비활성화 및 p38과 JNK의 기능저하를 매개로 VCAM-1 및 ICAM-1의 발현을 억제할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.