• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-40
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• 2007

The research in this paper, for the effective implementation of CBD PoW PA(Program of Work on Protected Areas of Convention on Biological Diversity) that was adopted by CBD COP7(Conference of the Parties) in 2004, shows the objectives and activities of 9 each subject in PoW PA regarding domestic status and cases of national park management. Before anything else, according to the result of the review on the status of protected areas in Korea, there are 1,119 protected areas which are classified into 14 types and the total area is about $15,621km^2$. After a thorough review on 9 each subject about the implementation of CBD PoW PA, we found out that some parts such as management planning, prevention and alleviation of threats, and establishment of PAs system, are improved while financial support, improved social benefit, and MEE(Management Effectiveness Evaluation} fields are need to be improved. Especially regarding time-bound, ecological gap analysis on national level and MEE are need to be improved immediately. This paper could help us to understand the current status of PAs management system in Korea and to prepare national reports of CBD and implementation report of PoW PA. Based on research and results of this paper, we need to find the fields that have gaps in order to meet the requirements of the CBD PoW PA and the implementation tools that are suitable for managing Korea's protected areas. To effectively implement the various activities which require a systematic approach on the national level, the establishment of the networks among relevant organizations for protected areas are vital. To effectively reach the ultimate goal of CBD PoW PA, reducing the rate of biodiversity loss, it is essential that lots of plans established by authorities must be carried out in a constant manner to achieve goals of CBD PoW PA.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.21-32
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• 2012

The current beauty service of Korea is upgrading its outside appearance from traditional small-shop image and its speed of change and competition are more severe than ever before. The top priority trait of beauty management is based on man-power resource, and personnel-management is the most important thing that more than anything else. Compared with other arenas of business, personnel management plays a key role in beauty industry. As a result, this research begins with the issue of personnel management. In addition, I will show that the management leadership of beauty service affects organization civil actions and changing jobs in the beauty industry employees, and the leadership can lower changing job rate to some extent. The role and duty of business manager is very significant because the dependence of man-power resource is magnificent in beauty service. In spite of rapid changing of economic surroundings, the management of beauty service is still working without any detail plans. It is no exaggeration to say that the most of beauty service managers are lack of leadership conception. Although the demands of customers are changing everyday, the frequent changing of jobs among talented employees drops customers credibility and high-quality service. From a management viewpoint, re-training cost of employees leads to economic loss and the company suffers from financial problems. As a result, it creates vicious circle in the beauty industry. Today, the management atmosphere in the beauty service is hard to get its right track because of the cutthroat competitions of beauty industry and difficulties of hiring promising employees. It has been said that "Nothing ventured, Nothing gained" Above all, the beauty service requires job speciality and it produces economic profits. Therefore, the managers desperately need to change the way they regard those with job changers. In this research shows the principal index of the leadership type of beauty business managers how much affects its employees' long-term working condition. The new concept of leadership, such as alternative suggestions, setting goals, and organization civil action will reorganize the stereo-type frame. I will also investigate the factors of job changing and intention of the beauty service employees for the development option of the beauty industry.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 2014

Understanding and quantifying of carbon storage in ecosystem is very important factor for predicting change of global carbon cycle under the global climate change. We estimated total ecosystem carbon in Gyeryongsan National Park with naturally well preserved ecosystem in Korea. Vegetation of Gyeryongsan National Park was classified with mainly four communities with Quercus mongolica (1,743.5 ha, 38.0%), Quercus variabilis (1,174.0 ha, 25.6%), Quercus serrata (971.9 ha, 21.2%), Pinus densiflora (695.2 ha, 15.2%). Biomass and soil carbons were calculated from biomass allometric equations based on the DBH and carbon contents of soil and litter collected in quadrat in each community. The tree biomass carbon was in Quercus variabilis ($130.1tCha^{-1}$), Pinus densiflora ($111.1tCha^{-1}$), Quercus mongolica ($76.2tCha^{-1}$), Quercus serrata ($39.0tCha^{-1}$). Soil carbon storage was in Quercus mongolica ($159.7tCha^{-1}$), Quercus serrata ($121.0tCha^{-1}$), Pinus densiflora ($110.5tCha^{-1}$), Quercus variabilis ($90.8tCha^{-1}$). Ecosystem carbon storage was Pinus densiflora ($239.9tCha^{-1}$), Quercus mongolica ($235.9tCha^{-1}$), Quercus variabilis ($226.0tCha^{-1}$), Quercus serrata ($165.9tCha^{-1}$), total amount was $867.7tCha^{-1}$. The area of each vegetation carbon storage was Quercus mongolica ($411,200tCha^{-1}$), Quercus variabilis ($265,300tCha^{-1}$), Pinus densiflora ($166,800tCha^{-1}$), Quercus serrata ($161,200tCha^{-1}$) and the total ecosystem carbon amount estimated $1,045,400tCha^{-1}$ at Gyeryongsan National Park. Theses results indicate that different in naturally well preserved ecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.192-217
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• 2001

Object：This study was carried out to classify adolescents in runaway shelters by evaluating their psychopathology. And the ultimate purpose is to offer basic data for preventing adolescents‘ runaway and for diversifying runaway shelters suitable for the problem of individual adolescent. Method：128 adolescents who stay in the runaway shelters were asked to complete self-report qeustionnaires including basic sociodemographic data, Child Behavior Check List(CBCL), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI), and Symptom Check List-90-Revised(SCL-90-R). Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(K-WAIS)[or Korean Educational Developmental Institute-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(KEDI-WISC)] and Bender-Gestalt test(BGT) were also done by clinical psychologists. Results：The most common age of the subjects were 15-year-old, and they dropped out their schools in the middle school most commonly. Mostly they were from middle class family and their parents' educational level were high school graduates. The first runaway episode was most common in the middleschool period, and their runaways were repeated. The most common frequency of runaways were more than 10 times. About 10% of them abused drugs and about 80% of them abused alcohol. One third of them had experiences of illegal problems and 10% of them engaged in sexual activity for money. 95 adolescents(83%) in CBCL, 42 adolescents(36%) in SCL-90-R, and 70 adolescents(69.3%) in MMPI showed clinical significance. In intelligence test, 22 adolescents(22%) were mentally retarded. In BGT, 35 adolescents(39.4%) manifested brain dysfunction signs. Conclusion：Runaway adolescents in the shelters have variable and severe psychopathology. Their psychopathology is classified as follows；The behavior disorder group, the mood disorder group with anxiety/depression, the somatic disorder group with somatic symptoms, and the psychosis group with possibility of severe psychopathology. Therefore it is very important to evaluate psychiatric problems of runaway adolescents, and specific therapeutic interventions according to their problems are required.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was carried out to provide the basic information for developing intervention programs for volunteers by identifying the burdens felt by hospice volunteers and the factors related to such burdens. Methods: The subjects were 243 hospice volunteers at 8 hospitals of The Catholic University of Korea. A questionnaire was carried out: 25 questions about the burdens to the participants and 47 questions about the quality of life. The data obtained was analyzed using the SAS program to conduct t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient test. Results: 1. The mean total score of the burdens felt by the hospice volunteers was $53.3{\pm}10.4$. There was no significant difference in the level of burden depending on the demographic characteristics of the hospice volunteers. But the burden in care of high education and low quality of life increased significantly. 2. The level of burden to the hospice volunteers decreased significantly as their families more favored their volunteer activities. The subjects felt the highest burden in: family care, physical care spiritual care, emotional care, and after-death care, in this order. 3. The level of burden related to each factors was high in the burden due to patient care, sense of achievement, and volunteer activities, in this order. 4. There was a reverse correlation between the level of burden to hospice volunteers and their quality of life. Conclusion: In order to reduce the burdens to hospice volunteers and to help them tate care of patients more effectively, it would be necessary to provide the education programs about practical patient care problems and to develop measures for improving their quality of life, taking into account their level of education, family's support, and difficulties in their volunteer activities.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.38
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• pp.7-32
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• 2014

This study is aimed to analyze problems of police budgetary execution and to suggest better ways for establishing effective budget implementation as well as legitimacy of securing budget in the field of police work. For this purpose, this paper analyzed the annual reports on police budgetary execution, from 2009 to 2012, conducted by National Assembly Budget Office. In result, most parts of the police budgetary execution were not satisfied with the audit standard, and especially in terms of management of budgetary execution, it showed 40% in inappropriateness. In addition, excessive and underestimate appropriation in the police budgetary execution, which happened frequently in other offices, was recorded on the second place. 10% of the amount of budget was executed for ordinance violence. Given results analyzed from each division, Transportation Division occupied 40% of the amount of related problems and all of types in the field did not meet the audit standard, thus it is required to manage budgetary execution effectively. In terms of Public Safety Division, the problem was related to budgetary allocation prior to execution, such as overlap in other works, excessive and underestimate appropriation, and inappropriate business plans. Director General for Planning and Coordination did not meet the standard of law system maintenance, Given the light of the result of analyzing programs, traffic safety and securing communication was the most problematic and support for police administration, crime prevention and protecting the disadvantaged, educating professional police officers, and establishment of policing infrastructure were required to be reformed in sequence. In order to resolve these problems, it is demanded to check budgetary execution and the process in business plans on a regular basis. Additionally, in case of using budget in inappropriate parts, tough penality including reduction of budget in related to the local police should be implemented to increase the importance of budgetary execution. Moreover, because of the fact that a part of problem of budgetary execution was originally caused by the budgetary allocation, it is advised to allocate police budget using the budget proposal of National Finance Act and Ministry of Strategy and Finance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1443-1451
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• 2008

This study was performed to develop menu satisfaction index in Business & Industry (B&I) food service and to survey customer's menu satisfaction using the index. The menu satisfaction index included 16 items with Likert 5 point. Cronbach's alpha to assess the internal reliability of the developed scales was 0.8917, which indicated highly reliable. Construct validity was assessed by principal components analysis and then four factors explaining 65.964% of the total variance were found. Among the 15 items of menu satisfaction, the average scores of all items were above 3.0 out of 5. As a result of analysis on menu satisfaction factors, 'propriety of food temperature' (3.52 out of 5) was the highest consideration followed by 'sufficiency of format' (3.46), 'excellence in food' (3.35) and 'well-being orientation' (3.31). It could be said that customer's perception on the menu quality was very positive. Four factors were correlated with overall menu satisfaction positively. Especially, 'excellence in food', and 'well-being orientation' and 'sufficiency of format' affected significantly on overall menu satisfaction. It concluded that customers were satisfied with portion size, temperature, price but their needs for taste and health/nutrition-related service would be increased. The menu satisfaction developed in this study should be applied to other B & I food service operation by type.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.1 s.54
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• pp.65-82
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• 1996

This study was carried out to study the changing patterns in muscle activities in Angle's II and Class III malocclusion patients following activator therapy, To study the activities of anterior temporal(T.A.), masseter(M.M.), posterior temporal(T.P.), and anterior belly of digastric(D.A.) muscles, surface electrodes were placed on 15 Angle's Class II and 17 Angle's Class III malocclusion patients and following conclusions were obtained after electromyographic recordings were taken at prior to the activator therapy and at some time between 6 -12 month after the start of activator therapy. 1. Class II and Class III malocclusion groups, when compared to normal occlusiongroup, showed no significant differences during resting and swallowing. But significant differences were observed in masseter and posterior temporal muscles during clenching. 2. Most of the muscles studied showed a certain pattern, that is those groups whose pre-treatment E.M.G. were lower than the normal value showed significant increase after activator therapy, whereas those groups whose pre-treatment E.M.G. were higher than the normal value showed significant decrease after activator therapy. This pattern was observed in all of the muscle groups studied except T.A.(swallowing), T.P.(clenching) and D.A.(swallowing, clenching) in Angle's Class III malocclusion group and in Angle's Class II malocclusion group, above tendency were observed only in T.A.(swallowing), M.M.(resting, swallowing) and T.P.(clenching). This pattern was less obvious during clenching. 3. When E.M.G. activity after activator therapy between Angle's Class II and Class III malocclusion group was compared, Class III malocclusion group showed more increase during resting, and Class II malocclusion group showed more increase during swallowing and clenching excepting M.M. and D.A. respectively.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2007

A thermal neutron beam facility utilizing a typical tangential beam port for Neutron Capture Therapy was installed at the HANARO, 30 MW multi-purpose research reactor. Mixed beams with different physical characteristics and relative biological effectiveness would be emitted from the BNCT irradiation facility, so a quantitative analysis of each component of the mixed beams should be performed to determine the accurate delivered dose. Thus, various techniques were applied including the use of activation foils, TLDs and ionization chambers. All the dose measurements were perform ed with the water phantom filled with distilled water. The results of the measurement were compared with MCNP4B calculation. The thermal neutron fluxes were $1.02E9n/cm^2{\cdot}s\;and\;6.07E8n/cm^2{\cdot}s$ at 10 and 20 mm depth respectively, and the fast neutron dose rate was insignificant as 0.11 Gy/hr at 10 mm depth in water The gamma-ray dose rate was 5.10 Gy/hr at 20 mm depth in water Good agreement within 5%, has been obtained between the measured dose and the calculated dose using MCNP for neutron and gamma component and discrepancy with 14% for fast neutron flux Considering the difficulty of neutron detection, the current study support the reliability of these results and confirmed the suitability of the thermal neutron beam as a dosimetric data for BNCT clinical trials.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.60
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• pp.33-61
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• 2019

It is quite difficult to actually prove the effectiveness of so-called target-hardening, one of the various strategies used to reduce crime, one of the serious problems in society recently. In particular, three to five minutes is often used as golden time for intruders to give up or stop, which is based on foreign and some indirect research cases in Korea, but there were no studies that more directly identified the average break-in operation time or the abandonment time based on the elapsed time when the shield hardware resists intruders. This study was the first of its kind in Korea to investigate and verify samples of 90 inmates of break-in burglars who were imprisoned in August 2018 by profiling the average criminal experience, education level, age, height and weight of typical Korean professional break-in thieves, and specific criminal methods, average break-in operation time, and the criteria for giving up if not breached. According to the analysis results, in the survey on the number of pre-invasion theft crimes by intruders, many of the respondents who participated in the survey were criminals of professional invasions, and by their physical characteristics, there was not much difference from ordinary adult men. Residential facilities were the highest in the world, followed by commercial and educational facilities. According to the survey on the types of facilities that committed intrusion into residential facilities, it was not safe to say that single-family housing accounted for the largest portion of single-family housing, multi-family housing, apartment high-rise (more than three stories), and apartment low-rise (more than one to three stories) among residential facilities, and that the ratio of apartment high-rise was higher than expected. Based on the average time required to break into a place for an intrusion crime, it is assumed that the psychological time worked in a place where the break-in was difficult, since the break-in was not performed while measuring the time of the break-in operation. In the case of time to give up a crime, more than half of the respondents said they would give up the crime even in less than four minutes, suggesting that a significant number of intrusive crimes can be prevented even if the facility has four minutes of intrusion resistance. This proves that most intruders will give up the break-in if the break-in resistance performance of the security facility is exercised for more than five minutes.