• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.687-689
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• 2007

본 논문은 2005 년부터 2006 년도까지 정보통신부의 지원 하에 한국전자통신연구원 언어처리연구팀에서 성공적으로 개발하여 현재 산업자원부 특허지원센터에서 대용량의 영어 특허문서를 대상으로 한국어 자동번역 서비스를 제공하고 있는 특허 전문 영한 번역기에 대해 기술한다. 특히 본 논문에서는 일반 도메인을 대상으로 한 기존의 영한 번역기를 제한된 도메인을 대상으로 한 영한번역기로 개량하고자 할 때, 개량하는 방법으로써 제한된 도메인에 대한 특화 절차에 대해서 기술한다. 이와 같이 특화 절차에 따라 구축된 특허 전문 영한 번역기 번역률을 특허 분야 중에 주요 5개 분야(기계, 전기전자, 화학일반, 의료위생, 컴퓨터)에 대해 특허전문번역가가 평가한 결과, 평균 82.43%가 나왔다. 또한 전기전자 분야 특허문서를 대상으로 특허 전문 영한 번역기와 일반 도메인을 대상으로 한 영한 번역기와의 번역률을 평가한 결과, 특허 전문 영한 번역기는 82.20%, 일반 도메인 대상 영한 번역기는 54.25%의 번역률을 내어, 특허에 특화된 특허 전문 영한 번역기가 특화되지 않은 일반 도메인의 영한 번역기에 비해 27.95%나 더 높은 결과를 알 수 있었다.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.53
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• pp.131-161
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• 2018

Emotional expressions are expressions that show the internal condition of mind or consciousness. Types of emotional expressions include vocabulary that describes emotion, the composition of sentences that expresses emotion such as an exclamatory sentence and rhetorical question, expressions of interjection, appellation, causative, passive, adverbs of attitude for an idea, and a style of writing. This study focuses on vocabulary that describes emotion and analyzes the aspect of translation when emotional expressions of 'Hu(怖)' is shown on "Kokoro". The aspect of translation was analyzed by three categories as follows; a part of speech, handling of subjects, and classification of meanings. As a result, the aspect of translation for expressions of Hu(怖)' showed that they were translated to vocabulary as they were suggested in the dictionary in some cases. However, they were not always translated as they were suggested in the dictionary. Vocabulary that described the emotion of 'Hu(怖)' in Japanese sentences were mostly translated to their corresponding parts of speech in Korean. Some adverbs needed to add 'verbs' when they were translated. Also, different vocabulary was added or used to maximize emotion. However, the correspondence of a part of speech in English was different from Korean. Examples of Japanese sentences that expressed 'Hu(怖)' by verbs were translated to expression of participles for passive verbs such as 'fear', 'dread', 'worry', and 'terrify' in many cases. Also, idioms were translated with focus on the function of sentences rather than the form of sentences. Examples, what was expressed in adverbs did not accompany verbs of 'Hu (怖)'. Instead, it was translated to the expression of participles for passive verbs and adjectives such as 'dread', 'worry', and 'terrify' in many cases. The main agents of emotion were shown in the first person and the third person in simple sentences. The translation on emotional expressions when a main agent was the first person showed that the fundamental word order of Japanese was translated as it was in Korean. However, adverbs of time and adverbs of degree tended to be added. Also, the first person as the main agent of emotion was positioned at the place of subject when it was translated in English. However, things or the cause of events were positioned at the place of subject in some cases to show the degree of 'Hu(怖)' which the main agent experienced. The expression of conjecture and supposition or a certain visual and auditory basis was added to translate the expression of emotion when the main agent of emotion was the third person. Simple sentences without a main agent of emotion showed that their subjects could be omitted even if they were essential components because they could be known through context in Korean. These omitted subjects were found and translated in English. Those subjects were not necessarily humans who were the main agents of emotion. They could be things or causes of events that specified the expression of emotion.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2018

Objective : This study aimed to perform a translation, backward translation, item modification, and test of content validity for Korean version of Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP). Methods : Professors in department of occupational therapy, translators, or occupational therapists participated in the processes of translation, comparison and synthesis I, backward translation, comparison and synthesis II, test of understanding, and modify of items. Content Validity Indices (CVI) was calculated for data analysis by using Microsoft Office Excel. Results : Results of comparison between the original MAP and Korean MAP in professor panels were mean $3.66{\pm}0.40$, item-level CVI (I-CVI) 0.94, and overal scale CVI (S-CVI) 0.83. In agreement, result of comparison between of the original MAP and backward translated MAP (version English) was mean 3.14. The erroneous content was omission 13 times, the addition 3 times, the substitution 6 times, erroneous terms 11 times, and reordering 6 times. Average of understanding test in the therapist panels was $3.66{\pm}0.27$. The agreements were I-CVI 0.93 and S-CVI 0.58. Conclusion : Using assessment tools that developed in another country is important to do test of content validity and systematic translation process in Korea. For developing Korean version of MAP, validity and reliability studies need to be followed in near future.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.51
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• pp.329-356
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• 2018

Types of emotional expressions are comprised of vocabulary that describes emotion and composition of sentences to express emotion such as an exclamatory sentence and a rhetorical question, expressions of interjection, adverbs of attitude for an idea, and a style of writing. This study is focused on vocabulary that describes emotion and analyzes the aspect of translation when emotional expression of 'Kyo(驚)' is shown in "Kokoro". As a result, the aspect of translation for expression of 'Kyo(驚)' showed that it was translated to vocabulary as suggested in the dictionary in some cases. However, it was not always translated as suggested in the dictionary. Vocabulary that describes the emotion of 'Kyo(驚)' in Japanese sentences is mostly translated to corresponding parts of speech in Korean. Some adverbs needed to add 'verbs' when they were translated. Different vocabulary was added or used to maximize emotion. However, the corresponding part of speech in English was different from Korean. Examples of Japanese sentences expressing 'Kyo(驚)' by verbs were translated to expression of participles for passive verbs such as 'surprise' 'astonish' 'amaze' 'shock' 'frighten' 'stun' in many cases. Idioms were also translated with focus on the function of sentences rather than the form of sentences. Those expressed in adverbs did not accompany verbs of 'Kyo(驚)'. They were translated to expression of participles for passive verbs and adjectives such as 'surprise' 'astonish' 'amaze' 'shock' 'frighten' 'stun' in many cases. Main agents of emotion were showat the first person and the third person in simple sentences. Translation of emotional expressions when a main agent was the first person showed that the fundamental word order of Japanese was translated as in Korean. However, adverbs of time and adverbs of degree were ended to be added. The first person as the main agent of emotion was positioned at the place of subject when it was translated in English. However, things or causes of events were positioned at the place of subject in some cases to show the degree of 'Kyo(驚)' which the main agent experienced. The expression of conjecture and supposition or a certain visual and auditory basis was added to translate the expression of emotion when the main agent of emotion was the third person. Simple sentences without the main agent of emotion showed that their subjects could be omitted even if they were essential components because they could be known through context in Korean. These omitted subjects were found and translated in English. Those subjects were not necessarily human who was the main agent of emotion. They could be things or causes of events that specified the expression of emotion.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 2001

이 논문의 목적은 재활기능을 측정하는 FIM 도구(영문)를 한국어로 번역하고 한국 한국문화에 적합한지를 문화적 타당도를 검증하기 위함이다. 이를 위해 FIM 도구를 소개하고 타당도 검증을 위해 Flaherty et al.(1988) 등이 소개한 횡문화적 일치성 검증을 위한 5가지 단계 중 2가지 단계 즉 전문가 집단의 내용타당도 검증과 역번역 절차를 사용하였다. 연구 결과 FIM 도구는 사회 심리적 도구가 아닌 재활환자의 기능을 측정하기 위해 사용된 도구여서 여기에 사용된 용어나 문장들은 비교적 간결하고 번역에 혼동을 초래할 수 있는 형용사나 은유법은 거의 사용되지 않아서 의미는 일치한 수준으로 나타났다. 그러나 47쪽에 해당되는 방대한 도구를 번역함에 있어 연구자가 5문장을 해석하지 않은 것이 나타나 재해석을 하였고, 의미를 더 정확하게 전하게 하기 위해 '사고 없음'의 문장을 '옷이나 침요에 실금하여 적시는 사고가 없음'으로 풀어서 설명하였고, '배뇨 사고 없음' 혹은 '배변 사고 없음'으로 번역하였다. 생활양식의 차이로 인해 크게 2가지 차이가 나타나 한국에서 이 도구를 사용하고자 할 때는 신뢰도 검증은 물론 다소의 변형이 불가피 한 것으로 나타났다. 2가지의 생활양식의 차이는 식습관의 차이와 온돌과 침대 문화의 차이였다. 첫째, 한국에서는 식사시에 포크 대신 젓가락을 사용한다. 그러나 손을 잘 사용하지 못하는 장애인의 경우 젓가락 대신 포크를 사용하게 되므로 이 때 포크 사용은 보조기로 고려되어서 측정 점수는 7점이 아닌 6점으로 측정되어야 할 것을 제안한다. 둘째, 한국 사람들은 온돌문화를 갖고 있어 전통 양식의 가옥에 거주하는 장애인의 경우 개조된 가옥에서는 휠체어를 사용 할 수 있지만 그렇지 않은 경우 휠체어 없이 앉아서 침대나 욕실 및 변기로 이동이 가능하다. 이런 경우 앉아서 이동할 수있는 환자들의 기능 정도를 정밀하게 검토하여 측정 가능한 점수로 환원해서 사용할 것을 제안한다.

• Communications of the Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 1983

여러 분야에서 computer의 이용이 활발해짐에 따라 computer에 대한 올 바른 이해와 일반이 널리 이용할 수 있는 편리한 사용법의 연구를 필요로 하여 본 연구소 전자계산실에서는 computer언어의 한글화를 착한하여 Automatic Language Translation과 이를 활용한 한글 program의 일반화를 시도하여 보았 다. computer에 의한 번역은 1950년부터 연구의 대상이 되어 1960년 Harvard 대 학의 Oettinger교수 team에 의한 Russian$\longrightarrow$English 번역을 계기로 현재 각 국에 서 활발히 연구 개발 중인 테-마이다. 특히 개발 도상에 있는 우리나라로써는 이 과제를 해결하여 선진국의 기술정보, 학술 논문, 참고 서적 등을 어학능력에 구애 됨이 없이, 광범위하게 접할 수 있게 된다면 국가적인 발전에 기여할 수 있음은 물론 교육적인 견지에서도 다대한 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다. 언어는 특수한 지 역의 환경과 공동 관심속에서 고래의 뿌리깊은 전통과 관습으로 계승되어온 의사 전달의 매개체로써 특종의 適否에 대한 외적 조건을 만족시켜야 한다는 점이 분 명하여 생성된 문장들이 그 언어를 사용하는 토박이에게 충분히 용납되어야 한다 는 점에서 한 언어를 다른 언어로 번역하는데는 허다한 난점이라는 가정하에 무 한수의 문장을 만들어 낼 수 있다는 가능성을 가진 것으로 일종의 반복 장치를 가지게 되면 무한수의 문장을 생성할 수 있다는 이론을 근거로 한글 program, 한 영 번역 및 영한 번역의 실험 작업 단계에서 그 중간 과정을 소개해 본다.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 2004

There are many syntactic similarities between Japanese and Korean language. These similarities enable us to build Japanese-Korean translation systems without depending cm sophisticated syntactic analysis and semantic analysis. To further improve translation accuracy, we have been developing a Japanese-Korean translation system using these similarities for several years. However, there still remain some problems with regard to translation of inflected words, processing of multi-translatable words and so on. In this paper, we propose a new method for Japanese-Koran machine translation by using the relationships of two neighboring words. To solve the problems, we investigate the connection rules of auxiliary verb priority. And we design the translation table, which consists of entry tables and connection form tables. for unambiguous words, we can translate a Japanese word to the corresponding Korean word in terms of direct-matching method by consulting the only entry table. Otherwise we have to evaluate the connection value computed from connection form tables and then we can select the most appropriate target word.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.7 no.7
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• pp.998-1008
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• 2004

There are many syntactic similarities between Japanese and Korean languages. Using these similarities, we can make out the Japanese-Korean translation system without most of syntactic analysis and semantic analysis. To improve the translation rates greatly, we have been developing the Japanese-Korean translation system using these similarities from several years ago. However, the system remains some problems such as a translation of inflected words, processing of multi-translatable words and so on. In this paper, we suggest the new method of Japanese-Korean translation by using relations of two neighboring words. To solve the problems, we investigated the connection rules of auxiliary verbs priority. And we design the translation table which is consists of entry tables and connection forms tables. A case of only one translation word, we can translate a Korean to Japanese by direct matching method use of only entry table, otherwise we have to evaluate the connection value by connection forms tables and then we can select the best translation word.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.179-202
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• 1996

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.103-104
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• 1971