• Title/Summary/Keyword: 에너지 정의

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The Changes of Types of Nutritional Risk and Nutritional Intake according to Depression and Self-esteem among the Elderly in Chunnam Province (전남지역 노인에서 우울 및 자아존중감의 인식정도에 따른 영양위험도 및 영양소 섭취량의 변화 양상)

  • Kim, Bok-Hee;Jung, Eun
    • Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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    • v.46 no.8
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    • pp.97-107
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    • 2008
  • This study was conducted in order to identify the relationship between psychological factors, such as depression and self-esteem, and nutritional status, such as nutritional risk index and nutrient intake, among the elderly in Chunnam Province. The participants were 119 elderly individuals over the age of 65 years who visited the Senior Welfare Center in Chunnam province between January 29 and February 2, 2007. This study was conducted using a structured questionnaire that included, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), General Self Efficacy Scale (GSES), Nutritional Screening Initiative Checklist (NSI checklist), questions pertaining to the general characteristics of the participants and an estimation of nutrient intake using the 24-hour recall method. Data were analyzed by the SPSS program. Analysis of the participant's CES-D scores revealed that 43.7% of the subjects were normal and 56.3% had more than mild depression. The mean GSES score was 45.9 for the entire group of subjects (51.9 for men, 43.6 for women). The mean nutritional risk index value was 4.30 (5.03 for men, 4.01 for women). Analysis of the participant's scores on the NSI checklist revealed that 69.7% of the subjects were normal and 30.3% exhibited a moderate nutritional risk. The CES-D was positively correlated with the NSI checklist (p < 0.05) but negatively correlated with nutrient intake. However, the GSES was negatively correlated with the NSI checklist (p < 0.05), but positively correlated with nutrient intake (P < 0.01 for protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc etc.). The results of this study indicate that it is necessary to manage psychological factors, including depression and self-esteem, in the elderly in order to decrease their nutritional risk and increase their nutrient intake.

Sludge reduction by Enzyme Pretreatment (효소 전처리를 통한 슬러지 저감)

  • 김정래;심상준;최수형;염익태
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.93-97
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    • 2004
  • We investigate the effect of enzyme pretreatment using protease, carbohydrase, and lipase on improvement of sludge treatment efficiency by measuring SCOD and TCOD. The enzyme-pretreatment increases SCOD of excess sludge. In addition, the amount of sludge reduction during digestion, in terms of SCOD and TCOD, are enhanced by enzyme-pretreatment. Among pretense, carbohydrase, and lipase, pretense showed the best enhancement of the sludge treatment efficiency. Sludge digestion followed by ozone and enzyme treatments showed more effective sludge treatment when compared with ozone treatment alone. Therefore, we expect that enzyme pretreatment can be used as a useful tool for enhancing the sludge treatment efficiency.

서울지역 중년층의 영양섭취실태와 생활습관

  • 이미숙;김성애;백미향;오세인;곽충실
    • Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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    • 2003.11a
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    • pp.1070-1071
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    • 2003
  • 노년기의 독립적인 생활유지와 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있는 바람직한 영양섭취 방법을 모색하기 위한 종적연구의 대상자로 자원한 서울지역의 건강한 40-64세의 중년 293명(남 121명, 여172명)을 대상으로 생활습관과 영양섭취실태를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 대상자의 평균 연령은 남자 52.0$\pm$7.3세, 여자 519$\pm$6.9세였고, 대부분 부부 중심으로 조사하였다. 교육수준은 남자의 71.9%, 여자의 39.5%가 대학졸업 이상이었으며, 남자의 43.0%가 전문직, 24.8%가 행정ㆍ사무직이었고, 가계의 한 달 평균 수입이 200만원 이상자가 72.5%로써 본 조사의 자원자는 대체적으로 고학력, 전문직종의 중류층이었다. 건강에 대한 염려를 가끔 또는 자주 하는 대상자가 66.9%로 건강에 대한 관심은 높았으나 건강을 지키기 위한 실천은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 그 예로 지난 1년간 체중이 증가하고 있는 대상자가 37.5%였고, 이들 중 75%가 2kg 이상의 체중이 늘고 있지만 체중을 줄이려고 노력하는 대상자는 37.5%뿐이었다. 음주는 남성의 56.5%가 평균 주 2회 정도 하는 편이었고, 1회 음주량은 소주로 1병 이하가 대부분(88%)이었다. 현재 흡연자는 남자의 40.5%였고, 금연자는 30.6%로 비교적 흡연율이 낮았다. 식사시간은 대부분(83.6%) 규칙적이었다. 식사를 주 2-3회 이상 거르는 대상자가 남자는 23%인 반면 여자는 49%였고, 이들 대부분(60.3%)이 아침을 먹지 않았다. 1주일에 1번 이상 외식하는 대상자는 남자의 84%, 여자의 66%였다. 식사시 식품의 배합에 대하여 별로 관심이 없다는 사람이 50%였지만 실제로 식품군별 섭취 시에는 상당한 관심이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 육류의 기름기를 대충 또는 거의 다 제거하고 먹는 대상자가 남자의 68%, 여자의 88%였고, 육류를 자주 먹지 않거나 소량씩 먹는 대상자가 94%, 생선.두부 및 콩제품을 하루 1끼 이상 섭취하는 대상자가 87%, 채소를 하루 1번 이상 섭취하는 대상자가 96%인 반면, 인스턴트식품이나 패스트푸드를 주 2-3회 이상 먹는 대상자는 23% 정도였다. 영양지식점수(15.4$\pm$3.1/25)와 영양태도점수(50.5$\pm$4.9/75)는 비교적 양호하였다. 전체적으로 오답률이 높은 문항은 체중조절에 있어서 식사와 운동의 관계, 당뇨병 환자의 흰쌀밥 섭취 문제, 비타민제의 섭취와 감기, 고단백 식사의 문제점 등에 관한 것이었다. 반면 철분 섭취와 빈혈의 관계, 비만의 위험성, 동물성 기름의 섭취와 혈중 콜레스테롤치, 우유가 Ca의 급원이면서 성인에게도 필요하다는 것 등은 잘 인식되고 있었다. 조사 대상자의 평균 에너지 섭취량은 RDA의 77.3 $\pm$ 13.6%였으나, 이들 대부분(80%)의 활동 정도가 가벼운 활동에 속하므로 에너지가 부족하다고 할 수는 없다. 반면 평균 단백질 섭취량은 RDA의 109.9 $\pm$ 23.5%로 충분하였고, 3대 열량영양소 즉, 단백질:지방:탄수화물의 구성비는 16:22:62로 지방의 섭취가 약간 높으나 바람직한 구성비를 보였다. 권장량의 75% 이하를 섭취하고 있는 영양소는 칼슘(70.7$\pm$23.9%)뿐이었다. 과체중자의 비율을 체질량지수(BMI) 25이상으로 구분하면 남자의 45%, 여자의 23%가 과체중자로 나타나나, 23이상으로 구분하면 남자의 71%, 여자의 52%가 과체중자로 분류되었다. 이를 WHR의 기준치로 분류하면 남자의 25%, 여자의 26%가 과체중자로 나타났다. 대부분 대상자의 hemoglobin치(99%), hematocrit치(90%), 혈장 albumin치(99.7%)는 양호하였다. 혈당이 140mg/㎗ 이상인 대상자는 2.7%에 불과하였다. 혈중 총콜레스테롤치가 240mg/㎗ 이상인 대상자는 19%, 중성지방치가 250mg/㎗ 이상인 대상자는 9%, HDL-콜레스테롤치가 35mg/㎗ 이하인 대상자는 2.4%로 혈중 지질 profile은 양호하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 본 연구 대상자는 영양섭취상태와 생화학적 건강상태가 양호하다고 판단되므로 종적연구의 대상자로 적합하다고 사료된다.

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Studies on the Performance of Korean Native Chickens I. Effect of Various Feeding Systems on Performance of Korean Native Chickens (한국재래닭의 능력에 관한 연구 I. 서로 다른 사료 급여가 한국재래닭의 능력에 미치는 영향)

  • 김상호;이상진;강보석;최철환;장병귀;오봉국
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.169-175
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    • 1998
  • A feeding trial was carried out to evaluate optimum feeding system to Korean Native Chicken (KNC) with various feeding programs for 64 weeks. Eight hundreds and ten KNC'one day birds were assigned to three feeding systems, NRC(T1), Japanese Feeding Standard(T2), Korean Feeding Standard(T3). Each treatment had three replicates of 90 birds a replicate. Data were obtained growing performance to 20 week of age and laying performance from twenty one to sixty four week. Viability to 20 week of age was similar to treatments. Growth characteristics by feeding systems were not significantly difference on body weight, feed intake and 50% egg production days. However, body weight was less about 100g in T2. There were no different on egg production, egg weight, and egg mass during laying period. Feed intake of T1 was 104g daily and showed lower than other treatments, but was not different significantly. Feed conversion was significantly improved in T2(P <0.05) compared to other treatments(P<0.05). Egg production of all treatments was the highest between 27 to 30 week of age. ME intake of T1 was significantly maximized, whereas CP intake was the lowest of all treatments(P < 0.05). Nutrient requirements for egg mass tended to depend on nutrients intake. Interior egg and eggshell characteristics were not different among treatments except yolk color. Fertility and hatchability were similar to treatments, and the results at 39 week of age were higher than at 62 week in all treatments. In conclusion, treatments fed three or four phase feeding would be superior to other treatments during the growing period and suggest 2,800 ㎉/kg ME, 15% CP for Korean native laying hen.

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Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cations by Fe and Al Hydroxides (철, 알루미늄 수산화물에 의한 중금속 Ion의 흡착)

  • Lee, Jyung-Jae;Chang, Sang-Moon;Choi, Jyung
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.105-113
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    • 1995
  • Adsorption experiments of heavy metal cations by Fe- and Al-hydroxides was conducted to obtain clear information on their adsorption mechanisms. The adsorption isothermal curves of heavy metal cations by Fe- and Al-hydroxides conformed to Langmuir's equation. Increasing the crystallinity degree of Fe- and Al-hydroxides tended to decrease the adsorption capacity and binding energy of heavy metal cations. At the same crystallinity degree, Al-hydroxide showed higher adsorption capacity and energy for the heavy metal cations than Fe-hydroxide. The adsorption capacity and energy of heavy metal cations were directly related to CEC, specific surface area and charge density of hydroxides, and the sequence was in the order of $Cu^{+{+}}$ > $Zn^{+{+}}$ > $Cd^{+{+}}$. The adsorption mechanism of $M^{+{+}}$ form of heavy metal could be presumed as the specific adsorption of $M^{+{+}}$ and the desorption of two $H^+$ from the surface aquo($OH_2$) and/or hydroxo(-OH) group for each mole of $M^{+{+}}$ adsorbed. A ring structure between $M^{+{+}}$ and two surface aquo and/or hydroxo groups was postulated. Nonspecific adsorption involved the adsorption of $MCl^+$ and the desorption of one H+ from the surface aquo and/or hydroxo groups for each mole of $M^{+{+}}$ adsorbed. A single bond structure in which $MCl^+$ replaced one $H^+$ from the surface aquo and/or hydroxo groups was postulated. The ratio of specific to nonspecific adsorption increased with increasing pH.

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Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)-Based Assessment of a Rice Cultivation System in Gimje, Korea (한국 김제의 벼 경작 시스템의 기후스마트농업 (Climate-Smart Agriculture) 기반의 평가)

  • Talucder, Mohammad Samiul Ahsan;Kim, Joon;Shim, Kyo-Moon
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.235-250
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    • 2021
  • The overarching question of this study is how a typical rice cultivation system in Gimje, Korea was keeping up with the triple-win challenge of climate-smart agriculture (CSA). To answer this question, we have employed (1) quantitative data from direct measurement of energy, water, carbon and information flows in and out of a rice cultivation system and (2) appropriate metrics to assess production, efficiency, GHG fluxes, and resilience. The study site was one of the Korean Network of Flux measurement (KoFlux) sites (i.e., GRK) located at Gimje, Korea, managed by National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration. Fluxes of energy, water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) were directly measured using eddy-covariance technique during the growing seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2014. The production indicators include gross primary productivity (GPP), grain yield, light use efficiency (LUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and carbon uptake efficiency (CUE). The GHG mitigation was assessed with indicators such as fluxes of carbon dioxide (FCO2), methane (FCH4), and nitrous oxide (FN2O). Resilience was assessed in terms of self-organization (S), using information-theoretic approach. Overall, the results demonstrated that the rice cultivation system at GRK was climate-smart in 2011 in a relative sense but failed to maintain in the following years. Resilience was high and changed little for three year. However, the apparent competing goals or trade-offs between productivity and GHG mitigation were found within individual years as well as between the years, causing difficulties in achieving the triple-win scenario. The pursuit of CSA requires for stakeholders to prioritize their goals (i.e., governance) and to practice opportune interventions (i.e., management) based on the feedback from real-time assessment of the CSA indicators (i.e., monitoring) - i.e., a purpose-driven visioneering.

A basic study on explosion pressure of hydrogen tank for hydrogen fueled vehicles in road tunnels (도로터널에서 수소 연료차 수소탱크 폭발시 폭발압력에 대한 기초적 연구)

  • Ryu, Ji-Oh;Ahn, Sang-Ho;Lee, Hu-Yeong
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.517-534
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    • 2021
  • Hydrogen fuel is emerging as an new energy source to replace fossil fuels in that it can solve environmental pollution problems and reduce energy imbalance and cost. Since hydrogen is eco-friendly but highly explosive, there is a high concern about fire and explosion accidents of hydrogen fueled vehicles. In particular, in semi-enclosed spaces such as tunnels, the risk is predicted to increase. Therefore, this study was conducted on the applicability of the equivalent TNT model and the numerical analysis method to evaluate the hydrogen explosion pressure in the tunnel. In comparison and review of the explosion pressure of 6 equivalent TNT models and Weyandt's experimental results, the Henrych equation was found to be the closest with a deviation of 13.6%. As a result of examining the effect of hydrogen tank capacity (52, 72, 156 L) and tunnel cross-section (40.5, 54, 72, 95 m2) on the explosion pressure using numerical analysis, the explosion pressure wave in the tunnel initially it propagates in a hemispherical shape as in open space. Furthermore, when it passes the certain distance it is transformed a plane wave and propagates at a very gradual decay rate. The Henrych equation agrees well with the numerical analysis results in the section where the explosion pressure is rapidly decreasing, but it is significantly underestimated after the explosion pressure wave is transformed into a plane wave. In case of same hydrogen tank capacity, an explosion pressure decreases as the tunnel cross-sectional area increases, and in case of the same cross-sectional area, the explosion pressure increases by about 2.5 times if the hydrogen tank capacity increases from 52 L to 156 L. As a result of the evaluation of the limiting distance affecting the human body, when a 52 L hydrogen tank explodes, the limiting distance to death was estimated to be about 3 m, and the limiting distance to serious injury was estimated to be 28.5~35.8 m.

Evaluation of Crack Behavior and Climate Monitoring of Ipseok-dae Columnar Joints and Jigong Neodeol Rock Blocks in Mudeungsan National Park (무등산국립공원 입석대 주상절리 및 지공너덜 암괴의 균열 거동과 기후 모니터링 평가)

  • Noh, Jeongdu;Kang, Seong-Seung
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.621-630
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    • 2021
  • This study evaluated cracks and climate monitoring in Ipseok-dae columnar joints and Jigong Neodeol rock blocks in Mudeungsan National Park. The rocks' state of cracking and their surface temperatures were measured alongside air temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity. The maximum crack behavior in Ipseok-dae was 0.367 mm at one point, and showed a slight tendency at other points. One in Jigong Neodeol was within 0.15 mm and showed a stable state with little change. The surface temperature of the Ipseok-dae columnar joints was higher on the side exposed to sunlight than on the shaded side. All blocks of Jigong Neodeol rock showed similar temperatures. The air temperature showed a similar distribution for both rock types. The air temperature showed a similar distribution for both Ipseok-dae and Jigong Neodeol. The relative humidity was mostly between 20% and 60% in Ipseok-dae and was between 20 and 70% in Jigong Neodeol. Both areas had low wind speeds, with maxima of 5 m/s in Ipseok-dae and 3 m/s in Jigong Neodeol. As a result, it is evaluated that crack behavior in Ipseok-dae columnar joints and Jigong Neodeol rock blocks have maintained a very stable state so far. The surface temperature, temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity of the two areas showed small difference depending on the season, indicating that they were affected to some extent by the season. From a long-term perspective, this can continuously affect the deformation of the Ipseok-dae columnar joints or Jigong Neodeol rock blocks. Therefore, in order to accurately evaluate their stability, it is considered that the current microscopic delamination and exfoliation or the propagation and expansion of cracks should be continuously measured.

Application of Greenhouse Climate Management Model for Educational Simulation Design (교육용 시뮬레이션 설계를 위한 온실 환경 제어 모델의 활용)

  • Yoon, Seungri;Kim, Dongpil;Hwang, Inha;Kim, Jin Hyun;Shin, Minju;Bang, Ji Wong;Jeong, Ho Jeong
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.485-496
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    • 2022
  • Modern agriculture is being transformed into smart agriculture to maximize production efficiency along with changes in the 4th industrial revolution. However, rural areas in Korea are facing challenges of aging, low fertility, and population outflow, making it difficult to transition to smart agriculture. Among ICT technologies, simulation allows users to observe or experience the results of their choices through imitation or reproduction of reality. The combination of the three-dimension (3D) model and the greenhouse simulator enable a 3D experience by virtual greenhouse for fruits and vegetable cultivation. At the same time, it is possible to visualize the greenhouse under various cultivation or climate conditions. The objective of this study is to apply the greenhouse climate management model for simulation development that can visually see the state of the greenhouse environment under various micrometeorological properties. The numerical solution with the mathematical model provided a dynamic change in the greenhouse environment for a particular greenhouse design. Light intensity, crop transpiration, heating load, ventilation rate, the optimal amount of CO2 enrichment, and daily light integral were calculated with the simulation. The results of this study are being built so that users can be linked through a web page, and software will be designed to reflect the characteristics of cladding materials and greenhouses, cultivation types, and the condition of environmental control facilities for customized environmental control. In addition, environmental information obtained from external meteorological data, as well as recommended standards and set points for each growth stage based on experiments and research, will be provided as optimal environmental factors. This simulation can help growers, students, and researchers to understand the ICT technologies and the changes in the greenhouse microclimate according to the growing conditions.

Plant Early Growth and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Seven Varieties of Italian Ryegrass Under Various Salt Stress Conditions (다양한 염 스트레스 조건에서 이탈리안 라이그라스 7 품종의 초기 생장 및 엽록소 형광 반응)

  • Ji-Hyeon Mun;In-Ha Lee;Ji-Young Shon;Nam-Jin Chung
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.69 no.3
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    • pp.181-197
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    • 2024
  • This study evaluated the salt tolerance of Italian ryegrass varieties under various salt stress conditions. Seven varieties, including Kowineary, Greencall, Greenfarm, Greenfarm 3, IR 603, IR 605, and IR 901, were used in this experiment. Under various salt concentrations, there was no significant decrease compared to the control at salt concentrations of 0.1% to 0.3%. IR 901, Kowineary, and IR 605 had a lower relative reduction rate, but the absolute growth of IR 603 was the highest among the varieties. Among chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, ABS/RC, TRo/RC, ETo/RC, and DIo/RC values (activities expressed per reaction center) showed a significantly negative correlation with growth rates. In the experiment where the salt concentration was drastically increased, the growth decreases in Greenfarm 3 and IR 901 were relatively small compared to other varieties. Among the relative ratio of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, ABS/RC, TRo/RC, ETo/RC (after 1 hour of salt concentration increase), and PIABS (3 hours, 7 days) showed a significant positive correlation, and DIo/RC (3 hours, 1 day) showed a negative correlation with plant growth. In the experiment where the salt concentration was drastically decreased, the growth increases in Greenfarm, IR 901, and Kowineary were relatively high compared to other varieties. Among the relative ratio of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, ABS/RC, ETo/RC, DIo/RC (5 hours), and PIABS (1 hour) showed a significant positive correlation with plant growth. In summary, among the seven varieties, Kowineary and IR 901 had superior relative growth (compared to the control) under various salt stress conditions. IR 603 showed a greater decrease in relative growth but had the highest absolute growth amount under salt stress conditions. In addition, some parameters related to chlorophyll fluorescence showed a significant correlation with early growth, which could be used as indicators of the initial growth of IRG under salt stress.