• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.222-229
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• 2021

Icing causes various serious problems, where water vapor or water droplets adhere at cold conditions. Therefore, understanding of ice adhesion on solid surface and technology to reduce de-icing force are essential for surface finishing of metallic materials used in extreme environments and aircrafts. In this study, we controlled wettability of aluminum alloy using anodic oxidation, hydrophobic coating and lubricant-impregnation. In addition, surface porosity of anodized oxide layer was controlled to realize superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity. Then, de-icing force on these surfaces with a wide range of wettability and mobility of water was measured. The results show that the enhanced wettability of hydrophilic surface causes strong adhesion of ice. The hydrophobic coating on the nanoporous anodic oxide layer reduces the adhesion of ice, but the volume expansion of water during the freezing diminishes the effect. The lubricant-impregnated surface shows an extremely low adhesion of ice, since the lubricant inhibits the direct contact between ice and solid surface.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.120-125
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• 2016

목적: 본 연구는 in-vitro 상에서 recombinant human transforming growth factor-beta (rhTGF-${\beta}2$)와 poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) 의 복합체를 티타늄 디스크 표면에 코팅하여, 생물학적으로 간엽줄기세포 증식에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 시행되었다. 재료 및 방법: 양극산화 디스크에 일렉트로스프레이 코팅법을 이용하여 anodized 된 티타늄 디스크를 대조군으로 설정하고, rhTGF-${\beta}2$를 125 ng/ml와 500 ng/ml 농도로 코팅한 것을 실험군으로 하였다. 티타늄 디스크 표면에 분사된 복합체가 균일하게 분사되었는지 field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)을 통해 확인하였으며, atomic force microscope (AFM) test를 이용하여 rhTGF-${\beta}2$로 코팅한 디스크와 양극산화 디스크의 거칠기 차이를 확인하였다. 디스크 위에 간엽줄기세포 배양 후 1, 4, 7일에 세포증식 양상을 MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay 검사를 통해 확인하였다. 결과: AFM 결과 대조군과 실험군에서 거칠기의 유의할만한 차이가 없었다 (P>.05). MTT 결과 7일차 배양 결과에서 125 ng/ml와 500 ng/ml PLGA/TGF-${\beta}2$처리된 그룹은 각각 평균 0.45와 0.48이였으며, 대조군은 평균 0.33으로 PLGA/TGF-${\beta}2$처리된 그룹에서 세포 증식이 더 활성화 되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다 (P<.05). 결론: rhTGF-${\beta}2$ 복합체를 electrospray법으로 코팅한 티타늄 표면에서 7일차에서 줄기간엽세포의 빠른 증식을 확인하였다. 또한 복합체 처리군의 농도가 증가할수록 높은 세포 성장 수치를 보였다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.349-355
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• 2018

This study interrogated multi-layer heterojunction anodes were interrogated for potential applications to water treatment. The multi-layer anodes with outer layers of $SnO_2/Bi_2O_3$ and/or $TiO_2/Bi_2O_3$ onto $IrO_2/Ta_2O_5$ electrodes were prepared by thermal decomposition and characterized in terms of reactive chlorine species (RCS) generation in 50 mM NaCl solutions. The $IrO_2/Ta_2O_5$ layer on Ti substrate (Anode 1) primarily served as an electron shuttle. The current efficiency (CE) and energy efficiency (EE) for RCS generation were significantly enhanced by the further coating of $SnO_2/Bi_2O_3$ (Anode 2) and $TiO_2/Bi_2O_3$ (Anode 3) layers onto the Anode 1, despite moderate losses in electrical conductivity and active surface area. The CE of the Anode 3 was found to show the highest RCS generation rate, whereas the multi-junction architecture (Anode 4, sequential coating of $IrO_2/Ta_2O_5$, $SnO_2/Bi_2O_3$, and $TiO_2/Bi_2O_3$) showed marginal improvement. The microscopic observations indicated that the outer $TiO_2/Bi_2O_3$ could form a crack-free layer by an incorporation of anatase $TiO_2$ particles, potentially increasing the service life of the anode. The results of this study are expected to broaden the usage of dimensionally stable anodes in water treatment with an enhanced RCS generation and lifetime.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.612-621
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 전기분해 방법을 이용한 질산성질소($NO_3{^-}-N$) 분해가 $TiO_2$ nanotube plate 및 구리, 니켈, 스테인리스 스틸, 알루미늄, 주석, 티타늄을 환원전극으로 사용하였을 때 가능한지를 평가하였다. 전극의 전기화학적 특성 평가는 임피던스 측정을 하여 비교하였고, $TiO_2$ nanotube plate의 표면 분석은 주사전자현미경을 통해 SEM 및 BET 분석법을 이용한 비표면적 분석을 통해 비교하였다. 질산성질소 전해실험의 경우 90분의 실험을 진행하였으며, 실험 결과 전극 표면의 부식이 수반되지 않은 $TiO_2$ nanotube plate가 기타 금속 전극에 비해 질산성질소 환원 반응속도가 가장 뛰어난 것으로 확인되었다.

• 폴리머
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.340-348
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• 2003

변형된 Stud-pull 시험 방법을 통해 탄소강 기재 위에 발포된 폴리우레탄의 접착 강도를 측정하였다. 아연인산으로 처리한 표면이 거친 탄소강 위에서 발포시킨 폴리우레탄의 접착 강도는 0.95 kN으로서 표면이 매끈한 양극산화된 탄소강 위에서 발포된 폴리우레탄의 접착 강도인 0.38 kN 보다 높게 나타남으로서 그 타당성이 입증되었다. 이 시험법을 여러 온도로 미리 가열된 탄소강 기재 위에서 폴리우레탄을 발포 접합시킨 시료들에 적용한 결과, 6$0^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 미리 가열된 금속 기재 위에서 발포된 폴리우레탄은 높은 접착 강도를 나타내었다. 또한 위의 시료를 수증기를 흡착하는 용기에 노출시켜 접착 강도를 측정하였는데 4$0^{\circ}C$ 보다 낮거나 7$0^{\circ}C$의 높은 온도로 유지된 금속 기재 위에서 발포된 폴리우레탄의 접착 강도는 많이 감소하였다. HCFC-141b와 HFC-245fa로 발포된 폴리우레탄의 접착력을 비교하였는데 HFC-245fa로 발포된 시료의 접착력이 0.03 kN 만큼 낮았으며 두 시료를 수증기에 노출시 HFC-245fa로 발포된 시료는 계면 근처에 존재하는 가스로 채워진 빈공간 영역의 적은 면적 비율로 인해 접착력이 거의 그대로 유지되었다. 이런 현상들은 기재의 온도, 기재의 표면 처리 방법, 발포제의 종류에 따라 금속 기재와 고분자와의 계면 근처에서의 미세조직학적인 차이에 의한 결과로 판단된다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.134-138
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the surface properties of electrochemically oxidized pure niobium by anodic oxide and hydrothermal treatment technique. Niobium specimens of $10mm\times10mm\times1.0mm$ in dimension were polished sequentially from $\#600,\;\#800,\;\#1000$ emery paper. The surface of pure niobium sperimens was anodized in an electrolytic solution that was dissolved calcium and phosphate in water. The electrolytic voltage was set in the range of 250 V and the current density was $10mA/cm^2$. The specimen was hydrothermal treated in high-pressure steam at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours using an autoclave. And all specimens were immersed in the in the Hanks' solution nth pH 7.4 at $37^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The surface of specimen was characterized by surface roughness, scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy dispersion X-ray analysis(EDX), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy(XPS) test. The value of surface roughness was the highest in the anodized sample and $0.41{\pm}0.04\;{\mu}m$. The results of the SEM observation show that oxide layers of the multi porosity in the anodized sample were piled up on another, and hydroxyapatite crystal was precipitate from the surface of the hydrothermal treated sample. In the XPS analysis, O, Nb, C peak and small amounts of N peak were found in the polished specimens while Ca and P peak in addition to O, Nb, C and peak were observed in the hydrothermal treated sample.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the surface properties and in vitro biocompatibility of electrochemically oxidized Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy by anodic spark discharge technique. Discs of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy of 20 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were polished sequentially from #300 to 1000 SiC paper, ultrasonically washed with acetone and distilled water for 5 min, and dried in an oven at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Anodizing was performed using a regulated DC power supply. The applied voltages were given at 240, 280, 320, and 360 V and current density of $30mA/cm^2$. Hydrothermal treatment was conducted by high pressure steam at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours using a autoclave. Samples were soaked in the Hanks' solution with pH 7.4 at $36.5^{\circ}C$ during 30 days. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The oxide films were porous with pore size of $1{\sim}5{\mu}m$. The size of micropores increased with increasing the spark forming voltage. 2. The main crystal structure of the anodic oxide film was anatase type as analyzed with thin-film X-ray diffractometery. 3. Needle-like hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals were observed on anodic oxide films after hydrothermal treatment at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. The precipitation of HA crystals was accelerated with increasing the spark forming voltage. 4. The precipitation of the fine asperity-like HA crystals were observed after being immersed in Hanks' solution at $37^{\circ}C$. The precipitation of HA crystals was accelerated with increasing the spark forming voltage and the time of immersion in Hanks' solution. 5. The Ca/P ratio of the precipitated HA layer was equivalent to that of HA crystal as increasing the spark forming voltage and the time of immersion in Hanks' solution.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.549-560
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• 2006

Purpose : This experiment examined the effects of anodization on commercially pure titanium implant fixtures. Material & methods : The implant fixtures were anodized at three different voltage levels, producing three different levels of oxidation on the surface of the fixure. Implant were divided into four groups according to the level of oxidation. Group 1 consist of the control group of machined surface implants, Group 2 implants were treated by anodizing to 100 voltage, Group 3 implants were treated by anodizing oxidation to 200 voltage Group 4 implants were treated by anodizing oxidation to 350 voltage. Surface morphology was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and the surface roughness was measured using NanoScan $E-1000^{\circledR}$. Implantation of the fixtures were performed using New Zealand white rabbits. $Periotest^{\circledR}$ value(PTV) resonance frequency analysis(RFA), and removal torque were measured in 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks after implantation. Results : The results of the study were as follows: 1. Values for the measured surface roughness indicate statistically significant differences in Ra, Rq, and Rt values among group 1, 2, 3, and 4 at the top portion of the thread,(p<0.05) while values at the base of the threads indicated no significant difference in these values. 2. A direct correlation between the firming voltage, and surface roughness and irregularities were observed using scanning electron microscope. 3. No statistically significant differences were found between test groups regarding $Periotest^{\circledR}$ values. 4. Analysis of the data produced by RFA, significant differences were found between group 1 and group 4 at 12 weeks after implantation.(p<0.05) Conclusions : In conclusion, no significant differences could be found among test groups up to a certain level of forming voltage threshold, beyond this firming voltage threshold, statistically significant differences occurred as the surface area of the oxide layer increased with the increase in surface porosity, resulting in enhanced bone response and osseointegration.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.684-693
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• 2005

Statement of problem: Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy is used instead of Ti-6Al-4V alloy that was known to have toxicity. Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the effect of electrolyte concentration on the surface characteristics of anodized and hydrothermally-treated Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy Materials and methods: Discs of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy of 20 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were polished sequentially from #300 to 1,000 SiC paper ultrasonically washed with acetone and distilled water for 5 min, and dried in an oven at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Anodizing was performed at current density $30mA/cm^2$ up to 300 V in electrolyte solutions containing $\beta-glycerophosphate$ disodium salt hydrate $(\beta-GP)$ and calcium acetate (CA). Hydrothermal treatment was conducted by high pressure steam at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours using a autoclave. All samples were soaked in the Hanks' solution with pH 7.4 at $36.5^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. Results and conclusion: The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. After hydrothermal treatment, the precipitated HA crystals showed the dense fine needle shape. However, with increasing the concentration of electrolyte they showed the shape of thick and short rod. 2. When the dense fine needle shape crystals was appeared after hydrothermal treatment, the precipitation of HA crystals in Hanks' solution was highly accelerated. 3. The crystal structures of $TiO_2$ in anodic oxide film were composed of strong anatase peak and weak rutile peak as analyzed with thin-film X-ray diffractometery. 4. The Ca/P ratio of the precipitated HA layer was equivalent to that of HA crystal in Hanks' solution.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the surface properties and in vitro biocompatibility of electrochemically oxidized Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy by anodic spark discharge technique. Discs of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy of 20 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were polished sequentially from #300 to 1000 SiC paper, ultrasonically washed with acetone and distilled water for 5 min, and dried in an oven at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Anodizing was performed using a regulated DC power supply. The applied voltages were given at 240, 280, 320, and 360 V and current density of $30mA/cm^2$. Hydrothermal treatment was conducted by high pressure steam at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours using a autoclave. Samples were soaked in the Hanks' solution with pH 7.4 at $36.5^{\circ}C$ during 30 days. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The oxide films were porous with pore size of $1{\sim}5{\mu}m$. The size of micropores increased with increasing the spark forming voltage. 2. The main crystal structure of the anodic oxide film was anatase type as analyzed with thin-film X-ray diffractometery. 3. Needle-like hydroxyapatie (HA) crystals were observed on anodic oxide films after hydrothermal treatment at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. The precipitation of HA crystals was accelerated with increasing the spark forming voltage. 4. The precipitation of the fine asperity-like HA crystals were observed after being immersed in Hanks' solution at $37^{\circ}C$. The precipitation of HA crystals was accelerated with increasing the spark forming voltage and the time of immersion in Hanks' solution. 5. The Ca/P ration of the precipitated HA layer was equivalent to that of HA crystal as increasing the spark forming voltage and the time of immersion in Hanks' solution.