• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.19 no.39
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• pp.129-142
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• 1996

The early diagnosis has an very important role in curing dementia. But there was not the effective method to diagnose it until now. In this paper we analyzed the EEG of Alzheimer's disease patients and normal groups by nonlinear methods. In the analysis we calculated the correlation dimensions $D_2$ and the largest Lyapunov exponent $L_1$. We found that patients with Alzheimer's disease have significantly lower $D_2$ and TEX>$L_1$ than normal groups. It means that brains injured by Alzheimer's disease have electrophysiological inactive elements and have decreased chaotic behaviour. We propose the nonlinear analysis of the EEG as a useful tool for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.452-455
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• 2006

The in vitro cytoprotective and anti-oxidative effects of ursodeoxycholic acid, a major active compound from bear's gall were investigated in mouse brain microglia. In the present study, we wished to scrutinize the potential role of UDCA as an anti-neurodegenerative agent in neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. This concept was supported by the multiple preliminary studies in which UDCA has an anti-inflammatory effect in microglial cells. In the study, we found that $7.5\;{\mu}g/mL$ UDCA was effective in the protection of cells from $H_2O_2$ damage, a reactive oxygen, and the resuIt was coincided with the anti-apoptotic effect in DAPI staining. Moreover, the metal-catalyzed oxidation study showed that UDCA has antioxidant effect as much as ascorbic acid at $50{\sim}100\;{\mu}g/mL$. In conclusion, these study results suggested that neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease probably caused by over-expressed beta amyloid peptide in elderly people can be controled by UDCA through an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effect. The evidences showed in the study may be references for more in-depth in vivo and clinical studies for a candidate of anti-neurodegenerative therapy in the near future.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to obtain the differential variable and learning effect of the serial position effect, targeting individuals aged 60 years and over. A total of 89 individuals were categorized into the following groups: Alzheimer's group, vascular dementia group, elderly depression group, and normal group. Methods: Considering the size of the groups used for comparison, of the total 89 participants, 28 were in the Alzheimer's group, 24 in the vascular dementia group, 16 in the elderly depression group, and 21 were randomly chosen for the normal group. In the CERAD-K word list memory test, 10 words were shown to the subjects. We then asked them to freely recall the words. After changing the order of the words three times, the same process was followed. Results: First, a significant difference was observed among the groups in terms of word recalling rate. The analysis conducted afterward showed that, as predicted, the depressed group showed significantly better performance in recalling the words. Second, the vascular dementia patients and the Alzheimer's patients showed, as predicted, better recall of the largest recency region of words shown. Third, the normal group and the elderly depressed group showed a high-performance rate, proving that the reiterative method can contribute to the recalling process. Thus, we demonstrated that the Alzheimer's group showed the deterioration of short memory recalling skills and the elderly depressed showed deteriorated output performance skill.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.552-560
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• 2012

Drug delivery technologies are patent protected formulation technologies that modify drug release profile, absorption, distribution, and elimination for the benefit of improving product efficacy and safety, as well as patient convenience and compliance. The most commonly used transdermal system is the skin patch using various types of technologies. Compared with other method of dosage, it is possible to use for a long term. It is also possible to stop the drug dosage are stop if the drug dosage lead to side effect. Polysaccharide, such as karaya gum and locust bean gum(LBG)/water-soluble chitosan oligomer(WSCO) were selected as base materials of TDS. Also, these polymers were characterized in terms of enhancers, tacrine contents. Among these polysaccharide, the permeation rate of karaya gum matrix was fastest in tacrine such as lipophilic drug in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG 400, and PEG 800 as enhancers. Therefore, transdermal absorption of tacrine could be improved by changing vehicle composition or by using penetration enhancers. Especially it would be anticipated that the high permeation efficacy could be obtained by using vehicle that has enhancing effect for itself and by adding enhancers to it.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.398-405
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop spaced retrieval training as a nursing intervention for patients having an mild alzheimer's disease and to determine the effects of the program on their memory and cognitive function across training sessions. Methods: A non-equivalent control group pre test-post test design was used in this study. Participants were recruited from a local community: 14 patients were allocated into experimental group and 12 patients were allocated into control group. The experimental group was asked to participate in spaced retrieval training over 4 weeks, with seven times a week and 1 hour a session based. The study was conducted from June 20, 2011 to July 17, 2011. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test and t-test using the SPSS/WIN 19.0 program. Results: After spaced retrieval training, the experimental group showed significant increases in scores for memory (t=12.40, p<.001) and cognitive function (t=7.69, p<.001) in comparison to the control group. Conclusion: Spaced retrieval training was effective in increasing cognitive function and memory of patients having mild alzheimer's disease. Therefore spaced retrieval training could be benefit the mild alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.43-59
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• 2003

Object : This study was designed to assess the protective effects of Jowiseungchungtang on cognitive decline of the patients with early DAT[Dementia of Alzheimer Type]. Method : 15 patients with early DAT and 10 healthy elderly subjects were measured by using auditory ERP and K-DRS, and after 9 months again. During 9 months the patients with early DAT were administered with Jowiseungchungtang. Result : 1. The score of K-DRS increased in two group but it was not significant. 2. The latency of ERP P300 component increased in 2nd test of the normal group, but did not increase in 2nd test of patients group. 3. The amplitude of ERP P300 component showed the significant difference in electrode location in patients group, but it did not show any typical property. Conclusion : The results suggest that Jowiseungchungtang may have protective effects on cognitive decline in the patients with early DAT.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-66
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• 2005

Object : This study was designed to asses the protective effects of Kunneo tang on cognitive decline of the patients with early DAT. Method : Before administered with Kunneotang, 16 patients with early DAT were measured by auditory ERP, MMSE-K and K-DRS. During 12 months the patients with early DAT were administered with Kunneotang. After 12months the patients were measured by the same examinations again. Result : 1. The total score of MMSE-K decreased but it was not significant. 2. The total score of K-DRS increased but it was not significant. Among the five criteria(attention, memory, initiation/perseveration, construction, conceptualization), Initiation/perseveration score signifcantly decreased and there were no significant differences in the other scores. But, memory mean score had a tendency to increase. 3. The latency of ERP P300 component increased but it was not significant and the amplitude of ERP P300 component showed the significant difference. Conclusion : The results suggest that Kunneotang may have protective effects on cognitive decline in the patients with early DAT.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.471-481
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• 2017

Objectives : Noemyeong-san (NMS) is a novel herbal prescription composed of five oriental medicinal herbs including Prunellae Spica, Betulae Cortex, Foeniculi Fructus, Asiasari Radix, and Clematidis Radix for treating Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of NMS on BV2 microglia to evaluate the potential action of this formula for preventing or treating neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease. Methods : To determine the cytotoxicity of NMS on BV2 microglia, the MTT assay was performed. The effects of NMS on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia were determined with a nitric oxide (NO) assay and western blots for inflammatory mediator-related proteins, mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) pathway-related proteins, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Result : NMS inhibited induction of iNOS and COX-2 as well as NO production without affecting the cell viability in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. NMS also suppressed activation of ERK and p38 MAPK among main kinases of MAPKs as well as NF-${\kappa}B$ by LPS stimulation. Furthermore, NMS dose-dependently induced the expression of HO-1 and the inhibitory effect of NMS on the production of NO were blocked by pretreatment with an HO-1 inhibitor, Snpp. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that NMS has potent anti-neuroinflammatory effect on the LPS-stimulated microglia. These findings provide evidences for NMS to be considered as a new prescription for preventing or treating neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2004

Objective : This study is designed to assess the effects of Gongjin-dan on cognitive decline of the patients with mild Dementia of Alzheimer Type(DAT). Method : 33 patients with mild DAT were measured by using K-DRS, and after 100 days again. During 100 days the patients with mild DAT were treated with Gongjin-dan. The scores of K-DRS between before and after treatment were analyzed by paired t-Test. Result : 1. the mean age of patients was $70.3{\pm}4.1$ years (range 65 to 84 years) 2. the mean education of patients was $5.5{\pm}5.3$ years 3. the mean K-DRS score of the patients before treatment was $93.2{\pm}12.1$, and the mean K-DRS score of the patients after treatment was $114.7{\pm}14.5$. K-DRS scores after treatment was significantly different with the K-DRS scores before treatment.(t=9.907, r=.573, p<.00l) Conclusion : Treatment with Gongjin-dan for 100 days increased the cognitive ability in patients with mild DAT

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.509-518
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was myokine product and role with physical activity and literature review. There is accumulating epidemiological evidence that a physically active life plays an independent role in the protection against type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, dementia and even depression. And myokine has been regarded an important factor of exercise training and brain growth factor for the prevention of Alzheimier's disease. During exercise the release of anti-inflammatory myokine from contracting muscle controled the metabolic response, and IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-15 controled muscle hypertrophy, myogenesis and angiogenenesis. IL-6 promoted the lipid metabolism through AMPK activation. IL-1Ra, IL-10 and sTNF-R inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}$ as the pro-inflammatory cytokine. IL-15 increased the releasing volume from contracting muscle, and promoted the anabolic factor of muscle growth. IL-7 and IL-8 activated the angiogenesis through the more activation of C-X-C receptor signal transmission.