• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.60 no.2
• /
• pp.237-242
• /
• 2022

In this study, a drying method that can effectively remove residual solvent from (+)-dihydromyricetin was developed. Residual acetone concentration was efficiently removed below ICH-specified value (5,000 ppm) by simple rotary evaporation with ethanol pretreatment. In addition, the residual ethanol met the ICH-specified value (5,000 ppm) by simple rotary evaporation through the addition of water, and the residual moisture also met the specified value (<4%) for active pharmaceutical ingredients. At all the drying temperature (35, 45, and 55 ℃), a large amount of the residual solvent was initially removed during the drying, and the drying efficiency increased when increasing the drying temperature. Removal of residual solvent by ethanol pretreatment was shown to be related to high vapor pressure of acetone-ethanol mixture and hydrogen bonding between acetone and ethanol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.11
• /
• pp.1767-1775
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the total polyphenol and antioxidant activities of radish buds (Raphanus sativus L.) based on sprouting periods and extraction solvents in order to present basic data that are needed for using the radish buds as functional food material. The antioxidant activities were assessed by using various antioxidant models (DPPH, TBARS, Rancimat method, POV). The total polyphenol contents according to the extraction solvents were 84.11 and 296.51 mg/g, and the ethanol extract on day 4 of showed the highest value as 296.51 mg/g. As for DPPH radical-scavenging activity, on the day 4 of sprouting, water extracts indicated the highest scavenging activity by 86.67%, and the acetone extracts indicated a rather low scavenging activity as 77.23%. As for TBARS measurement of the radish bud extracts on day 4 of sprouting the extract of 70% ethanol was highest (71.48%). On day 8 of sprouting the TBARS value was increased and the methanol extract was highest (78.99%). As for the oxidative induction period on day 4 of sprouting in Rancimat measurement, the methanol extract was highest (6.07 hours) on day 4 and the antioxidant index was 1.16. On day 12 of sprouting, the general oxidative induction period tended to be reduced to 5.25 to 5.91 hours. In the peroxide value measurement on day 4 of sprouting and beginning of the storage, the extracts showed no difference between 3.02 meq/kg oil and 4.12 meq/kg oil, and on the day 60 of storage, the water extract (43.83 meq/kg oil) and the methanol extract (45.42 meq/kg oil) were lowest with higher antioxidant effect. In conclusion, the radish bud extract with higher total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities may serve as functional material for food additives, such as natural antioxidants and food preserving agents.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.225-233
• /
• 2020

By the standards and specifications for hygiene products, three test methods for formaldehyde are specified for each item type of hygiene product. After derivatization using acetylacetone and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH), formaldehyde is analyzed by spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Validation of the three test methods was performed on tissue, diaper lining and waterproof layer, and panty liner products. The results of linearity (R²), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery rate (%) and reproducibility (%), showed that all three methods are suitable for analyzing formaldehyde in hygiene products. After derivatization with 2,4-DNPH and cetylacetone, formaldehyde was analyzed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 24 and 48 hours by HPLC. Formaldehyde derivatized with 2,4-DNPH showed no statistically significant change in formaldehyde peak area over time (P>0.05). But, acetylacetone-derivatizated formaldehyde showed a negative correlation coefficient (r) over time (P<0.01). We investigated the residual amounts of formaldehyde in 205 hygiene products distributed in Busan. Among 74 disposable diaper products tested, 73 had low concentrations of formaldehyde (0.13-29.87 mg/kg). Moreover, formaldehyde was not detected in any of 78 tissue, 27 disposable paper towel, 12 disposable dishcloth, 7 paper cup, one brand of paper straw and 6 disposable napkin products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.278-283
• /
• 2006

Styela clava was processed by four different kinds of method including FR (fresh S. clava), H1 (heat treated S. clava at $110^{\circ}C$ for 15 min) H2 (heat treated S. clava at $120^{\circ}C$ for 5 min), and FD (freeze dried S. clava). Each S. clava sample was treated with methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water, then antioxidant and anticancer activities of the extracts were evaluated. In extracts from non-dried S. clava (FR, H1, and H2), total extract yield decreased with increasing treated temperature. The extraction yield was in the order of ethanol>methanol>water>acetone among treated solvents. In case of dried S. clava (FR), the extraction yield was lower than non-dried samples, and was in the order of methanol>ethanol>water>acetone. The radical scavenging activity (RSA) of non-dried S. clava (FR, H1, and H2) was in the order of acetone>ethanol>methanol and heat treatment also decreased RSA. RSA of FD was the highest in ethanol extract, while acetone and water extracts did not show RSA. When antioxidant activity was determined by reducing power (RD), methanol extract of FR showed the highest values and heat treatment decreased RD, too. RD of FD was in the order of methanol>ethanol>water>acetone. The acetone extracts from FD showed significant anticancer activity against human colon cancer cell line HT-29. These results indicated that extraction yield and properties of extracts from S. clava were dependent on processing temperature, solvent and/or physicochemical state. The appropriate extraction process should provide some valuable bioactive materials from S. clava.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.545-551
• /
• 2017

Curcuma longa L. (CL) is widely used as a spice and coloring agent in several foods, such as curry and mustard, as well as cosmetics and drugs. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of CL extracted with various solvents [methanol (MC), ethanol (EC), acetone (AC)] on $H_2O_2-induced$ DNA damage in human leukocytes along with total polyphenol contents (TPC) and antioxidant properties. The antioxidant effects of CL were determined by measuring 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (RSA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. The preventive effect of CL on oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and DNA repair capacities were assessed using comet assay. MC showed the highest TPC (11.17 g gallic acid equivalents/100 g) and antioxidant properties among the solvent extracts. The $SC_{50}$ for DPPH RSA was MC: 35.0 > AC: 45.8 > EC: $57.8{\mu}g/mL$ and SOD-like activity was MC: 46.6 > EC: 141.5 > AC: $296.4{\mu}g/mL$. In the comet assay, the $ED_{50}$ value of MC showed the highest inhibition ($86.7{\mu}g/mL$) of $H_2O_2-induced$ DNA damage, followed by AC ($110.0{\mu}g/mL$) > EC ($115.8{\mu}g/mL$). Analysis of the percentage of damaged cells showed that repair capacity significantly decreased at 4, 8, and 12 h from $H_2O_2-induced$ oxidative stress in each extract. After 12 h, level of DNA damage recovery was similar to the negative control level. These results suggest that CL has potential antioxidant activity and a protective effect against oxidation-induced DNA damage, and the methanol extract of CL was the most effective.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2012.08a
• /
• pp.259-260
• /
• 2012

산업화가 발달됨에 따라 대기 오염 물질은 점차 증가하고 있는 추세에 있고 특히 기름 및 석탄 연소 보일러, 자동차, 제철, 시멘트 플렌트, 소각로 등은 미세 분진을 발생시키는 주원인이 되어 왔다. 최근 대기환경법은 오염 분진의 중량 규제로부터 $10{\mu}m$ 미만의 PM10에서 $2.5{\mu}m$ 미만의 PM2.5의 미세 분진에 대한 규제로 점차 심화되고 있으나, 이러한 미세분진은 고전적인 제거 방법으로는 매우 어려우며 고가의 HEPA 필터를 사용하여야 한다. 한편 코로나 방전을 이용하는 전기 집진은 미세 먼지 제거에 매우 효율적이어서 $1{\mu}m$ 미만의 미세 분지도 99%까지 제거가 가능하다는 장점이 있지만 입자크기가 클 경우에는 효율이 떨어지는 단점이 있다. 한편 사이클론 집진기는 매우 오래전부터 개발되어 사용되어 왔는데 가격이 저렴하고 운영비가 적게 들며 $10{\mu}m$ 이상의 먼지는 99% 이상 제거가 가능하여 산업현장에서 오랜 기간 사용되어 왔지만 입자크기가 $10{\mu}m$ 미만으로 가면 집진율이 급격히 떨어지는 단점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 사이클론 집진기의 구조를 기본으로하여 사이클론 집진기 내부에 플라즈마 방전을 설치하여 원심력에 의한 집진과 코로나 방전에 의한 전기 집진을 동시에 수행할 수 있도록 하이브리드 사이클론 집진기를 제작하였다. 제작된 사이클론 집진기는 직경 30 cm 높이 120 cm의 사이클론 구조를 가지고 있으며 1 hp의 터보송풍기를 장착하여 $20m^3$/min 이상의 유량을 처리할 수 있도록 설계 제작되었다. 제작된 하이브리드 사이클론 집진기의 성능을 평가하기 위하여 $10m^3$의 체적을 가지는 테스트 챔버 내부에 사이클론 집진기를 설치하고 향을 태워 미세 먼지를 발생시킨 후 다양한 조건에서 집진 성능을 측정하여 보았다. 미세 먼지의 경우 사이클론을 작동시키지 않아도 테스트 챔버 벽면에 흡착되어 초기에는 급격히 감소하는 경향을 보여주나 일정 시간이 경과한 후에는 매우 느리게 감소하는 현상이 관찰 되었다. 코로나 방전을 하지 않고 오존 파괴기에 활성탄만 충진한 상태에서 사이크론을 작동시킬 경우 지속적으로 천천히 감소하는 경향을 보여주었으며, 코로나 플라즈마를 방전시킨 경우 미세 먼지는 HEPA filter를 장착한 것보다도 조금 빠르게 미세먼지를 제거하였다. 챔버 내부의 미세먼지가 초기 값의 1/10에 도달하는 시간은 코로나 방전 전류가 증가할수록 짧아지는 경향을 보여주었으며 최적 조건에서 100초 이내에 90% 이상 제거가 가능하였다. 하이브리드 사이클론 집진기는 집진 뿐 만 아리라 VOC 성분도 분해가 가능하여 유해물질을 제거하는 능력이 있다. 유해 가스 제거 능력을 실험하기 위하여 분진제거 실험에 사용된 챔버 안에 아세톤을 증발시켜 50 ppm이 되도록 한 후 다양한 조건에서 유해물질 제거 실험을 수행하였다. 미세먼지와는 달리 장비를 작동하지 않을 경우 매우 느리게 아세톤 농도가 감소하였다. 이는 미세 먼지와는 달리 흡착이 발생하지 않고, 측정 챔버 자체가 완전한 밀폐가 이루어지지 않아 자연적으로 조금씩 외부로 누출되기 때문으로 판단된다. 코로나 플라즈마만 방전시켰을 경우 초기 농도의 80%가 제거되는데 걸리는 시간은 약 28분 정도로 코로나 플라즈마가 VOC 제거에 효과가 있음은 확인하였으나 제거율이 그리 높지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 한편 오존 파괴를 위해 활성탄으로 충진 된 오존파괴기를 통과시킨 경우는 약 12분 경과 후 80%가 제거됨을 확인할 수 있었으나 그 이후에는 VOC의 감소가 매우 느리게 진행됨을 알 수 있었다. 한편 활성탄 대신 $MnO_2$ 복합촉매로 충진 된 오존파괴기를 통과한 경우 약 3분 정도 경과 후 80%의 아세톤이 제거됨을 관찰할 수 있었으며 코로나 플라즈마를 작동시키면서 $MnO_2$ 복합촉매로 충진 된 오존파괴기를 통과시킨 경우 약 2분 정도 경과 80% 이상의 아세톤이 제거되어 코로나 플라즈마와 복합촉매를 사용할 경우 VOC 성분이 효과적으로 제거됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.154-161
• /
• 2010

The solvent extracts of Prunus persica Flos were investigated for the activities of whitening and anti-wrinkle effects to apply as a functional ingredient for cosmetic products. The tyrosinase inhibitory effect, which is related to skin-whitening, was 54.0, 58.3% in P. persica Flos (PPW, PPE) at 1,000 ppm. In addition, the ethanol extract of P. persica Flos (PPE) showed a potent tyrosinase inhibitory activity in the test using melanoma cell lines resulting in 40.0% inhibition at 100ppm. Furthermore, the aqueous acetone extract from the flower of P. persica Flos was found to inhibit elastase, which was more effective than ascorbic acid at 1,000 ppm. The inhibition of melanin synthesis by P. persica Flos extract (PPE) was about 56.5% at 100 ppm concentration. When compared to other extraction methods, the ethanol extract showed more potent whitening activity. For anti-wrinkle effect, the elastase inhibition activity of P. persica Flos extract (PPA) was 57.0% and higher than that of ascorbic acid at 1,000 ppm. The collagenase inhibition activity of P. persica Flos extract (PPA) was about 48.0% at 1,000 ppm. Collagen synthesis in fibroblast cell by P. persica Flos extracts (PPA) was about 41.0% at 100 ppm and its acetone extract was the best showing antiwrinkle activities. All these findings suggested that P. persica Flos has a great potential as a cosmeceutical ingredient with a whitening and anti-wrinkle effect.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.236-242
• /
• 2017

The conversion of marine biomass to renewable energy has been considered an alternative to fossil fuels. Butanol, in particular, can be used directly as a fuel. In this experiment, the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida was selected as a biomass for biobutanol production. Hyper thermal (HT) acid hydrolysis was used as an acid hydrolysis method to produce monosaccharides. The optimal pretreatment conditions for U. pinnatifida were determined as slurry with 10% (w/v) U. pinnatifida content and 270 mM $H_2SO_4$, and heating at $160^{\circ}C$ for 7.5 min. Enzymatic saccharification was carried out with Celluclast 1.5 L, Viscozyme L, and Ultraflo Max. The optimal saccharification condition was 12 U/ml Viscozyme L. Fermentations were carried out for the production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum KCTC 1724, Clostridium beijerinckii KCTC 1785, and Clostridium tyrobutyricum KCTC 5387. The fermentations were carried out using a pH-control. The optimal ABE fermentation condition determined using C. acetobutylicum KCTC 1724 adapted to 160 g/l mannitol. An ABE concentration of 9.05 g/l (0.99 g/l acetone, 5.62 g/l butanol, 2.44 g/l ethanol) was obtained by the consumption of 24.14 g/l monosaccharide with $Y_{ABE}$ of 0.37 in pH 5.0.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.231-236
• /
• 2014

Sawdust, produced as an wood by-product, is usable biomass as liquid fuels if decomposed to monomer unit, because the chemical structure are similar to high octane materials found in gasoline. In this study, parameters of thermochemical degradation by acetone-solvolysis reaction of sawdust such as the effect of reaction temperature, reaction time and type of solvent on conversion yield and degradation products were investigated. The liquid products by acetone-solvolysis from sawdust produced various kind of ketone, phenol and furan compounds. The optimum sawdust conversion was observed to be 88.7% at $350^{\circ}C$, 40min. Combustion heating value of liquid products from thermochemical conversion processes was as high as 7,824 cal/g. The energy yield and mass yield in acetone-solvolysis of sawdust was 60.8% and 36.4 g-oil/100g-sawdust after 40 min of reaction at $350^{\circ}C$, respectively. The major components of the acetone-solvolysis products, that could be used as liquid fuel, were 4-methyl-3-pentene-2-one, 1,3,5-trimethylbezene, 2,6-dimethyl-2,5-heptadiene-4-one, 3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one as ketone compounds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.36 no.12
• /
• pp.1628-1632
• /
• 2007

The present study describes the preliminary evaluation of antioxidant activities and antigenotoxic effect of Rhododendron mucromulatum Turcz. flowers (RMF). The samples were prepared by extracting RMF with four different solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water), and antioxidant properties were evaluated by determining total phenolic contents (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA), and reducing power (RP). Water extract showed the highest total phenol content (328.1 mg/g gallic acid equivalents). Acetone extract showed the most potent RSA and RP. The $IC_{50}$ for RSA and RP in the acetone extract were 78 mg/mL and 454 mg/mL, respectively. The 200 mM $H_2O_2$ induced DNA damage, measured by Comet assay, was inhibited with water, methanol and acetone extract in dose dependent manner in human leukocytes. The inhibition rates were 42, 62, and 52% at the concentrations of 50 mg/mL of water, methanol and acetone extracts, respectively. These results suggest that R. mucromulatum Turcz. has significant antioxidative activity and protective effect against oxidative DNA damage.