• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 1999

Stone in the Cho Sun Dynasty has been used as the material of industry arts, widely building materials and an important material for the artistic design. But it has been generally used as an use of practical living Product like, suban, a metal printing type, a fire place, a pillowcase, a pencil case, etc, and ornament with the quality of stone material and the aesthetic view. There are several problems as like size, quantity, delivery and processing method with the stne material according to its variety and selection. Accordingly it has been studied through the whole process of shape, a material selection of design and processing method as well as studying about small stone crafts which were manufactured in the Cho Sun Dynasty, considering these problems. Stone crafts in Cho Sun Dynasty has been widely used as a living tool. There was some what difference on manufacturing purpose on its technique of folk crafts of stone crafts, but, through the research of collected crafts, they were almost the same that social need, user's taste and hobby in those days were reflected in. In the result of analysis as dividing the stone crafts into daily living product, stationery and tool, the major of daily products have been manufactured with emphasis of practicability. And they have been manufactured from agalmatolite for the propose of use. further, kitchen product had no design due to the function and living products which has been used in the main living room has been carved with the decorative expression of the various form by using intaglic, relieve, inlaid technique, etc. For the stationery, it has been characterized with aesthetic point considering the decorative effects & selection of material in accordance with use. A material for manufacturing has been used in the range of agalmtolite, atopaz, a sapphire, white stone etc. As the result of this research, It was noticeable that there was the spleudidness on the expression of design and carving. It was also noticeable that black stone and guanite have been widely esed because it didn't need the delicacy as a tool.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.17
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• pp.157-202
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• 2008

Archival Objects are defined as objects having historical, aesthetic, and artistic value as well as archival value created and used with a particular purpose in business process. Increasingly, many countries including Canada, Australia, China are recognized the importance of Archival Objects and designated them as national records. In Korea, Archival Objects are involved in national records through '2006 Plan for the Archives and Records Management Reform'. So National Archives and Records Service provided a foothold for comprehensive plan of national records management including Archival Objects. And also, by revising Records and Archives Management Act in 2007, National Archives and Records Service declared aggressive will to management Archival Objects. Until now, Objects held in public institution were easy to be damaged because definition or scope of Archival Objects was ambiguous and management system for material character wasn't exist. Even though the revised Records and Archives Management Act suggest definition and declare the responsibility of management, management system focused on various shape and material of objects need to be established. So this study has defined Archival Objects shortly and carried out a research 5 institutions on the actual management condition. By researching the result of institution survey, Records and Archives Management Act and actual Records Management System, we could find some problems. In solving these problems, We provide objects management process in the order capture ${\rightarrow}$ register ${\rightarrow}$ description ${\rightarrow}$ preservation ${\rightarrow}$ use${\rightarrow}$disposition. In addition, close cooperation between records center and museum of institution should be established for the unitive management at national level. This study has significance in introducing a base to manage Archival Objects systematically. By studying more, we hope to advance in management of valuable Archival Objects.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1539-1557
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of program's participation, self-esteem and depression on quality of life for the elderly participating social welfare using facilities. Therefore, this paper will help improve a life's quality of all the olds by fixing the problems we got in this society and suggesting the better program for the elderly participating social welfare using facilities. The results of the study were as follows. There was no specific difference in statistic that shows the quality of the old's life who have their economic life. In quality of life in neighbors, the male were more friendly to their neighbors and the lower level of education, the higher quality of life. Healthy old people had greater quality of life than unhealthy old people did. If the old were excellent in scholarship, if unmarried couple shared the same house, if both of husband and wife live together when they are married, and if their allowance are full in pocket, the quality of their life was enhanced. Self-esteem influenced the quality of life in economic, but depression influenced negatively. In quality of life in neighbors, feeling depression and joining in program of a work for prosperity in future didn't effect doing well with the neighbors. On the other hand, participating in the social community program effected positively. In quality of life in neighbors, feeling depression and program of rehabilitation effected on the quality of life negatively. Educating refinement program effected positively being a good match, but promoting health program effected negatively.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.42-59
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• 2014

Han Pilgyo (1807~1878) was a scholar-official in the later period of the Joseon Dynasty. The research results on spatial structure and landscape techniques of the central government office reviewed through the Sukcheonjeado(宿踐諸衙圖) album collection edited by Han Pilgyo are as follows. First, Sukcheonjeado(宿踐諸衙圖) using Sabangjeondomyobeob(四方顚倒描法, a Korean traditional drawing type) is uniquely proven historical data which helps to understand the spatial structure of the center and local government offices and the characteristics of cultural landscape. Secondly, the central government office located in Yookcho(六曹) Street which is the outside Gwanghwamun(光化門) of the Main Palace(Gyeongbokgung, 景福宮) of the Joseon Dynasty has a center facility(Dangsangdaecheong, 堂上大廳) and attached buildings which are distributed from high to low or from left to right, according to its order of presidency in square-shaped portion of land. The main building was located facing south and by considering the administrative convenience, the environmental effect and the practice of Confucian norms this structure reflects a hierarchical landuse system. Thirdly, the main buildings such as Dangsangdaecheong and Hyangcheong(鄕廳), which are the working place for government officials had large square front yards for constructing a practical patio garden. The back garden was tended to reflect the meaning landscape, with such as pond and pavilion. A particular point was the repeated crossing of active space and passive space(movement and stillness, building and yard, yard and garden), which implements the Yin-Yang principle. Fourth, the characteristics that can be extracted from the central government office landscapes are (1) expandability of outdoor space, connects of front gardens, emphasizes the characteristic of serviceable gardens and back gardens, which in turn emphasizes scenic sides, (2) introduction of water features(square-shaped ponds) that can be used as fire-water and considers environmental-amenity and landscape characteristics, (3) introduction of pavilions for relaxation, mental and physical discipline, and the development of back gardens, (4) significance of Jeongsimsoo(庭心樹) in such things as selection of concise landscape plants like lotus, willow, pine, zelkova and so on, and limited plant introduction, (5) environmental design techniques which set importance on not only aesthetics and ideality but also practical value. Thus, these aspects of the government office landscape can be said to be the universality and particularity of Korean traditional landscape technique and can be extracted similarly in the palaces, temples, lecture halls, and houses of the upper class of the Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.44
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• pp.571-610
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• 2013

The current patent system is more often used for defensive purposes to exclude others' use or as a means to hold unfair strong positions in negotiations rather than for the original purpose as the dissemination and active use of useful technology. An injunction together with a damage is an important remedy for patent infringements. However, unlike a claim for damages, injunctions do not require the subjective requirement of intent and negligence or the occurrence of loss. If the validity of the patent and the fact of infringement are confirmed, automatically injunctions are issued without consideration of other circumstances. So a patent holder would exclude others' use and have a powerful position in negotiations because of injunctions for patent infringements. Therefore, those injunctions for patent infringements should be flexibly restricted according to cases under the premise to ensure fair compensation for the patent owner, rather than absolutely admitting injunctions for patent infringements like now. If then, it would serve the use of a useful technology and industrial development as the purpose of the patent system. First of all, judgments for preliminary injunctions should be strict and by deliberate decision on the merits permanent injunctions should be determined. In addition, it is needed that court's discretion possible to considerate 'the need for an injunction'. When the courts judge 'the need for an injunction', 'whether a patent holder has implemented a patent invention, the possibility of monetary compensation and the ability of the infringer for damages, a patent holder's intent to license and whether an injunction has been used as a weapon of negotiation, the proportion of patent technology in the entire products, the characteristics of patent technology and the possibility of patent invalidity, the competitive relationship for market share, the public interests and gains and losses between the parties and so on' should be considered. After these judgements, if 'the need for an injunction' is not approved, a patent owner would be protected by post-monetary compensation. However, because damages are related to illegal conducts in the past, in the case that an injunction is restrained, measures to ensure the legal implementation in the future are needed. It is primarily desirable that reasonable royalty is estimated throughout private negotiations between parties, but if agreement between the parties does not occur, patent owner should be able to claim the royalty for future.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.199-208
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• 2007

The olfactory function of subjects could be different due to various factors such as aging, and such discrepancies influence on the olfactory sensibility. Therefore, the objectives of this study was to investigate changes of olfactory sensibility characteristics and structure in relation to the consideration of olfactory threshold of subject. Stimulants of this study were five standard odor samples of T&T olfactometer, and thirty undergraduates over than 19 years old were tested twice during this study In experiment 1, subjects were given to odor samples which were controlled on the basis of individual olfactory threshold. Whereas, subjects were provided with uncontrolled odor samples which had the same concentration(+1) in experiment 2. Olfactory sensibility characteristics were significantly different with presentation types of odor samples, and these gaps were more higher on condition that the preference of odor sample was not distinct. Moreover, such differences affected the olfactory sensibility structure, and 'esthetic sense', 'intensity', and 'activity' were common factors, but 'friendship' of experiment 1 and 'weight' of experiment 2 were unique factors. In conclusion, the olfactory sensibility characteristics and structure could be different with consideration of olfactory threshold of subject. Overall, this study suggest that the olfactory function and the presentation method of odor sample be regarded as principal consideration factors in the olfactory sensibility evaluation.

• Journal of Communication Design
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• v.68
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• pp.278-288
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of risk and convenience on purchase intention in the IOT market, and I want to analyze the moderating effect of emotional consumption value. In this study, two products were selected from three product groups. There are three major methods of research. First, theoretical considerations. Second, survey analysis. Reliability analysis and factor analysis were performed using descriptive statistics using SPSS. Third, we measured changes of EEG according to in - depth interview and indirect experience. As a result of the hypothesis of this study, it was confirmed that convenience of use of IoT product influences purchase intention. Risk was predicted to have a negative effect on purchase intentions, but not significant in this study. This implies that IoT products tend to be neglected in terms of monetary loss such as cost of purchase, cost of use, and disposal cost when purchasing. In-depth interviews and EEG analysis revealed that there is a desire to purchase and try out the IoT product due to the nature of the product, the novelty of new technology, and the vague idea that it will benefit my life. The aesthetic, symbolic, and pleasure factors, which are sub - elements of emotional consumption value, were found to have a great influence. This is consistent with previous research showing that emotional consumption value has a positive effect on purchase intention. In-depth interviews and EEG analyzes also yielded the same results. This study has revealed that emotional consumption value affects the intention to purchase IoT products. It seems that companies producing IoT products need to concentrate on marketing with more emotional consumption value.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.11
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• pp.153-199
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• 2007

The East has recognized 'similar forms' and 'similar spirits' as important topics in expressing an object. Figure painting, in particular, has attached importance to 'transmission of spirit'. Gu Kaizhi (345-406) definitely presented the transmission concept and made it the moot important criterion in painting criticism. By identifying the possibility of revealing spirit through a form, he recognized the 'expression of will' in a creator's work and the experience of such 'expressed will' by an appreciator to be the essential acts of art. Thus, he said, a figure painting revealed the character and nature of the depicted object rather than reproducing its form. Regarding art as a person creating the saintly way of life via developing own character, he attached importance to the will of an artist as the central aesthetic subject. This dissertation explores the keynote of the spirit expressing an artist's inner world and the external shape of a figure. It is carried out by investigating the process of Gu Kaizhi's theory (namely spirit transmission and revelation in painting) leading to Su Dongpo's assertion that "the nature of things" and later leading to Yun Duseo's "theory of the way of painting" as the spirit-transmission theory faithful to the principle of revealing spirit through a form in Chosun. The chronological study of the aforementioned works reveals that the relation between an artist and an object is important at the stage of setting aim in producing a work, and this dissertation analyzed it with four elements: (1) creating work based on the viewpoint of nature that heaven and man are one; (2) reflection of the creator's character (including his/her nature, temperament, spirituality, and emotion during the creation) and the artistic merit of a picture; (3) the dialectic unification between the true and the false through space which is a volitional state as creative thinking space; (4) importance of artist's will above the technique used such that a purposeless, inactive and plain work (where human will is combined with heavenly one) was pursued because the picture is regarded coming from the mind created in the unity of host/artist and guest/object. Thus, through his/her intuitive insight is the world where self is united with the cosmos symbolized. Such expression of an artist's inner world and the external shape of a thing pursues the stage of materialization and creates the new modes such as using space, a variety of brushstrokes, and accidentality and improvisation of India ink. In particular, the writer sees that such expression which enables a creator to express his/her nature or personality (and even the emotion) at the time of creation will be highly worth studying in the future, in accord with the pursuit of contemporary painting being expressed as an abstract aspect.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.380-389
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• 2007

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were analyzed in suspended particulate organic matter, macroalgae and macrobenthic invertebrates in order to determine the importance of primary organic matter sources in supporting food webs of rocky subtidal and intertidal macroalgal beds in the Korean coasts. Investigations were conducted at the inter tidal sites within Gwangyang bay, a semi-enclosed and eutrophicated bay, and the subtidal sites of the east coast, a relatively oligotrophic and open environment, in May and June 2005. Water-column suspension feeders showed more negative $\delta^{13}C$ values than those of the other feeding guilds, indicating trophic linkage with phytoplankton and thereby association with pelagic food chains. In contrast, animals of the other feeding guilds, including interface suspension feeders, herbivores, deposit feeders, omnivores and predators, displayed relatively less negative $\delta^{13}C$ values than those of the water-column suspension feeders and similar with that of macroalgae, indicating exclusive use of macroalgae-derived organic matter and association with benthic food chains. Most the macrobenthic species were considered to form strong trophic links with benthic food chains. In addition, the distribution of higher $\delta^{15}N$ values in macrobenthic consumers and macroalgae at the intertidal sites of Gwangyang Bay than those at the subtidal sites of the east coast suggests that anthropogenic nutrients may enhance the macroalgal production at the intertidal sites and in turn be incorporated into the particular littoral food web in Gwangyag Bay. These results confirm the dominant role of macroalgae in supporting rocky subtidal and intertidal food webs in the Korean coasts.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.98-107
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• 2004

Proper finishing/polishing of dental restorations are critical clinical procedures that enhance both esthetics and longevity of restored teeth. This study was to compare the effects of immediate and delayed finishing/polishing procedures on the surface roughness and surface hardness of tooth-colored restoratives including two microfilled composite resins, such as Filtek A110 and Silux Plus, two hybrid composite resins, such as Revolution formular2 and Palfique Estelite. A total of 48 specimens were made for each material. The first 16 specimens served as the control group and the remaining 32 specimens were randomly divided into two equal groups. The control group was stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 1 week after light polymerization against the Mylar sheet. The first experimental group was finished/polished immediately after light polymerization and stored for 1 week in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$, whereas the while the second group was finished/polished 1 week after light polymerization and stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$. The results were as follows: 1. The smoothest surface was produced by Mylar sheet and finishing/polishing procedure increased the surface roughness. However, the surface roughness of composite resins were not influenced by the finishing/polishing timing. 2. There were significant differences about surface roughness between Revolution formular 2 and Silux Plus, regarding immediate finishing/polishing, and between Palfique Estelite and Silux Plus regarding delayed finishing/polishing(p<0.05). 3. The sequence of the surface hardness was ascending order by Revolution formular 2, Silux Plus, Filtek A110 and Palfique Estelite. However there were no significant differences about hardness among the control group and two finishing/polishing timing groups. 4. The effects of finishing/polishing time on surface roughness and hardness appeared to be material-dependent.