• Title/Summary/Keyword: 신선봉

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Types and Site Characteristics of Rocks with Sinsun Relevant Place Name Morpheme ('신선(神仙)'을 지명소(地名素)로 하는 바위명의 유형과 입지특성)

  • Rho, Jae-Hyun;Park, Joo-Sung;Sim, Woo-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.61-77
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    • 2011
  • This study focused on relevant rock names related to Sinsun(神仙) which had been settled as Taoist traces were combined with places. While interpreting major features of Sundoism relevant rocks, it also discussed types and places of rocks reflected in their names by considering distinct characteristics of landscape characters that ancestors viewed through the rocks or on the rocks. Conclusion of this study is summarized as follows. 1. Among the rock names related to Sinsun, the most frequently discovered one was Sinsunbawi(52) and followed by Sinsunbong(神仙峰: 38), Sinsundae(神仙臺: 31). Other than these, there were Gangsundae(降仙臺: 12), Sunyoodae (仙遊臺: 10) and Sasundae(四仙臺: 5). 2. In the name of Sinsundae, 'Dae(臺)' ascertains that it was located in greatly superb place in the aspects of viewpoint and appreciation where landscape superiority and overlook scenery were fair and outstanding. 3. Sinsunbong was named for a peak of mountain. At the same time, it implied a notion of worship with images of 'merging with sky' or 'looking up.' Most of time, Sinsunbong indicated the tallest rock in the mountain chain. 4. A significant number of Sinsunbong had names where legends of Sinsun's Go game or descent were originated from. It shows that 'Sinsun(仙) and Go game' used to be very important motives for folk etymology of Sinsun related rocks. Along with the Sinsundae, a number of Sinsunbawi were also turned out to exist in land and ocean with excellent marine view. 5. According to analysis of their altitudes and heights of the peaks where the rocks belong to, Sinsunbong, Sinsundae and Sinsunbawi were in order. It might indicate that the rocks were located on top of mountain or that Sinsunbong represented the mountain itself. Compared to this, Sinsundae was located in where distant panoramic views were overlooked. It was not necessarily to be in peak but in where with a great view like Taoist world. On the other hand, Sinsunbawi was located in where has fine scenery and great valley not so far from villages, which proved its name had been influenced by place feature not altitude. 6. Feature of rock with Sinsun related name is to comprise visual stability of worship object with close linkage to attitude of worshiper. Considering its deep connection with communicative method of worship object and worshiper, seemingly it was main factor to lead folk etymology of rocks with Sinsun related names. 7. Rock is an object with the greatest implication of Sinsun imagination and Sinsun rocks show most clearly the fact that Taoism, which used to be considered as inaccessible, had been actualized in a visual and realistic manner with the change of time.

Vegetation Structure of Sinseonnbong in the Byeonsanbando National Park, Korea (변산반도국립공원 신선봉 지역의 식생구조)

  • Um, Tae-Won;Kim, Gab-Tae;Choo, Gab-Cheul
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.143-150
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    • 2009
  • To investigate the vegetation structure of the mountain ridges ranging of Shins un-Bong, this research set up 14 plots($400m^2$) as survey target areas. As a result of the analysis of woody plant cluster, it was classified as two groups-Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community and Carpinus tschonoskii community. Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata was found as a mostly dominant woody plant species in the ridge areas of Shinsun-Bong, while Carpinus tschonoskii were mixed up partly in high altitudes. High negative correlations were shown between Quercus variabilis-Sambucus sieboldiana and relatively high positive correlation were found to exist between Styrax japonicus-Quercus serrata, Sambucus sieboldiana-Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Tilia amurensis, Styrax obassia-Cornus kousa, Rhododendron schlippenbachii-Carpinus laxiflora, Cornus kousa-Tilia amurensis. Species diversity index(H') of investigated groups were ranged from $1.237{\sim}1.497$, and it was relatively high value compared to that of the vegetation structure of other national park.

Classification by Characteristics of Flora in Mt. Joryeong, Geosan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do (충청북도 괴산군 조령산 일대 식물상의 특성별 분류)

  • You, Ju-Han;Jung, Sung-Gwan;Park, In-Hwan;Lee, Gwi-Yong;Ahn, Chan-Ki;Cho, Heung-Won;Lee, Cheol-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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    • v.19 no.4
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    • pp.459-470
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    • 2006
  • This study was carried out objectively to analyze the distributing flora for the conservation of natural environment and to construct the database in Mt. Joryeong, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. The period of survey was from November, 2004 to September, 2005, and the routes were A (Recreation $forest{\sim}Shinseon-bong$), B $(Shinseon-bong{\sim}Mapae-bong)$, C(Joryeong 3rd $gateway{\sim}Mapae-bong$), and D $(Yongseong-gol{\sim}Gitdae-bong)$. The vascular plants were summarized as 341 taxa; 85 families, 219 genera, 299 species, 36 varieties, and 6 forma. The rare and endangered plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 3 taxa; Paeonia japonica, Viola albida, and Rhododendron micranthum. The Korean endemic plants were 9 taxa; Cephalotaxus harringtonia, Salix caprea, Deutzia coreana, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora, $Lespedeza{\times}tomentella$, Vaccinium koreanum, Salvia chanroenica, Weigela subsessilis, and Cirsium setidens. And in the results of survey on resource plants, we confirmed 171 taxa of ornamental plants (50.1%), 222 taxa of edible plants (65.1%), 237 taxa of medicinal plants (69.5%) and 146 taxa of other useful plants (42.8%).

Volatile Flavor Properties of Hallabong Grown in Open Field and Green House by GC/GC-MS and Sensory Evaluation (노지 및 시설에서 재배된 한라봉의 기기분석 및 관능평가에 의한 향기특성)

  • Song, Hee-Sun;Park, Yeon-Hee;Moon, Doo-Gyung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.34 no.8
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    • pp.1239-1245
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    • 2005
  • Hallabong peel oils grown in open field and green house were extracted by hand-pressing flavedo and collected on ice. Volatile flavor components of Hallabong peel oils were identified and compared by using gas chromatography and mass- spectrometry. Forty-four flavor components were identified in open field oil and 45 flavor components in green house oil. (E) -Limonene-1,2-epoxide and neral were identified only in Hallabong oil grown in open field, on the other hand, $\beta$-cubebene, $\beta$-elemene and decyl acetate were detected only in green house oil. Limonene was the most abundant component in both oils as more than 86$\%$ of peak weight, followed by sabinene (1.8$\~$ 3.6$\%$) and myrcene (2.4$\~ $2.6$\%$). The difference of the volatile profile between open field and green house oils were significantly characterized by identification and quantity of alcohol group. The total alcohols in open field and green house oils accounted for 1.8$\%$ and 0.8$\%$, respectively. Among alcohols, the level of linalool was relatively high in open field oil (1.2$\%$), however, it accounted for 0.5$\%$ in green house oil. Flavor properties of fresh Hallabong peel and flesh were also examined by sensory evaluation. Flavor properties of fresh Hallabong grown in open field were relatively stronger on both peel and flesh by sensory analysis. Sweetness was strong in Hallabong flesh from open field, and sourness in that from green house. The sensory evaluation of the preference in consideration of taste and aroma was significantly high in Hallabong grown in open field (p<0.01). From the present study, the stronger flayer properties and the preference of Hallabong from open field by sensory evaluation seem to be associated with the high level of linalool in its peel oil, and the composition of monoterpene hydrocarbons such as sabinene and (E) -$\beta$ -ocimene.

Daesoon Jinrihoe's Geumgangsan Toseong Training Temple Complex as Appraised through the Hyeonggi Theory in Fengshui (풍수 형기론(形氣論)으로 본 대순진리회 금강산토성수련도장)

  • Shin, Young-dae
    • Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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    • v.36
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    • pp.35-78
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    • 2020
  • This study aims to reveal the overall Fengshui figuration and geomantic features of Daesoon Jinrihoe's Geumgangsan (Mt. Geumgang) Toseong Training Temple Complex from the Hyeonggi (Energy of Form) Theory in Fengshui. This study first looked at the mountain landscape viewable from the surface, examined the influence of Qi (Energy) flowing inside it, comprehended the flow of its vitality in terms of its strengths and weaknesses, and gauged the depth of the energy produced from mountain streams to determine fortune and misfortune. There is a special significance to this site due to Sangje's teaching that "⋯ it will be prosperous with 12,000 Dotonggunja (Dao-empowered Sages)," and it is also known as a efficacious grounds for cultivation among ascetics due to it housing the royal mausoleum of Dojeon (interpreted by some as Maitreya). Concerning this, this study explores the geomantic symbolism and growth-supporting land of Geumgangsan Toseong Training Temple Complex as it corresponds to Fengshui theory, and in keeping with this, the topography and conditions are likewise examined. The mountain range and its energy pathways (veins) harmonize with the pure water energy coming from the East Sea. The mountain terrain of Mount Geumgang, and the geomantic location, topography, and energy pathways that influence Daesoon Jinrihoe Geumgangsan Toseong Training Temple Complex are all explored. The Baekdudaegan Mountain Range extends through Mount Geumgang to Sinseonbong Peak, and one range extends to Geumgangsan Toseong Training Temple Complex whereas the other range extends through Sangbong Peak down to Misiryeong Valley and Mount Seorak. Thus, this study demonstrates that Daesoon Jinrihoe has always strongly considered the relationship between its temple complexes and their surrounding environment. The order has always selected locations that exhibit optimal conditions which suit the construction of sacred spaces. The determinations in this paper were made through an academic approach that drew upon various theories of Fengshui while examining Daesoon Jinrihoe's Geumgangsan Toseong Training Temple Complex. The in-depth analysis was specifically based on Hyeonggi Fengshui. At the same time, this study also looked into the surroundings of Geumgangsan Toseong Training Temple Complex. In particular, the mountains and flow of nearby bodies of water were comprehensively examined to show how the surrounding topography corresponds to the principles of Fengshui. An integral approach combining all major theories of Fengshui revealed that Geumgangsan Toseong Training Temple Complex starts from Sinseonbong Peak, and its energy flows through the main mountain range, going through numerous geographical changes of yin and yang. When the range flows down, the water flows accordingly, and where the water whirls, the mountains are shaped accordingly. Eventually, this energy reaches Geumgangsan Toseong Training Temple Complex. From the organic relationship between mountains and bodies of water, which can be said to be the essence of the order of nature, it can be judged that the most prominent geomantic feature of Geumgangsan Toseong Training Temple Complex corresponds to traditional theories of Fengshui in that it forms a configuration wherein optimal water energy supports the Virtuous Concordance of Yin Yang and harmonizes the Blue Dragon with the White Tiger.

Chemical components in the two cultivars of Korean figs(Ficus carical L.) (국내산 무화과의 화학적 성분에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Sung-Soo;Lee, Chang-Ho;Oh, Sang-Lyong;Chung, Dong-Hyo
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.51-54
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    • 1992
  • Analysis of chemical components in the cultivars of Korean figs(Ficus carical L.), Bongraesi and Seungjung Dauphone were performed. The results of analyses for Bongraesi and Seungjung Dauphine were found out to he moisture content of 88.70, 88.40%, protein 0.70, 0.72%, fat 0.31, 0.27%, fiber 1.12, 0.83%, ash 0.47, 0.44%, pectin 2.81, 2.71% and ascorbic acid 1.33, 1.67 mg%, respectively. The total and reducing sugar contents of two cultivars were 9.0%, 9.6% and 8.5%, 8.8% respectively. Glucose and fructose were major sugar components of figs. The organic acids in figs were mainly composed of citric and tartaric acid. The amino nitrogen contents of the two cultivars were 47.6 mg/100g in Bongraesi and 38.7 mg/100g in Seungjung Dauphine. It was found that major amino acids in figs were serine, aspartic acid, proline and alanine. The content of these fraction in total amino acid were shown 62.8% in Bongraesi and 64.0% in Seungjung Dauphine, respectively.

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A Study on the Meaning and Cultural Properties Value of Rock-Go-Board from the Viewpoint of Site and Location Characteristics (입지와 장소 특성으로 본 암각바둑판의 의미와 문화재적 가치)

  • Park, Joo Sung;Rho, Jae Hyun;Sim, Woo Kyung
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.44 no.4
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    • pp.172-205
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    • 2011
  • Go bears significant meanings in terms of cultural and entertaining functions in Asia Eastern such as China and Japan. Beyond the mere entertaining level, it produces philosophical and mythic discourse as well. As a part of effort to seek an identity of Korean traditional garden culture, this study traced back to find meanings of rock-go-board and taste for the arts which ancestors pursued in playing Go game, through analysis and interpretation of correlation among origin of place name, nearby scenery, carved letters and vicinal handed-down place name. At the same time, their position, shape and location types were interpreted through comprehensive research and analysis of stone-go-boards including rock-go-board. Particularly, it focused on the rock names related to Sundoism(仙道) Ideal world, fixed due to a connection between traces of Sundoism and places in a folk etymology. Series of this work is to highlight features of the immortal sceneries, one of traditional landscaping ideals, by understanding place identity and scenic features of where the rock-go-boards are carved. These works are expected to become foundation for promotion and preservation of the traditional landscaping remains. The contents of this study could be summarized as follows; First, round stone and square board for round sky and angled land, black and white color for harmony of yin and yang and 361paths for rotating sky are symbols projecting order of universe. Sayings of Gyuljungjirak(橘中之樂), Sangsansaho(商山四皓), Nangagosa(爛柯故事) formed based on the idea of eternity stand for union of sky and sun. It indicates Go game which matches life and nature spatiotemporally and elegant taste for arts pursuing beauty and leisure. Second, the stone-go-boards found through this research, are 18 in total. 3 of those(16.1%), Gangjin Weolnamsaji, Yangsan Sohanjeong and Banryongdae ones were classified into movable Seokguk and 15(83.9%) including Banghakdong were turned out to be non-movable rock-go-boards carved on natural rocks. Third, upon the result of materializing location types of rock-go-boards, 15 are mountain stream type(83.9%) and 3 are rock peak type(16.1%). Among those, the one at Sobaeksam Sinseonbong is located at the highest place(1,389m). Considering the fact that all of 15 rock-go-boards were found at mountainous areas lower than 500m, it is recognizable that where the Go-boards are the parts of the living space, not far from secular world. Fourth, there are 7 Sunjang(巡將) Go with 17 Hwajeoms(花點), which is a traditional Go board type, but their existences, numbers and shapes of Hwajeom appear variously. Based on the fact, it is recognizable that culture of making go-board had been handed down for an extended period of time. Among the studied rock-goboards, the biggest one was Muju Sasunam[$80(82)cm{\times}80(82)cm$] while the smallest one was Yangsan Sohandjeong Seokguk ($40cm{\times}40cm$). The dimension of length and breadth are both $49cm{\times}48cm$ on average, which is realistic size for actual Go play. Fifth, the biggest bed rock, an under-masonry with carved Go-board on it, was one in Muju Sasunam[$8.7m{\times}7.5m(65.25m^2)$], followed by ones in Hoengseong Chuiseok[$7.8m{\times}6.3m(49.14m^2$] and Goisan Sungukam[$6.7m{\times}5.7m(37.14m^2)$]. Meanwhile, the smallest rock-go-board was turned out to be one in Seoul Banghak-dong. There was no consistency in directions of the Go-boards, which gives a hint that geographical features and sceneries of locations were considered first and then these were carved toward an optimal direction corresponding to the conditions. Sixth, rock-go-boards were all located in valleys and peaks of mountains with breathtaking scenery. It seems closely related to ancestors' taste for arts. Particularly, rock-go-boards are apprehended as facilities related to taste for arts for having leisure in many mountains and big streams under the idea of union of sky and human as a primitive communal line. Go became a medium of hermits, which is a traditional image of Go-game, and symbol of amusement and entertainment with the idea that Go is an essence of scholar culture enabling to reach the Tao of turning back to nature. Seventh, the further ancient time going back to, the more dreamlike the Go-boards are. It is an evident for that Sundoism, which used to be unacceptable once, became more visible and realistic. Considering the high relation between rock-go-boards and Sundoism relevant names such as Sundoism peak in Danyang Sobaeksan, 4 hermits rock in Muju and Sundoism hermit rock in Jangsu, Sundoism hermit rocks and rock-go-boards are sceneries and observation spots to express a communication of worship and longing for Sundoism. Eighth, 3 elements-physical environment such as location type of the rock-go-boards, human activities concentrated on 8 sceneries and Dongcheongugok(洞天九曲) setup and relevancy to Confucian scholars, as well as 'Sangsansaho' motif and 'Nangagosa' symbolic meaning were used as interpretation tools in order to judge the place identity. Upon the result, spatial investigation is required with respect to Sunyoodongcheon(仙遊洞天) concept based on enjoyment to unify with the nature rather than Dongcheongugok concept of neo-Confucian, for Dongcheon and Dongmoon(洞門) motives carved around the rock-go-boards. Generally, places where mountain stream type rock-go-boards were formed were hermit spaces of Confucianism or Sundoism. They are considered to have compromised one other with the change of times. Particularly, in the rock-go-board at the mountain peak, sublimity-oriented advent of Sundoism is considered as a significant factor to control place identity. Ninth, including where the rock-go-boards were established, the vicinal areas are well-known as parts of Dongcheongugok and Palkyung(八景) mostly. In addition, many of Sundoism relevant expressions were discovered even in the neighboring carvings written by scholars and nobility, which means sophisticated taste based on longing for Sundoism world played a significant role in making go-board. The rock-go-board is an integration of cultural phenomena naturally managed by seclusion of scholars in the Joseon Dynasty as well as remains and essence of Korean traditional landscaping. Some rock-go-boards out of 17 discovered in South Korea, including ones in Sobaeksan Sinsunbong, Banghak-dong, Chungju Gongili, Muju Sasunam, Yangsan Eogokdong Banryongdae Seokguk, are damaged such as cracks in rocks or fainted lines by hardships of time and hand stains. Worse yet, in case of Eunyang Bangudae Jipcheongjeong board, it is very difficult to identify the shape due to being buried. Rock-go-boards are valuable sculptures in terms of cultural asset and artwork since they reflect ancestors' love for nature and longing for Sundoism world. Therefore, they should be maintained properly with right preservation method. Not only rock-boards itself but also peripheral places are excellent cultural heritages and crucial cultural assets. In addition, vicinal sceneries of where rock-goboards and pavilion spots are the representative remains of embracing prototype of Korean traditional landscaping and major parts of cultural properties.

저온 브라인처리가 생선횟감용 어류 근육의 물리ㆍ화학적 변화에 미치는 영향 연구 2. 침지시간에 따른 어종 특이성

  • 이기봉;심길보;김태진;이근우;김건배;조영제
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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    • 2002.10a
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    • pp.112-113
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    • 2002
  • 생선회의 품질을 결정하는 중요한 요인은 씹힘성(촉감)으로, 생선회의 단단함(toughness)은 어종, 원료어의 신선도, 조리 후의 저장조건 및 치사방법 등에 따라 달라진다. 어육의 단단함은 생선회의 맛에 직결되어 육질이 단단한 어종일수록 양질의 횟감으로 선호되기 때문에 육질을 개선하기 위한 일련의 연구가 진행되고 있다. 즉, 운동사육에 의하여 근육의 장력을 발생시키는 방법, 사육수온을 변화시키는 방법, 한약재를 사료에 투여하여 육중의 결합조직의 함량을 증대시키는 방법 및 절식사육에 의하여 양식어의 육질을 개선하는 방법 등으로, 이 방법들은 어육의 actomyosin toughness나 background toughness를 향상시키는 방법들이다. (중략)

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복제한우 생산효율과 산자의 성장능력

  • 박수봉;양병철;김동훈;이상기;박효숙;성환후;장원경
    • Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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    • 2003.06a
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    • pp.41-41
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    • 2003
  • 본 연구는 한우 복제수정란의 이식에 의해 고능력 복제한우를 생산할 수 있는 효율과 산자의 성장능력을 검정하기 위해 수행되었다. 고능력 한우의 귀세포를 이용하여 체세포복제수정란을 생산하였고 그 신선수정란을 대리모에 이식한 결과는 다음과 같다. 2000년 (n=35)과 2001년 (n=121)에 이식한 복제소의 분만율은 각각 5.71%, 8.26%로 나타났다. 복제송아지의 임신기간은 평균 287일 (279~295일)이었으며 같은 기간내 인공수정 우군의 평균 임신기간인 287일 (255~293)과 동일하였다. 복제송아지의 분만시 사산율은 6.67%였으며, 인공수정시의 94.44%와 비슷하였다. 그러나 분만후 복제송아지의 생존율은 36.67%로서 인공수정의 100% 보다 매우 낮았다. 그리고 태어난 후 200일 이상 생존한 송아지의 생시 평균체중은 28.25kg (AI 23.67kg)이었고, 복제송아지의 경우 생시체중이 표준체중보다 적거나 (<20kg) 또는 거대체중 (>35kg)의 경우는 분만후 대부분 사망하였다. 상기 결과에 의해 현재의 복제기술에 의한 한우 생산효율은 아주 낮고 분만 후 거대체중등 비정상인 경우가 많아 생존율이 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이에 대한 원인구명에 관한 기초연구의 확대가 요망된다.

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Studies on the Viability of In Vitro-Matured Bovine Oocytes Vitrified by Microdrop and Straw Method (Microdrop과 Straw 방법으로 초자화 동결한 소 난자의 생존율에 관한 연구)

  • Yang, B.C.;Yang, B.S.;Sung, H.H.;Im, S.K.;Park, S.B.;Chang, W.K.;Lee, C.K.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.44 no.6
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    • pp.701-710
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    • 2002
  • Studies on the Viability of In Vitro-Matured Bovine Oocytes Vitrified by Microdrop and Straw Method To establish vitrification method for bovine oocytes, mature bovine oocytes were vitrified by microdrop (MD) or straw (Straw) method and the viability of vitrified oocytes with or without cumulus cells (CC) were examined by several methods; a) parthenogenetic activation; b) pronuclear formation after in vitro fertilization (IVF); and c) embryonic development after IVF. The survival rate of vitrified oocytes by MD was significantly higher than by Straw (92.50 vs. 74.19%, p<0.05). Most of the oocytes survived from vitrification using the MD methods. Cleavage and blastocyst development of parthenogenetically activated oocytes were higher in MD (45.05% and 10.81%, respectively; p<0.05)) than those in Straw method (27.17% and 6.52%, respectively; p<0.05). Male and female pronuclear formation of vitrified-thawed oocytes with or without cumulus cells (CC) after IVF were examined, respectively. The survival rate of vitrified oocytes by MD without CC was no difference between MD and Straw (80.368.14% vs. 67.31%). Normal fertilization (2PN) rates were not different among groups (Fresh; 54.55% vs. MD; 42.22% vs. Straw; 37.14%, p>0.05). While no fertilization (<1PN) rates were significantly different between fresh and vitrified-thawed groups (Fresh; 32.47% vs. MD; 57.78% and Straw 62.86%, p<0.05). The polyspermy (3PN) was appeared in the fresh (12.99%), but no appeared in the vitrified-thawed groups. In the without CC, normal fertilization (2PN) rates were significantly different between fresh and vitrified-thawed oocytes (Fresh; 59.38% vs. MD; 17.31% and Straw; 30.43%, p<0.05). Moreover, no fertilization (<1PN) rates were significantly different between fresh and vitrified-thawed groups (Fresh; 23.44% vs. MD; 73.08% and Straw 58.70%, p<0.05). The polyspermy (3PN, >4PN) was appeared not only fresh but vitrified-thawed groups. After IVF, two-cell developmental rates of vitrified oocytes with CC by MD and Straw were significantly low compared to fresh oocytes (Fresh; 81.76% vs. MD; 22.22% and Straw; 11.36%, p<0.05). Blastocyst developmental rates of vitrified oocytes also were significantly low compared to fresh oocytes (Fresh; 28.38 vs. MD; 1.71% and Straw 0%, p<0.05). In the without CC, two-cell developmental rates were no difference between Fresh and MD (27.59% vs. 19.25%, p<0.05), while blastocyst rates were difference between Fresh and MD or Straw (4.31% vs. 0.62% and 0%, respectively; p<0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that the vitrified bovine oocytes have the ability to develop to the blastocyst stage after IVF.