• Proceedings of the Korean Quaternary Association Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.17-18
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• 2003

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2003

The Neolithic relics containing sedimentary deposits have been found in the Moonamni coastal zone of the East Sea, Korea. The purpose of this research is to establish the late Quaternary stratigraphy of the coastal dune deposit and to elucidate its depositional environment of the Neolithic-site sediments on the basis of analytical properties of grain size population and mineralogy of the sediments. As a result, the vertical sections of the sediments from three trenches are characterized by three major stratigraphic depositional units of Unit 3, Unit 2 and Unit 1 in ascending order. Unit 3 and 2 can be further divided into tow sub-units. Unit 3 is composed of massive sands in the lower part and muddy sand in the upper part. It is considered that the Unit 3 is a typical dune deposit showing well-sorted sands. Unit 2 is characterized by the cross-bedding, and include archaeological remains such as pottery shards. This unit can be further divided into two sub-units of muddy sand in the lower part and sand in the upper part. Unit 1 occupies the top section and consists of modem dune sediment. The Neolithic cultural remains would be accumulated in the coastal dune area in relation to dynamic condition of beach system under the high stand of Holocene sea-level at about 7,800∼6,500 yr B.P. or so.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.41-52
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• 2010

The paleovegetation environments relevant to the geomorphic properties were constructed by pollen analysis in the coastal dune (S1) and marginal trench (S4) of Ssangho at the Osan-ri site. The organic sand layer in the coastal dune (S1) accumulated on the remains of the Neolithic Age correlates to approximately 4,000 yr BP and the pollen zone can be divided with a boundary of approximately 2,000 yr BP. Pinus thunbergii definitely dominated and a small quantity of Quercus. Pollenzone I can be characterized by the dominance of AP and Compositae. The pollenzone II as the dominant period of NAP like Gramineae, Artemisia and Fagopyrum shows the properties of agricultural period. During the times of accumulation of upper organic layer in alluvial plain (S4), broad-leaved trees such as Alnus were dominant and Compositae, Gramineae, Artemisia, Typha, Umbelliferae and Persicaria show the high occurrence rates. The pollen composition of S4 indicates the agricultural activities with the dominance of NAP and correlates to the pollenzone II of the coastal dune (S1).

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.197-212
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• 2020

This study was carried out material characteristics and firing conditions for some potteries in early and middle Neolithic period at the Munamri sites, where the first farmland remails were found in Korea. It is divided into six kinds of surface patterns for potteries such as the raised, bamboo tube and red painted (patternless) from the early Neolithic period (BC 4000 to 6000), and the patterns of horizontal herringbone, short slanted lined or lattice and incised thick line in the middle Neolithic period (BC 3000 to 4000), respectively. Based on the color measures, redness and yellowness of potteries were relatively high as condition of oxidation firings, were also observed black cores on the cross section of potteries. The firing temperature is divided into two groups having under 800℃ and 800to 900℃, the difference in patterns of the potteries are not confirmed. As a microtextures, the bamboo tube pattern potteries show the sericitization biotite, the quartz have developed a suture line textures, and altered alkali feldspars are occurred. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the main minerals contained in potteries are chlorite and amphibole besides quartz, alkali feldspar and biotite. Considering the geology around the Munamri area is the biotite amphibole granite and soil layers within 10km radius are used as the raw materials for the potteries. The raw materials are presumed that the sources from the metamorphic rocks along the water systems through the mountains around the sites on the basis of well developed suture line textured quartz in potteries. Results on normalized geochemical compositions, the potteries by surface patterns are very similar to sources, and it is judged that was made by using the surrounding soils despite the long time difference from the early to middle in the Neolithic period.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.837-855
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• 2013

The remains and relics such as wood vessel, shell middens and acorn hollows related to marine environments were excavated at Bibong-ri, Changnyeong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea, approximately 70km apart from the Nakdong River mouth. The sea-level changes were reconstructed based on characteristics of shell middens and acorn hollows, sedimentary facies, AMS dating, and diatom analysis. The shell middens and acorn hollows were constructed during the early Neolithic Age and provide information on the paleo-sea level, because of influences of marine processes. The sedimentary facies are classified into a bedrock, base gravel and Holocene sediment (marine, terrestrial and back marsh sediments), upward. The sea level fluctuated during the middle Holocene is in harmony with those in Sejuk-ri, Ulsan and Pyeongtaek. In particular, the sea level at Bibong-ri of study area was higher than the mean high tidal level in Gimhae by approximately 1m during 5,000yr BP and maintained the stable condition during 4,000yr BP.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.255-271
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• 2009

This study was examined interpretation of making techniques and provenance interpretation of raw materials for the potteries from the Nongseori site in Giheung based on archaeometric characteristics. The potteries are classified into three groups according to the archaeological age. The texture of Neolithic age potteries is sandy soil added a lot of temper such as talc and mica, and Bronze age potteries contain sandy materials which occur naturally include quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase and mica. On the other hand, Proto-three Kingdom Age potteries made of silty soil that sift out coarse minerals from the clay. But all pottery and soil samples in the study were very similar patterns with geochemical evolution trend. This result is sufficient evidence that all pottery samples were produced using the same raw materials from the host rocks around of the site area. The Neolithic age potteries had loose texture and fired probably about 700 to $760^{\circ}C$. The Bronze age potteries had experienced firing about 850 to $900^{\circ}C$. And Proto-three Kingdom Age potteries had compact textured and fired from 900 to $1,050^{\circ}C$. The making techniques of potteries are not represented discontinuation characteristics about the periodic time sequences, and are suggested that revealed a transitional change patterns for production techniques.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.122-147
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• 2017

The Jungsandong sites are distributed across quartz and mica schist formations in Precambrian, and weathering layers include large amounts of non-plastic minerals such as mica, quartz, felspar, amphibole, chlorite and so on, which form the ground of the site. Neolithic pottery from Jungsandong exhibits various brown colors, and black core is developed along the inner part for some samples, and sharp comb-pattern and hand pressure marks can be observed. Their non-plastic particles have various composition, size distribution, sorting and roundness, so they are classified into four types by their characteristic mineral compositions. I-type (feldspar pottery) is including feldspar as the pain component or mica and quartz. II-type (mica pottery) is the combination of chloritized mica, talc, tremolite and diopside. III-type (talc pottery) is with a very small amount of quartz and mica. IV-type (asbestos pottery) is containing tremolite and a very small amount of talc. The inner and outer colors of Jungsandong pottery are somewhat heterogeneous. I-type pottery group shows differences in red and yellow degree, depending on the content of feldspar, and is similar to III-type pottery. II-type is similar to IV-type, because its red degree is somewhat high. The soil of the site is higher in red and yellow degree than pottery from it. The magnetic susceptibility has very wide range of 0.088 to 7.360(${\times}10^{-3}$ SI unit), but is differentiated according to minerals, main components in each type. The ranges of bulk density and absorption ratio of pottery seem to be 1.6 to 1.7 and 13.1 to 26.0%, respectively. Each type of pottery shows distinct section difference, as porosity and absorption ratio increase in the order as follows: I-type (organic matter fixed sample) < III-type and IV-type < I-type < II-type (including IV-type of IJP-15). The reason is that differences in physical property occur according to kind and size of non-plastic particles. Although Jungsandong pottery consists of mixtures of various materials, the site pottery has a geological condition on which all mineral composition of Jungsandong pottery can be provided. There, it is thought that raw materials can be supplied from weathered zone of quartz and mica schist, around the site. However, different constituent minerals, size and rock fragments are shown, suggesting the possibility that there can be more raw material pits. Thus, it is estimated that there may be difference in clay and weathering degree.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.183-190
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• 2000

This study aims at making a research into the physical and chemical properties of the neolithic era potterys, which are unearthed from Gosanli, Sagaeli, Bukchonli, Samyangdong and Gonaili districts in Cheju Island, by using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and Mossbauer spectroscopy. This results are as follows. The principal component of five plain coarse pottery sherds by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and X-ray diffraction spectrum at the room temperature is silicate mineral which is equal to SiO$_2$, and they also have a little magetite, hematite and goethite. The most existent Fe is Fe$\^$+3/ through Mossbauer spectroscopy analysis of plain coarse pottery sherds and it is presumed that the magnetic hyperfine splitting caused this result. The ratio of Fe$\^$2+//(Fe$\^$2+/+Fe$\^$3+/) is mostly zero by Mossbauer spectrum at the room temperature of plain coarse pottery sherds and it is thought because they were fired in the atmosphere.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2001

The coastal deposits along Moonamni, Kangwon Province, Korea have been investigated by using deeply cored sediments(down to the basement rocks : Pre-Cambrian metamorphic rocks and granitic rocks) in order to understand and propose the late Quaternary stratigraphy and related major unconformities. Three major stratigraphic -depositional units are proposed. The neolithic cultural sites in the Moonamni area are considered as middle Holocene coastal dunes, which were developed due to active supply of beach sands from Unit I(Holocene transgressive deposit). Such coastal dune sediments are characteristic in the upper part of Unit I(Holocene in age). So far, Unit II and Unit III are considered as continental deposits, such as fluvial-swamp and alluvial deposit, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.102-121
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to verify homoteneity of soil and earthenwares and identify firing temperature of earthenwares excavated from Yeoncheon Hapsuri: two earthenwares of the New Stone Age(YCP-1, YCP-2); two of the Bronze Age(YCP-3, YCP-4); and four of the Three States Age(YCP-4~8). The comparative analysis of soil (YCRM) and the earthenwares displays that soil geochemical patterns were similar to YCP-1, YCP-3, YCP-5, YCP-6, YCP-7 and YCP-8. On the other hand, YCP-2 and YCP-4 did not show the similarity to the one of soil because they had been enriched with MgO by contained talc and chlorite. Based on the absorption rate, specific gravity, structural characteristics and XRD analysis, firing temperature has been estimated: for YCP-7 and YCP-8 was $870^{\circ}C$ or over; for YCP-2 and YCP-4 $800^{\circ}C$ or below; and for YCP-1, YCP-3, YCP-5 and YCP-6 between 800 and $870^{\circ}C$. Mineralogical analysis displays that the geochemical pattern of the soil is coincide with the one around Yeoncheon Hapsuri site, which also shows similarity to the one of earthenwares. Such result persuades that the excavated earthenwares were produced with the soils within the precinct of the archaeological sites.