• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.40-46
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• 2015

Neuroglial cells are fundamental for brain homeostasis and defense to intrinsic or extrinsic changes. Loss of their function and over-reactivity to stimuli contribute to the aging of brain. Alzheimer's disease (AD) could be caused by more dramatic response in neuroglia associated with various chemokines and cytokines. Neuroglia of the AD brain shares some phenotypes with aging neuroglia. In addition, neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation are commonly showed in neurodegeneration. Thus neuroglia would be a promising target for therapeutics of AD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1992.05a
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• pp.27-27
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• 1992

많은 홀몬, 성장인자 및 신경 전달물질들은 각각에 대한 세포막의 수용체와 결합하여 Phospholipase C (PLC)를 활성화시키므로서 신호를 세포내로 전달하여 세포의 성장, 대사, 신경 흥분, 수축 및 분비 등의 생리 현상을 나타내고 있다. 이 신호 전달의 중심 효소인 PLC는 현재까지의 효소 분리, 유전자 클로닝 등의 방법으로 3가지 Class에 적어도 8종유의 등위효소(Isozyme)들이 존재하고 있는 것으로 밝혀지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 등위효소에 특이적인 조절 물질을 선별할 수 있는 체계를 확립하기 위하여 새로운 동위효소의 분리 및 규명과 이 동위효소들에 대한 과발현 및 발현 세포주 개발을 추진하고 있다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.702-709
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• 2003

Purpose : $IFN{\gamma}$ sentitizes many tumor cells to $TNF{\alpha}$ and FASL-mediated apoptosis by enhancing the expression of TNF or FAS/CD95 receptor and modulating the activation of caspase and Bcl-2 family. It has been reported that $IFN{\gamma}$ and $TNF{\alpha}$ synergistically caused differentiation and growth inhibition of neuroblastoma cells. Even though some neuroblastoma cell express FASR/FASL on the cell surface, they could not induce apoptosis by ligation of the FAS/CD95 receptor. But the treatment of $IFN{\gamma}$ is reported to induce apoptosis in some neuroblastoma cell lines through the CD95/CD95L autocrine circuit. In this study, we examined whether $IFN{\gamma}$ could affect $TNF{\alpha}$ and agonistic FAS/CD95 antibody(CH-11)-induced apoptosis against neuroblastoma cell lines that had shown diverse drug sensitivity and resistance. Methods : CHLA-15, CHLA-90 and LA-N-2 neuroblastoma cells were cultured in IMDM and treated with recombinant $IFN{\gamma}$, $TNF{\alpha}$ and CH-11 antibody. Cell viability was measured by DIMSCAN with a fluorescent calcein-AM. Apoptosis was analyzed through flow cytometry using Annexin V-PE and 7-ADD staining and confirmed by pancaspase and caspase-8 blocking experiments. The expression of TNF RI and FAS/CD95 receptor was evaluated by flow cytometry using the corresponding antibody and PE-conjugated secondary antibody. Results : $IFN{\gamma}$ or $TNF{\alpha}$ alone had no demonstrable cytotoxic effects, whereas both cytokines in combination induced apoptosis synergistically in CHLA-15 and CHLA-90 cells. Although there was no cytotoxicity with the ligation of CH-11 alone in CHLA-90 cells, pretreatment of $IFN{\gamma}$ increased the sensitivity of CH-11-mediated apoptosis. The expression of TNFRI and FAS/CD95R were non-specifically enhanced after treatment of $IFN{\gamma}$ without relation to sensitivity to $TNF{\alpha}$ and CH-11. This finding suggest up-regulation of both receptors may contribute to sensitization of $TNF{\alpha}$ and CH-11-mediated apoptosis by $IFN{\gamma}$ in only sensitive cell lines. Conclusion : $IFN{\gamma}$ induced sensitization of $TNF{\alpha}$ and agonistic FAS/CD95 antibody-mediated apoptosis on some neuroblastoma cells through up-regulation of TNFRI and FAS/CD95 receptor.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2014

Cultured pancreatic beta cells and nerve cells, it is given normal condition of 10% FBS (fetal bovine serum), 11.1 mM glucose and hyperglycemia codition of 1% FBS, 30 mM glucose. For low LET X-ray irradiated with 0.5 Gy/hr dose-rate(total dose: 0.5 to 5 Gy). Survival rates were measured by MTT assay. When non irradiated, differentiated in the pancreatic beta cells experiment is hyperglycemia conditions survival rate compared to normal conditions survival rate seemed a small reduction. However increasing the total dose of X-ray, the survival rate of normal conditions decreased slightly compared to the survival rate of hyperglycemia conditions, the synergistic effect was drastically reduced. When non irradiated, undifferentiated in the nerve cells experiment is hyperglycemia conditions survival rate compared to normal conditions survival rate seemed a large reduction. As the cumulative dose of X-ray normal conditions and hyperglycemia were all relatively rapid cell death. But the rate of decreased survivals by almost parallel to the reduction proceed and it didn't show synergistic effect.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.451-462
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• 2002

삼차신경은 구강악안면영역의 운동 및 감각을 담당하고 있으므로 치과임상에서 매우 중요하다. 삼차신경근 중 삼차신경절에 세포체를 갖는 뉴론은 주로 체성 감각을 전달하는 1차 구심신경으로 악안면영역의 촉각, 압각, 진동감각 온도각 및 통각을 담당한다. 이러한 감각의 전달은 기본적으로 신경세포의 이온통로의 활동에 의존하는데 삼차신경절 세포에 여러 종류의 이온통로가 존재하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 항체 염색법을 이용하여 이온통로가 존재를 확인 하고자 한다. 횐쥐의 삼차신경절로부터 통법에 따라 뉴론을 단일 세포로 분리하고 immunocytochemistry 방법으로 세포를 염색하여 관찰한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 본 실험에서 이온전류의 측정 등으로 관찰된 여러 종류의 이온통로들을 면역 염색법으로 확인하였다. 횐쥐의 삼차신경절 뉴론에서 확인된 이온통로는 소디움통로와 N, P 및 Q-type의 칼슘통로 그리고 BK$_{Ca}$, Kv 4.2 및 Kir 2.1 등의 포타슘통로이었으며 이온통로의 종류에 따라 분포에 차이를 나타내었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.420-433
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• 1996

Background : There have been many debates about the effects of nitric oxide on the neurogenic inflammation. The role of nitric oxide in the neurogenic inflammation of airways will be required a better understanding of the localization and types of nitirc oxide synthase(NOS) activity in the neurogenic inflammation of airways. Method : To investigate the role of nitric oxide in airway neurogenic inflammation, 1) the effects of neurokinin receptor antagonist (FK224) and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, $N^{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) on plasma extravastion were evaluated in four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats ; sham operation group(sham NANC group), electrical vagal stimulation group(NANC2 group), intravenous pretreatment groups with FK224 (1mg/kg ; FK224 group), and L-NNA(1mg/kg ; L-NNA group) 15 minutes before vagal NANC stimulation. 2) NOS activity in trachea with neurogenic inflammation was localized by immunohistochemical stain. Immunohistochemical stain was performed by antibodies specific for inflammatory cells(iNOS), brain(bNOS), and endothelium (eNOS) on trachea obtained from sham NANC, NANC2, and FK224 groups. Results : The results are that plasma extravsation in neurogenic inflammation of rat airways was inhibited by FK224, but enhanced by L-NNA pretreatment(P<0.05). There was significantly increased infiltration of inflammatory cells in subepithelium of neurogenic inflammatory trachea, but the reduction of subepithelial infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed after pretreatment with FK224(P<0.05). Immunostaining with anti-iNOS antibody showed strong reactivity only in infiltrated inflammatory cells in neurogenic rat trachea, and these iNOS reactivity was reduced by pretreatment with FK224. bNOS immunoreactivity was significantly increased only in the nerves both of neurogenic inflammatory and FK224 pretreated trachea compared with sham NANC trachea(p<0.05). eNOS immunoreactivity was not significant change in endothelium in neurogenic inflammation of rat trachea. Conclusion : These results suggest that nitric oxide released from iNOS in infiltrated inflammatory cells has main role in neurogenic inflammation of rat trachea. The presence of bNOS immunoreactivity in the nerves indicates that nitric oxide may be released from the nerves in rat trachea with neurogenic inflammation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.265-270
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• 2019

Growing evidence suggests that mediating apoptotic cell death of ER stress plays an important role in pathological development of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. The ethanol extract of Rodiola sacra (ERS) investigates whether ER stress protects neuroinvasive neuro-2A cells from homocysteine (Hcy) cell death and ER stress. In neuronal cells, Hcy markedly decreased the viability of the cells and induced the death of Annexin V-positive cells as confirmed by MTT assay. The Hcy cell viability and apoptotic loss pretreated with ERS were attenuated, and Hcy showed stress in the expression of C / EBP homologous protein, 78-kDa glucose regulatory protein and the junction of X-box binding protein-1 (xbp1) mRNA. ESR decreased Hcy-induced mRNA binding, GRP78 and CHOP cells induced Hcy-induced ER stress and apoptosis, and Western blotting revealed expression of heme oxygenase-1 and HO-1 enzyme activity Inhibition is indicative of therapeutic value for neurodegenerative diseases such as decreased cell death by hemin.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.542-549
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• 1995

The effect of extraceflular matrix (ECM) protein on the neuronai differentiation of SI(-N-SH and IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cell lines was examined. When ceils were cultured on the laminin/collagen coated plate for 7 days, the extensive neurite outgrowth was observed In IMR-32. To address the reason why IMR-32 cell llne did not respond to ECM proteins, the ECM mediated early signalling mechanisms were analysed in both SK-N-SH and IMR-32. When cells were plated on the laminin/collagen coated plates, tyrosine phosphorylated proteins were Increased within an hour In both of these cells. Moreover, the foaal adhesion IlInase (FAK) was tyrosine phosphorylated in both of these two cell lines. These results suggest that the ECM mediated early signalling mechanism was normal in IMR-32 cell line. The expression of both NSE and Bcl-2 was increased by ECM treatment in SK-N-SH. However, these components were not changed by ECM In IMR 32 cells to ECM component Is likely due to the abnomality of the transcriptional regulation mechanism which Is responsible for the neuronal differentiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.224-230
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• 2014

Marine algae have long been recognized as a health and beauty food, based on its anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity activities. In this study, methanol extracts were prepared from 10 different phaeophyta, after which DPPH radical scavenging and cytoprotective activities of HT-22 cells against ${\beta}$-amyloid protein ($A{\beta}$), which has neurotoxic effects, were investigated. In DPPH experiments, Ecklonia cava and Ishige okamurai showed strong ROS scavenging activities, whereas eight other phaeophyta including Petalonia binghamiae (P. bin) showed weak ROS scavenging activities. To validate the cytoprotective effects of 10 different phaeophyta in $A{\beta}$-induced HT-22 cells, protein expression levels of APP, BACE1, iNOS, phosphorylated ERK1/2, phosphorylated p38 and phosphorylated JNK1/2 were determined along with MTT assay. In the MTT assay, P. bin showed the best effective cytoprotective activity at a concentrations of $25{\mu}g/mL$, whereas Sargassum confusum, Colpomenia sinuosa, Myelophycus simplex, and Sargassum hemiphyllum showed potential. Determination of protein expression levels related to $A{\beta}$-induced neurotoxicity in the five selected phaeophyta showed that P. bin inhibited BACE1 and iNOS expression in $A{\beta}$-induced HT-22 cells. These results indicate that the cytoprotective effects of P. bin are mediated by suppressing the pathways involving $A{\beta}$-induced ERK and p38 activation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.57-70
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• 1997

The distribution of glutamatergic synaptic structures in the dog basilar pons was investigated at the ultrastructural level using monoclonal antibodies against fixative-modified glutamate. Electron-dense reaction product was densely localized at the perinuclear region in the neurenal somata and often observed along the microtubules located within the dendritic processes. One or more unlabelled axon terminals made asymmetric synaptic contacts with glutamate-immunoreactive dendritic profiles. In audition, reaction product was observed either within axonal processes surrounded by myelin sheath or axon terminals. Immunoreactive axon terminals made asymmetric synaptic contact either with unlabelled or labelled dendritic profiles. These observations provided an anatomic evidence of how this excitatory neural element might perform its function in a multisynaptic pathway involving glutamatergic afferents to the basilar pons, glutamate-immunoreactive pontocerebellar projection neurons, and the glutamate-positive granule cells of the cerebellar cortex.