• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2005

Niacin (vitamin $B_{3}$) is the generic term for nicotinic acid (pyridine 3-carboxylic acid) and nicotinamide (nicotinic acid amide), and coenzyme forms of the vitamin. Large doses of nicotinic acid are associated with a number of adverse effects in human. The effects include flushing, skin itching, nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal disturbance. This study was conducted to estimate daily intake of niacin by ingestion of food and multivitamin, and to identify risk value related with side effects, which can be caused by large dose intake in population having a typical lifestyle. Induced risk values by comparing only dietary intake level and intake level from both food and multivitamin with upper level as 35 mg/day were 0.53 and $0.81\~6.24$ respectively. Hazard Index over 1 means that occurrence of side effects would be expected in some population. When people intake multivitamin and functional food including niacin, risk value may increase more than risk value identified in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 2005

This study was carried out to measure the amount of daily intake on three synthetic food red colors (Amaranth: R2, Erythrosine: R3, Allura Red: R40) in foods by Korean. Analysis of three synthetic food red colors was conducted by HPLC with the foods including bread, confection, candy, alcoholic beverage, soft drink, ice cream, chocolate, and chewing gum. Recovery rates from the known concentrations of three standard food red colors which were spiked into foods were ranged from 85.1 to 100.4 (%) for each foods. Total Estimated Daily Intake (∑EDI) was from 0 to 1.632 mg/kg bw/day for each food item and from 0.512 to 7.281 mg/person/day for ages (1∼over 65 years old). The data of average food intake for each food item per person per day were obtained from the report of Korean National Nutrition Survey conducted by the Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare in 2001. Total EDI of each red colors per person per day were showed as follows; 0.742 mg/kg bw/day for R2, 0.391 mg/kg bw/day for R3 and 2.018 mg/kg bw/day for R40 as total amount respectively, and the ranges of these values were 0.5∼7.1% of FAO/WHO's Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) values. Therefore, the amount of daily intake of three synthetic food red colors in Korea was regarded as safe.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 1982

나성의 한국 이주민의 자녀로서 사춘기에 문화권을 바꾸는 경험을 갖은 57인의 중고등 학생들을 대상으로 실시된 본 조사는 대상자의 1 ) 일반적 특성의 파악 2 ) 식습관 및 기호조사, 식품 섭취 빈도 조사 3 ) 영양지식 및 그들 어머니의 영양지식 조사 4 ) 영양실태 조사를 통하여 식생활의 변화 및 문제점을 찾아보았다. 영양실태 조사는 24-hour diet recall 방식에 의하여 기본 4군, meal pattern 및 영양소를 추산하여 한국과 미국의 RDA와 비교하였다. 위의 실태조사 결과를 요약해 보면 ; 1) 한국전통음식인 밥과 김치는 저녁식사시 모두 섭취하고 있으나 아침, 점심은 미국식단의 사용율이 높았다. 기호도 조사에 의하면 전반적으로 미국음식보다 한국음식을 더 좋아한다고 하였다. 2) 여학생은 아침식사, 남학생은 저녁식사가 불규칙하였다. 3) 여학생은 풍부한 과일의 섭취가, 남학생은 우유의 섭취가 한국에서의 식습관에 비해 그들의 건강을 위해 좋다고 하였다. 4) 영양지식의 근원은 어머니로부터가 가장 높았다. 여학생들은 철분의 근원식품에 관한 지식이 남학생보다 부족했으며, 균형된 식단의 선택 접수는 남학생보다 여학생이 높았다. 5) 기호조사 결과에 의하면 가장 싫어하는 식품은 간, 칠면조, 돼지고기, 고형 요구르트, 아보카도, 올리브 등이었고, 한번도 먹어보지 않은 식품은 부로콜리, 우설, 양고기, 망고, 탈지분유 등이었다. 이들 어머니의 기호조사 결과는 자녀들과 흡사하였으나 어머니들은 미국식품 중 한번도 시도해 보지 않은 식품의 수가 그들 자녀보다 많았다. 6) 24시간 diet recall 방법의 분석에 의하면 결핍된 영양소는 열량, 철분, 비타민 A였다. 단백질 섭취량의 증가는 현저하였으나, 낮은 열량의 섭취는 이주민의 자녀의 불규칙한 식습관의 일면과 동시에 우리나라 남학생들의 조리방법의 미숙한 면을 보여주었다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.766-772
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the daily intakes of propyl gallate, EDTA (ethylenediamine tetra acetate), and erythorbic acid for average consumers by age group and the intake of high consumers ($95^{th}$ percentile) in Korea. The average intake of EDTA was $1.14{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$, and 0.0% of the ADI (acceptable daily intake) established by JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). The $95^{th}$ percentile intake of EDTA was $141.24{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ (5.6% of ADI). The average intake of erythorbic acid was $16.93{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$, and the 3-6 year-old group had the highest consumption ($58.43{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$), which was <1.0% of the ADI established by the EU (European Union). The $95^{th}$ percentile intake of erythorbic acid was $1,320.31{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ and 22.0% of the ADI. In conclusion, daily intakes of propyl gallate, EDTA, and erythorbic acid in Korea were at safe levels in all age groups and also in high consumers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.290-307
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• 2011

Acrolein is highly toxic and may be formed from carbohydrates, vegetable oils, animal fats and amino acids during heating of food. In the present study, we investigated adults' intake level of cooked meat using high temperature cooking method such as pan frying or grilling directly over an open flame and indirect fire using pan. The 925 adults (438 men and 487 women) participated in this nationwide survey. According to the result of frequency intake of cooked meat at high temperature, the most frequently consumed cooked meat at high temperature was fried chicken, followed by indirect cooking-samgeybsal and directly grilled fish and mackerel pike among twenty five kinds of cooked meats and foods, which were eaten more than three times per month. The woman consumed direct grilled fish and mackerel pike more than three times per month, while the man consumed samgeybsal, pork cutlet, and fried chicken once per week. The order of total intake amount of cooked meat per adult for a year is 10.3 kg of fried chicken (man 13.1 kg, woman 8.04 kg), 6.7 kg of samgeybsal (man 9.4 kg, woman 4.7 kg) and 5.1 kg of jeyukbockeum (man 7.0 kg, woman 3.6 kg). The results of present study suggest that adult must realize the risk of consuming cooked meat at high temperature and the need for education for proper dietary habit to prevent geriatric diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.268-276
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study is to estimate total sugar intake and identify major food sources of total sugar intake in the diet of the Korean population. Methods: Dietary intake data of 33,745 subjects aged one year and over from the KNHANES 2008-2011 were used in the analysis. Information on dietary intake was obtained by one day 24-hour recall method in KNHANES. A database for total sugar content of foods reported in the KNHANES was established using Release 25 of the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, a total sugar database from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, and information from nutrition labeling of processed foods. With this database, total sugar intake of each subject was estimated from dietary intake data using SAS. Results: Mean total sugar intake of Koreans was 61.4 g/person/day, corresponding to 12.8% of total daily energy intake. More than half of this amount (35.0 g/day, 7.1% of daily energy intake) was from processed foods. The top five processed food sources of total sugar intake for Koreans were granulated sugar, carbonated beverages, coffee, breads, and fruit and vegetable drinks. Compared to other age groups, total sugar intake of adolescents and young adults was much higher (12 to 18 yrs, 69.6 g/day and 19 to 29 yrs, 68.4 g/day) with higher beverage intake that beverage-driven sugar amounted up to 25% of total sugar intake. Conclusion: This study revealed that more elaborated and customized measures are needed for control of sugar intake of different subpopulation groups, even though current total sugar intake of Koreans was within the range (10-20% of daily energy intake) recommended by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. In addition, development of a more reliable database on total sugar and added sugar content of foods commonly consumed by Koreans is warranted.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.439-453
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• 2023

Purpose: Concerns about accelerated aging are regularly being discussed. This study analyzed the dietary status and nutritional intake of college students who are about to enter their 30s and 40s. We further suggest ways to eat healthily. Methods: Totally, 67 students attending Daegu Catholic University were provided with a three-day meal record and analyzed. Results: The average demographics of the subjects were as follows: age 23.2 ± 2.0 years, height 165.1 ± 9.0 cm, weight 65.4 ± 13.6 kg, and BMI 23.5 ± 3.9 kg/m². Overall, 76.3% of the subjects skipped breakfast. The food intake evaluation according to the food group intake pattern and the recommended number of servings determined that 38.3% of the subjects did not consume fruits and dairy products (GMVFDS = 111001), and both men and women lacked all food groups. Analysis of the nutrient intake state revealed lesser nutrient intake than the estimated energy need. Evaluation of the %RDA found that consumption of phosphorus was above the recommended amount, whereas all other nutrients were below the recommended amount. Men had a higher intake rate of phosphorus (p < 0.01), iron (p < 0.001), and sodium (p < 0.05) than women, whereas the intake rate of dietary fiber was higher in women (p < 0.05). Evaluation of the food intake by 22 food categories revealed that intake of regular grains was more in men than in women (p < 0.05) whereas women consumed significantly more mixed grains (p< 0.01). In protein foods, men consumed more meat (p < 0.01), while women consumed more eggs (p < 0.05) and beans (p < 0.05). Evaluating the fruit intake, juices were more frequently consumed by men than by women (p < 0.05). No differences were obtained in food intake and nutrient intake status according to obesity. Conclusion: Based on these results, there is an urgent requirement for attention and support for university cafeterias in order to induce changes in the eating habits of college students. Among other initiatives, this can be achieved by providing diet improvement programs and menus that consider food preferences.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and assess nutrient intake levels for the purpose of improving MS risk factors. The participants in this study were 512 adults consisting of 271 men and 241 women aged 30 and over, who visited a public health center for a medical check up. The diagnosis of MS subjects was adapted from the NCEP-ATPIII guidelines and the WHO Asia-Pacific Area criteria for obesity. The MS group was defined as subjects displaying three or more risk factors, and the non MS group was defined as those displaying two or less risk factors. A dietary survey was conducted using the 24-hour recall method. The number of subjects displaying MS syndrome factors was 158 (30.9%), broken down into, 89 men and 69 women. Regarding risk factors in the MS group, the prevalence of waist circumference was 40.5%, hypertension 34.2%, hyperglycemia 31.0%, low HDL-cholesterol 24.7%, and hypertriglycemia 19.6%. BMI, sistolic blood pressure, blood glocose, blood triglyceride, and blood HCL-cholesterol of the MS group were significantly higher compared to the non MS group. Male subjects in the MS group reported high intakes of cereals, sugar, fruits, meat and poultry, oil and fats, and beverages and total food intake was significantly higher compared to the non MS group. Women in the MS group reported high intakes of meat and poultry, milk and dairy products, beverages, and seasonings, and total food intake was higher compared to the non MS group. Dietary diversity score (DDS) was 3.82~4.04, which was not significant among the groups. In men, dietary variety score (DVS) was 16.3 in the MS group and 19.4 in the non MS group, whereas in women, the DVS was 15.2 in the non MS group and 17.0 in the MS group. In GMVDF pattern, 11111 pattern was 30.7%, followed by 01111 for men and 11101 for women. Calorie, fat, and cholesterol intakes in men as well as, calorie, fat, and folate intakes in women in the MS group were higher compared to the non MS group. Intakes of protein, P, Fe, Na, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, vitamin E, and Zn were higher than the KDRIs. On the other hand, intakes of Ca, K, fiber, vitamin $B_2$, and vitamin C were below the KDRIs. Intakes of lipids, animal food, Na, and cholesterol in the MS group were higher compared to the non MS group, whereas intake of dietary fiber was lower. Our results indicate that continuous, systematic nutritional education program must implemented to reduce the risk factors associated with MS.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.642-651
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• 2013

This study sought to evaluate the daily intakes of sodium saccharin and sucralose for individuals in Korea with average and high levels of consumption of both these substances. The estimated daily intake of both sweeteners was determined from analytical data and dietary intake data collected as part of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. Analysis of the data showed that sodium saccharin was found in 53 (15.6%) of 339 processed foods analyzed, whereas sucralose was found in 141 (23.9%) of 590 processed foods analyzed. The average intake of sodium saccharin was 1.18% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) defined by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The average intake of sucralose was 0.55% of ADI. The 95th percentile intakes of sodium saccharin and sucralose were 5.29% and 15.66% of ADI, respectively. Children 6 years old and younger consumed more sodium saccharin and sucralose than did children from any of the other age groups tested. In conclusion, the average daily intakes of sodium saccharin and sucralose within members of the Korean population fall within safe levels.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.128-128
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• 2003

서울지역의 건강한 중년 자원자 91명(남 42명, 여 49명)을 대상으로 24시간 회상법을 이용한 3일간의 식품 및 영양소 섭취실태조사와 1년간의 식품섭취빈도조사를 6개월 간격으로 조사하였다. 1차 조사는 대상자가 작성해 온 조사지를 훈련된 영양사와의 면담을 통하여 수정, 보충하였으며, 2차 조사는 6개월 후 대상자가 직접 기록하여 우편을 통하여 접수하였다. (중략)