• The Journal of Korean Medical History
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.83-105
• /
• 2016

Traditional medical knowledge and its biological resources, including Korean Medicine, has regarded as an important object of intellectual property rights. International organizations have been discussed and implemented various treaties on how to exercise and protect the property rights of traditional medicines. In Korea, the governmental policies and the academic societies have endeavored to establish the protection method and academic foundations of Korean Medicine's intellectual properties. This study will examine the current situation of discussions in major international organizations and Korean governmental policies related to the protection of traditional medical intellectual properties. Furthermore, this paper will contemplate the possible arguments and countermeasures to protect the traditional knowledge of Korean Medicine. We hope that this study will contribute to find the reasonable and effective ways of protection of Korean Medicine's intellectual property rights.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.718-732
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide data for the basic research to found the effective conservation and management plan for the Geumdangsil Pine Forest of Yecheon designated as Natural Monument No. 469. Furthermore, this paper suggest efficient sustainable forest preservation and using. In order to achieve the sustainable forest preservation, this study was to analyse topography, land use, tree growth, soil environment, forest usage and forest management, etc. According to analysis the results, the site area is located in the flatlands where is from 130 to 140 m above sea level. The around forest was transformed into agricultural land. The 565 individuals of Pinus densiflora grows in the forest, whereas, 25 trees was cut down or died. There are signs of 25 stumps. The most of 565 trees' diameter at breast height(DBH) was centerized between 30 cm and 50 cm, moreover, the average life expectancy of trees were 85.4 years. The oldest age of tree was estimated to be 200 years. The Sample trees of rate of branch growth is from 4.3 cm to 5.1 cm per year. The middle branch which is more vigorous growth grow 24.2 cm for 3 years. Moreover, the result of soil physico-chemical properties analysis of 7 plots, 4 categories which is soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphoric acid, specific electrical conductance was generally good, however, the 2 categories which is soil pH, exchangeable cation needed improvement. Currently, the site was not pressured by facilities and usage, however, there might be threaten by agriculture such as encroaching on forest. Therefore, there should establish comprehensive ecosystem management such as facility management, visitors management and operation management In this paper considered 4 fields that is ecosystem management, facility management, visitors management and operation management for sustainable management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.11-21
• /
• 2011

In this paper, in order to select specialist butterfly species that inhabit Haneul and Noeul Parks, previously landfill areas, we verified the reciprocal relationships between nectar plants and butterflies. While we will design the butterfly habitats, this paper will provide the foundation data for selecting the plants. The completed survey indicated that there were a total of 5 families, 23 species and 1,129 individuals. Butterflies of the main action were feeding on nectar, and such behavior was 36% of the total actions. Therefore, these parks play an important role in butterflies feeding on nectar. The correlation between butterflies and the nectar plants' color was not significant; Therefore, it is not necessary to consider flower color when choosing plants to attract the butterflies. In addition, butterflies prefer naturalized plants for feeding on nectar. Thus, when creating butterfly habitats, there is no use in attracting the butterflies by classifying the naturalized plants and native plants. However, if some areas that are need to plant native plants such as Inkigofera pseudo-tinctoria, Lespedeza bicolor, Aster koraiensis make use it, there could be taken an advantage to attract the butterflies. According to the algebraic curve model of curve estimation regression analysis, we were able to classify the generalist species and specialist species by regression analysis. As a result, Colias erate, Artogeia rapae and Parnara guttata were classified as generalist species, where as Rapala caerulea, Pieris melete, Zizera maha and Celastrina argiolus were classified as specialist species. Rapala caerulea prefers hills and forest for its habitat; therefore, it is clearly distinct from Pieris melete, Zizera maha and Celastrina argiolus which prefer grassland for habitats. These results show that Rapala caerulea is high conservation value in a landfill area where is developing ecological succession from grasslands to wood lands. In conclusion, these research are able to contribute to select the target species and suitable species that consider a singularity between butterflies and nectar plants, when we are creating the butterfly habitats, moreover these research will contribute to maintain a stable habitats.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.76-83
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze people who applied for and passed engineer landscape architecture examination that had been conducted from 2007 to 2016, the test frequency and trends by the question types in the landscape structure construction and management area, and the test tendencies and features by question types, and thereby to find the test trends for landscape structure construction and management in engineer landscape architecture examination. the analysis results are presented as follows: The people who applied for and passed engineer landscape architecture examinations that had been conducted from 2007 to 2016 were analyzed. as a result, the numbers of applicants and those who passed the examination have been on the decrease from 2011 and from 2012, respectively. the 10-year average rate of successful applicants for engineer landscape architecture examination was 11.2%. The test frequency and trends by the question types in the landscape structure construction area, and the test tendencies and features were analyzed. as a result, based on the key words in the seven categories (construction plan & process management, landscape materials, landscape planting foundation, work classification based construction, landscape estimation, basic structural mechanics, and survey), the questions about work classification based construction accounted for the largest, or 25.2%, and the questions about landscape planting foundation accounted for 3.3%. therefore, landscape planting foundation had lower test frequency and was less important than other categories. The test frequency and trends by the question types in the landscape management area, and the test tendencies and features were analyzed. as a result, based on the key words in the nine categories (operation and use & maintenance, pruning management, fertilization management, weed management, irrigation and drainage management, wintering management, pest management, and lawn management, and landscape facility management), the questions about operation and use & maintenance accounted for the largest, or 37.2%, and the numbers of the questions about fertilization management and irrigation & drainage management and of the questions about waterscape facility of landscape facility management have been on the increase from 2011 and from 2015, respectively. According to the analysis on the test tendencies for landscape structure construction and management areas in the examination there have been questions in a wide range and variety of categories. in terms of the landscape structure construction area, the frequency of questions in work classification based construction, landscape materials, and excellent quality in terms of the landscape management area, the frequency of questions in fertilization management, irrigation & drainage management, and waterscape facility of landscape facility management tends to increase because of environmental factors like climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 2013

This study is a basic study to develop standards and foundations for the establishment of traditional Korean gardens and aims to understand the current status of their components and expression methods and identify problems by investigating Korean gardens developed overseas. Nine sites were selected for field surveys and monitoring assessments. The results suggest: Overall, there is a lack of popular generality and temporal characteristics among these gardens, as they are mere reproductions of historical elements. There have also been errors of traditional and experimental interpretations. In terms of design aspects, traditional gardens are primarily compilations of landscape elements and certain ornamental features. In terms of landscape, they tend to be insufficient in parlaying appropriate spatial scales and experiential hierarchies; they also lack considerations of the context of neighbouring landscapes. In terms of guidance and information delivery, there is a worldwide lack, in general, of recognition of Korean gardens, given the broad variety of names attached to them; therefore, name standardization is recommended. In terms of development, management, and use, it is essential that designers suggest plant types, as well as alternatives, that match the characteristics of a given space; a receptive attitude vis-$\grave{a}$-vis the characteristics of their use is required.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.174-179
• /
• 2012

The majority of turfgrass composition of golf courses are zoysiagrass, and mingle with cool-season turfgrasses have been increased. As result of mingling the species, invading problem has been raised. In this study, 50 golf courses nationwide were surveyed of grass composition and invading problem with hetero-species of turfgrasses. Among the courses, 47 golf courses have invading problem with more than one species at least. The invading problem has been issued most of golf course in nationwide. Thirty-seven courses composited with zoysiagrass; at 25 courses showed creeping bentgrass invading and at 33 courses were invaded by kentucky bluegrass. Among 47 kentucky bluegrass composition courses, 43 courses had creeping bentgrass invading problem. Invading problem within the grass species (creeping bentgrass in zoysiagrass, kentucky bluegrass in zoysiagrass, creeping bentgrass in kentucky bluegrass); 14, 12, and 21 courses were detected single species, two species, and three species invading problem, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2010.10a
• /
• pp.5-5
• /
• 2010

제주지역에 분포하는 특산식물의 현황을 알아보기 위해 지난 2007년부터 2010년까지 현지조사를 실시하여 44과 75속 63종 17변종 13품종으로 총 93분류군에 대한 자생지 환경, 개체군 동태, 생육특성 및 위협요인 등에 대한 자료를 구축하였다. 이중 세계적으로 제주지역에만 분포하는 제주특산식물은 긴다람쥐꼬리(Huperzi integrifolium) 등 27과 46속 36종 12변종 8품종으로 총 56분류군으로 분석되었으며, 제주도를 포함하여 우리나라에만 분포하는 한국특산식물은 구상나무(Abies koreana) 등 20과 28속 24종 4변종 4품종으로 총 32분류군인 것으로 파악되었다. 그리고 조사대상 특산식물 중 바위좀고사리(Asplenium sarelii var. anogrammoides) 등 5분류군은 분류학적 검토와 함께 특산식물여부에 대한 검토가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 그리고 개나리(Forsythia koreana)는 조경용으로 식재된 종이므로 제주지역에 자생지가 확인된 특산식물은 39과 70속 59종 16변종 12품종으로 총 87분류군으로 볼 수 있다. 제주지역의 특산식물은 해안지대에서 확인된 갯겨이삭(Puccinellia coreensis)부터 한라산 정상에서 자라는 한라솜다리(Leontopodium hallaisanense)까지 제주도 전역 분포하고 있으나 종에 따라 서로 다른 분포특성을 보였다. 특히, 한라산 해발 1,400m 이상 아고산대에 집중 분포하는 특성을 보였다. 특산식물의 자생지내 개체군의 동태를 보면 대부분의 식물이 개체수 및 분포범위가 한정되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 더욱이 지리산오갈피(Eleutherococcus divaricatus var. chiisanensis)는 2개체만이 확인되어 종보전이 시급한 것으로 조사되었고, 한라솜다리, 모데미풀(Megaleranthis saniculifolia), 한라각시둥굴레(Polygonatum humile var. humillimum) 등 상당수의 식물 종이 수십 개체 이내로 매우 적은 개체수를 유지하고 있었다. 제주지역에 분포하는 특산식물은 인위적 또는 자연적 요인으로 인해 많은 자생지 면적감소나 개체수 감소 등의 위협요인을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 중산간 이하에 자라는 특산식물은 접근성 등이 용이하여 도채 등의 위험성이 높은 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 한라산국립공원 내에 분포하는 특산식물은 인위적 훼손 위험성은 상대적으로 낮은 편이나 자연적 요인 즉, 식생변화 등으로 인해 자생지 및 개체수 감소가 이루어질 것으로 보여 체계적인 종 보존전략이 마련되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 한편, 제주지역 특산식물 중 자생지가 확인된 식물 종을 대상으로 근연종 분석 등을 통해 유용성을 분석하면 식물체 일부가 약용으로 가능한 식물 종이 개족도리(Asarum maculatum) 등 전체의 67.1%를 차지하였고, 관상용으로 활용가치가 높은 식물 종은 구상나무(Abies koreana) 등 전체의 60.2%인 것으로 분석되었으나 대부분의 종이 희소성의 가치가 있어 모든 특산식물이 관상용으로 이용가치가 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 제주지역에서 확인된 특산식물 중 전체적으로 90.9%가 유용성이 있는 것으로 나타나고 있으며 아직까지 유용성에 대한 정보가 미흡한 종도 자원적인 연구접근에 따라 다양한 자원으로 활용가치가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.122-128
• /
• 2015

This study aims to figure out the vegetation status and characteristics of the spatial distribution in Taeanhaean National Park. As a result, vegetation communities were Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora community, Camellia japonica community, Carpinus turczaninowii community, Carpinus turczaninowii-Pinus thunbergii community, Kalopanax septemlobus community, Koelreuteria paniculata community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, and sand dune and coastal wetland vegetation including Vitex rotundifolia community, Elymus mollis community, Calamagrostis epigeios community, Ischaemum anthephoroides community, Zoysia sinica community, Suaeda maritima community, and Phragmites communis community. Landscape types in actual vegetation map were Pinus thunbergii community (3.92%), Pinus densiflora community (1.40%), Robinia pseudoacacia community (0.05%), sand dune and coastal wetland vegetation (0.11%), field (0.46%), seashore (0.24%), thinning area (0.08%), bareground (0.16%), and sea (93.58%). Area of Pinus thunbergii community among vegetation type was $14.797km^2$ (3.92%) and the largest. Stratification structure and species composition of Pinus thunbergii community distributed in the seashore were different as a result of disturbance and human use. On the other hand, we assumed that succession will take place to the potential natural vegetation that is Quercus serrata and Quercus dentata in undisturbed Pinus thunbergii community. Meanwhile, Erechtites hieracifolia was occupied in understory of Pinus thunbergii community around the seashore and Diodia teres was invaded to sand dune vegetation. They may affect on natural species negatively. Therefore, monitoring and management plans are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.618-629
• /
• 2021

The Fukushima nuclear power plant (NPP) accident caused by the East Japan Earthquake in 2011 and the recent increase in the frequency of earthquakes in Korea have caused safety concerns regarding radionuclide exposure. In addition, the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) in Japan recently decided to release radionuclide-contaminated water from Fukushima's NPP into the Pacific Ocean, raising public concerns that the possibility of radionuclide contamination through both domestic- and foreign fishery products is increasing. Although many studies have been conducted on the input of artificial radionuclides into the Pacific after the Fukushima NPP accident, studies on the distribution and accumulation of artificial radionuclides in marine products from East Asia are lacking. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to explore recent research on the distribution of artificial radionuclides (e.g., ¹³⁷Cs, ^239+240Pu, ⁹⁰Sr, and etc.) in marine products from Korean seas after the Fukushima NPP accident. In addition, we also discuss future research directions as it is necessary to prepare for likely radiation accidents in the future around Korea associated with the new nuclear facilities planned by 2030 in China and owing to the discharge of radionuclide-contaminated water from the Fukushima NPP.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.174-189
• /
• 2012

This study aims to examine the traditional living space to reflect the environment-friendly design methods and principles of reestablishment. To do so, this study carried on a related literature study and field survey. The traditional living space in terms of the environmental friendliness is reflected on site selection and space composition, and utilization of natural energy and natural materials. Focused on the Kwangajeong in Yangdong Village, this study is to identify eco-friendly techniques on the traditional living space. As a result, it shows that Kwangajeong with the side of the southeast in site selection had been considered in aspect of environmental control such as sunshine and solar radiation. Also building construction techniques had been used to minimize the variation of terrain. In aspect of environmental conservation, Kwangajeong had structurally arranged the gate, an inner yard and an inner floor to allow good ventilation. In aspect of space composition, Kwangajeong with the emphasis of scenic view had utilized the methods that attract external landscape through the control of its fences. Environment-friendly techniques and control principles in traditional space had been developed by a long experience through the long periods and the traditional techniques suitable for local climate and local environment have been developed. The technical development of these techniques to resolve the global environmental and energy issues and create a more pleasant living environment of human beings might be critical.