• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.188-199
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• 1996

The native ecological environment and aromatic constituents of Korean wild Codonopsis lanceolata and one Japanese strain were investigated to find Codonopsis lanceolata strains showing high aromatics, and to know regional differences among these strains. The results were as follows : There were no remarkable differences among the Korean wild C. lanceolata strains in ecological environments. Recovery yield of essential oils was highest in Togyusan strain with 0.009%. Difference in protein band patterns among these strains was not recognized, and peroxidase and esterase pattern changes were appeared in different collected regions at the leaf and root tissues. Major aromatic constituents were 11 kinds of aliphatic alcohols such as trans-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, cis-3-hexanol, and trans-2-hexanol. And Togyusan strain, Sobaeksan strain, and Kayasan strain have the highest aliphatic alcohols of plant essential oils. In particular, BHT(butylated hydroxytoluene), one of the antioxidants, was detected in Chirisan strains.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.347-361
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• 2009

The Pohang Chilpori is the area with abundant petroglyphs in Korea. The form of the shield, female sex organs, and yut board on the outcrops or float rocks which are composed of the rhyolitic rock are engraved on Chilpori and Shinheungri Petroglyphs. The rhyolitic rock is composed of the phenocryst and groundmass with quartz and feldspar. The rock surface shows mostly yellowish brown color and the rock surface is very irregular by serious weathering, and illite and kaolinite, a kind of the clay minerals, are produced. Deterioration aspects are mainly of surface exfoliation, grain peel-off, damages, scribbling. Chilpori Petroglyph (1) plane has been eroded by running water, in (2) plane has been abrased is on the rock surface, in (3) plane shows surface exfoliation and the various part of the rock surface in plane (4) has become the soil. The corrasion and black phenomenon of the Shinheungri Petroglyph (1) plane was formed by running water, and surface exfoliation and scribbling in plane (2) is serious. Deterioration factors are geomorphologic states, plants, rock of weak to weathering, and artificial influence such as a scribbling and a forest fire. For conservation of the these petroglyphs, study for rock surface conservation and the arrangement of around petroglyphs and construction of water wall are necessary.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.473-484
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• 2016

This study aims to establish a monitoring method for managing the effective maintenance of tailings dams. The monitoring of a tailings dump area involves several parameters and their investigation through a selection of evaluation items. The extents of defects and progressive failures also need to be effectively estimated. Therefore, the monitoring items can be subdivided into categories relating to the retaining wall structure (concrete wall, reinforcing stone wall, mesh gabions) and general facilities (liner, covering soil, slope, tailings, rain protection facility, leachate, planting), and quantitative evaluations can then be conducted for each condition. In doing so, we developed a systematic monitoring method that assesses the dam maintenance condition with grades and scores. The field application of the monitoring method results showed it to provide a more detailed evaluation than existing monitoring methods: the method detected an additional 16 defects missed by conventional methods. The evaluation gave scores of 89.3, 22.2, and 27.8 to the Geumjang mine tailings dam, the Gupoong mine tailings dam, and the Hwachun mine tailings dam, respectively. The advanced method can provide quantitative evaluation and perform detailed monitoring of the dams. This quantitative evaluation can be used to decide on maintenance priorities, select the main management items, and establish schedules of maintenance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out to investigate the availability of swine slurry on mixed grassland pasture. Three types of fertilizer was used, chemical fertilization($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=210-150-180kg/ha$), no fertilization and swine slurry was further subdivide into three groups (100%, 150%, 200%) as compared to the level of N used in the chemical fertilizer. The results showed that dry mater yield of forage was increased with increasing application level of swine slurry. Production of dry matter of swine slurry 200% was similar to that of chemical fertilizer, but percentage of legume in mixed pasture was lower in chemical fertilization. Percentage of legume was increased with increasing application level of swine slurry. Level of $NO_3-N$ in filtered water was very low in all groups applied with swine slurry. Based on this results the optimum level of swine slurry application is 200% of the normal standard of N fertilizer used in grassland pasture.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.465-474
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• 2009

To measure the amount of nonpoint source pollution, some efforts are tried to utilize satellite imagery. But, as the factors for water models do not relate with the landcover categories for satellite imagery, satellite imagery are adapted to roughly classified thematic map or used only for the image interpretation. The purpose of this study is to establish the landcover categories of satellite imagery to relate with the water models. To establish the categories of the landcover for the water models, it was investigated to get main factors of water flow models for the nonpoint source pollution and to review the existing study and the classification system. For this result, it was convinced that the basic unit on the nonpoint source pollution, landcover coefficients of SCS Curve Number, the crop factor of Universal Soil Loss Equation, Manning's roughness coefficients are the useful parameters to extract information from the satellite imagery. After the setup the categories for the landcover classification, it was finally defined from the consultation of the water model specialist. Woopo wetland watershed was selected to the study area because it is a representative wetland in Korea and needs the management system for nonpoint source pollution. There were used Landsat ETM Plus and SPOT-5 satellite imagery to assess the result of the image classification.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.374-384
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• 1999

Benthic marine algal flora and community structure of Yongho-dong area in Pusan, Korea were investigated seasonally in intertidal and subtidal zones by a quadrat method along 5 transect lines from July 1996 to April 1997. In this area, a total of 99 species including 3 blue-green, 13 green, 26 brown and 57 red algae was found. Among them, 33 taxa, together with dominant Ulva pertusa and Corallina pilulifera, occurred throughout the year. Enteromorpha spp. and Ulva spp. vertically distributed in upper and middle zone, while Simphyocladia latiuscula, Chondria crassicaulis, Corallina pilulifera and Sargassum sup. in lower zones. Biomass per unit area exhibited a wide range of variation, from 1,241 g/$m^2$(spring) to 1,648 g/$m^2$(summer) in fresh weight. Maximum and minimum species diversity were recorded in spring and autumn, respectively. Results of the UPGAM cluster analysis suggest that the examined 5 sites can be divided into two groups, sites exposed to open sea (transects 1, 2, 3) and comparatively sheltered sites (transects 4, 5) faced with the Pusan Harbor. The former group is represented by large brown algae, Sargassum and Hizikia, while Ulva pertusa and Lomentaria species are mainly found in the latter group. A calcareous alga, Corallina pilulifera occurred dominantly in both groups throughout the year. In conclusion, number of species in this area was remarkably reduced as compared to the previous data. This result may suggest probably more change of algal vegetation in future, considering the physical and chemical pollutions loaded in the coastal marine environment of this area.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.10
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• pp.883-891
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• 2010

More recently, there have been significant changes in the forms of channels due to runoff characteristics driven by climate changes and other alterations in basin/channel environments. Particularly, increasing local deposition in major channels is being observed nationwide. Of such phenomena, it is noteworthy that flood-plains show unidirectional growth and lowering of channels within compound channels in the form of a high-flow plain. These changes are supposed to affect management of the river ecology as well as flood control. In this study, the research on channels in Korea confirmed that the phenomenon of local deposition in those channels is actually taking place, rendering a problem to be urgently addressed. Previous studies on bed changes have been focused on low channels based on bed materials distributed over the channels. However, this research has proved that surface-layer deposition of a high-flow plain is closely related with changes in the conditions of ground surfaces and, ultimately, affects the bed of the entire channel as well. According to the intensive research on the condition of the high-flow plain of the mouth of the Han River, the silt deposited in the high-flow plain was the main cause of settlement/growth of vegetation. And this leads to landforming along with woods-forming, disturbing flood control as well as the normal river ecology.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.6 s.117
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• pp.657-669
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• 2006

Rates and processes of bare patch denudation were observed at Janggumokoreum(1,710m) and Minoruem(1,600m) in order to clarify some characteristics of turf exfoliation in the subalpine grassland of Mt. Halla. The bare patches have marginal terrace fronts with a maximum height of 85 cm. The terrace risers usually develop an overhanging edge 2 to 38 cm long that eventually hangs down and protects the riser beneath. The patches are largely covered with angular pebbles and cobbles. The mean rate of riser retreat for the period 2002-2004 is 39.2 mm, equivalent to 19.6 mm/yr. However, there is a disparity of the rate of riser retreat at individual sites. The maximum rate is 131 mm measured at Janggumokoreum patch while the minimum rate is 0 mm at Minoreum patch. The rate of riser retreat also varies with seasons. The thawing season of April exhibits a maximum rate of retreat. The freezing season of October and November and the rainy season of June and July show relatively high rates of retreat. Several Processes such as frost action, aeolian deflation, rainwash, rainsplash and fauna activity cause the denudation of bare patches. In particular, the needle ire action which is combined with rainwash or deflation plays a primary role in turf exfoliation due to the diurnal freeze-thaw cycles occurred over 100 days, melted snow and strong wind in the subalpine zone of Mt. Halla. Rainwash is also an important contributing process in the rainy season because Mt. Halla has the highest precipitation in Korea. By contrast, rainsplash erosion has a minor effect on the bare patch denudation due to the overhanging edge of terrace risers. Recent increase in roe deer appears to be responsible for turf destruction.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2001

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the oak (Quercus spp). forests on Mts. Kaya, Bisul, Unmun and Kaji in southern Kyongpook Province, Korea by using a reciprocal averaging method (RA ordination) and the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. A temporary vegetation table was prepared by the RA ordination. The diagnostic species of the Quercus forests derived from the ordination were compared with the characteristic and differential species of the existing phytosociological vegetation units of the other mountainous areas of Korea. As a result, the forest vegetation was classified into the next vegetation units: Fagetea crenatae Miyawaki et al. 1968; Acero-Quercetalia mongolicae Song 1988; Rhododendro-Qurcion mongolicae Song 1988, 1. Stephanandra incisa-Quercus mongolica community 1-1 Sasa borealis subcommunity, 1-2 Disporum smilacinum subcommunity; Lespedezo-Quercion serratae Takeda et al. 1994, 2. Spodiopogon sibiricus-Quercus serrata community. The Rhododendro-Qurcion mongolicae and the Lespedezo-Quercion serratae correspond to the cool-temperate forests of the northern type and the southen type (Honda 1922), respectively, in the Korean Peninsula. Also some phytosociological problems in Korea were discussed here in detail from the floristic viewpoint in the present study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1983

To develope the fundamental models suitable for slope stabilization and scenic effect improvement of the roadside slopes, this study has continuously been conducted for last about 10 years through the field survey and observations on the roadside slopes of 100 plots located in the Capital region. The results obtained could be summarized as follows: 1) In general, due to unsuitable treatments and constructions to the man-made bare slope characteristics of the roadsides, the treatment aims for stabilizing and improving the scenic beauty of the slopes have not been successfully reached in the surveyed regions. 2) Particularly, because of insufficiency of the follow-up maintenance techniques to the roadside slopes treated, denudations of slope scenery established as well as the withering of the vegetation planted have been accelerated for the most part of the slopes treated. 3) 6 fundamental models for the roadside slope treatments have been developed and could be edaptable to the nation-wide purposes. The fundamental models are the model of forest scenery match plantation, roadside scenery establishment, denuded land rehabilitation, rock slope greenification, absolute stabilization, and environmental plantation belt establishment, respectively.