• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.37
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• pp.151-168
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• 2004

The Mireuk Temple Stone pagoda is the largest scale of the existing Stone Pagoda in Korea. A research until now postulates that the Stone pagoda at Mireuk Temple site is composed of nine stories total. However it does not have any records of the detail, dimension, and related methods, etc, even though it is a tectonically large scale building. Only one source of the description is based upon a story which is a sort of Korean myth or traditional story (Samkukyousa, Mu dynasty), although a historical description from a myth or a story is a polemical issue and still needed research in order to prove the truth. One of the ways to make a proof of the truth is an architectural research from the typology of the plane. The types of the plane are differentiated from each era. Therefore, the typology of the plane presents a reason or a proof for the age of the pagoda. Furthermore, the typology of the plane is crucial part in the research of the historical style and it could help the historical style of the Mireuk temple stone pagoda. Research until now shows that the Mireuk temple stone pagoda is the genesis of the stone pagoda shaped after wooden one. It is impossible to find any previous one from the stone pagoda at Mireuk Temple site in Korea. So it is easier to find any previous example from the history of China because Buddhist pagoda-most pagodas are something to do with Buddhism-in Korea is introduced by India via China. This research presents the periodical variation of stone and brick pagoda in both countries. It concludes that the Mireuk temple stone pagoda has $7^{th}$ century's plane type.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.245-245
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• 2016

지난 해 금강수계 강수량은 835.0mm로 평년('81~'10)의 64.3%, 삽교천수계는 765.1mm로 평년의 61.1% 정도로 매우 적었다. 특히 작년 6월부터 9월까지의 금강수계 강수량은 343.1mm로 평년 894.8mm의 38.3%, 삽교천수계 강수량은 301.1mm로 평년 860.6mm의 35.0% 수준으로 일반적으로 연간 강수량의 2/3가 여름철에 집중되는 현상과는 매우 다른 양상을 보이며 충남 서북부지역 8개 시 군은 최악의 가뭄을 겪었다. 따라서 작년 가을에는 전국적으로 가뭄이 만연한 가운데에서도 충남 서북부 8개 시 군에는 8월말부터 시작된 물 절약 캠페인에 이어서 10월8일부터 물 사용량 20%를 줄이기 위한 급수조정이 시작돼 지역주민들의 일상생활이 제약을 받기 시작하였다. 수도꼭지를 틀어보아도 시원한 물줄기를 볼 수 있은 지가 오래되었고 목욕이나 세차 등으로 충분히 물 쓰는 것이 눈치가 보일뿐더러 마실 물 걱정까지 해야 하는 상황이었다. 그리고, 금강수계 대부분의 생활용수 및 공업용수 공급을 담당하는 대청댐의 상황도 2015년 9월말 기준 누적 강수량은 536.7mm로 전년 강수량 791.6mm 대비 67.8%, 예년 강수량 1,077.5mm의 대비 49.8% 수준으로 강수량이 매우 적은 상황이었다. 9월말 기준으로 대청댐의 '15년 누적 강수량은 1981년 댐 운영 이후 가장 최소이며, 2순위로 9월말 누적 강수량이 적었던 해는 1994년이며 이 때 누적 강수량은 543.8mm, 3순위로 적었던 해는 1982년으로 이 해는 585.8mm였다. 대청댐의 저수위 현황을 살펴보면 6월말에 예년 수준과 비슷한 수위로 운영하였지만 7월말부터 예년보다 수위가 낮아지기 시작하여 8월 이후에는 예년과 격차가 나기 시작하였고 작년 10월 중순에는 1981년 댐 운영 이후 3번째로 낮은 저수율을 보이고 있는 상황이었다. 따라서, 이러한 상황에 대처하기 위해 6월부터 실수요량 수준으로 용수를 공급하기 시작하였고 8월말부터 농업용수 공급량 중 일부를 감량하였고 10월부터는 생공용수만 하루 1,987,200톤으로 계획하여 공급하면서 '16년 우기 전까지 최대한 저수량을 확보하면서 용수공급을 지속할 수 있도록 운영하였다. 본 연구에서는 '15년 강수량 부족으로 상당한 어려움을 겪은 충남지역을 중심으로 가뭄 현황을 분석하고, 충남 서북부지역의 주요 공급원인 보령댐과 기타 충남지역의 주수원인 대청댐의 운영현황과 가뭄상황을 타개하기 위해 추진한 방안 등을 살펴보고자 한다.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.59
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• pp.359-386
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• 2015

To date, the study of the $jh{\bar{a}}peti$ is small. "Osamnanyasinhakbiyoung" was found in the Gumamodo University in 2006, research has gained a new opportunity. The '연약(練若)' of "Osamyunyaksinhakbiyoung(오삼연약신학비용)" is an abbreviation of ara?ya should be unified in "Osamnanyasinhakbiyoung(五衫練若新學備用)". The second volume contains the following information. Since the Buddhist ritual of ordinary people, this made according to fit the rules in accordance with the environment(隨方毗尼). Obok(五服) is called according to the meaning Osam(五衫) of dressed standard. Gamguhyodangdo is to install one incense and one lanterns to illuminate their own buddha, is where enshrines the relics(śarīra). Back to the article, which should show the face bitter and sad hearts. Over white paper it should represent an article. Posts containing the meaning of the sacrifice must necessarily meant to inform heaven as articles for the dead. Such "Osamnanyasinhakbiyoung" of structure and contents of the second volume was reflected in "Sungmoonsanguicho(釋門喪儀抄)". "Osamnanyasinhakbiyoung" written intent is reflected in the prolegomena of the "Sungmoonsanguicho" it influenced $Jh{\bar{a}}peti$-Rites during the Joseon Dynasty. "Osamnanyasinhakbiyoung" of prepare after death and "Sunksiyoram(釋氏要覽)" of funeral was incorporated as "Sungmoonsanguicho". It built the $st{\bar{u}}pa$ is a symbol of tranquility achieved a kind of enlightenment. Human life ends with death, and it completed the $Jh{\bar{a}}peti$-Rites in "Sungmoonsanguicho". The significance here is in. Tying the funeral and burial in one enshrine the relics will be shown on the top by the completion of life. In particular, Kankyungdogam(刊經都監) published in the $Jh{\bar{a}}peti$-Rites "Osamnanyasinhakbiyoung" were engraved production and dissemination. That it will have another significance.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.50
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• pp.171-200
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• 2016

The full-scaled study of Joseon conducted by Japan in the 1910s was part of its colonial policy, while the native Joseon studies against it contained political aspiration to recover the national rights and independence. Accordingly, the conceptual meaning of 'Joseon' varied according to its subject of speech. The establishment of modern nation-state failed along with the extinction of Korean Empire, but 'Joseon' was newly discovered within national ideology. It became a historical concept in which the experience of the past and the expectation toward the future could be united. The so-called 'Joseon Studies' was only limited to intellectuals in the academic circle, but 'Joseon' embraced the articulations from more various social agents. Furthermore, it is only natural that 'Joseon Studies' should be interpreted within the historical semantics of 'Joseon', considering the connection between concept and discourse. In his The History of Joseon Civilization, An Hwak encompassed the history from the times of ancient mythology to the contemporary times under the banner of 'Joseon'. Opposing Japanese distortion of history carried out in the name of historical positivism, he idealized Joseon history as comparable to that of the Western democracy. He extended the study of 'Joseon' into culture at large, foreshadowing a kind of Joseon philosophy. In his An Overview of Joseon Philosophical Ideas, the first description of 'Joseon philosophy' as an independent field, he proposed philosophy as one of three sources of pride in Joseon and asserted its uniqueness and originality compared to the West. It was an attempt to grasp the peculiarity of Joseon ideas from a perspective of the history of universal human civilization. He considered 'Jong'(倧) as an ideological foundation held from the ancient to the modern times, and the acceptance of Buddhism and Confucianism as beneficial to 'Joseon philosophy'. The birth of 'Joseon philosophy', the modern transformation of the traditional knowledge system, was an intellectual experiment to apply traditional knowledge to the modern disciplinary classification system.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.52
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• pp.213-241
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• 2017

The systematic research on the Joseon history under Japanese imperialism in the 1920s, including that of the Joseon History Compilation Committee, was one of the stratagems that Japan employed to perpetuate the colonization of Joseon. The 'renovation of national traits', one of the three cultural measures taken by Japanese imperialism after the 1919 Independence Movement, was an attempt to degrade Joseon's nationality as extraneous, dependent, factional, and uncivilized. Against this, Koreans tried to create their own tradition that could prove Joseon's uniqueness and independence. The purpose of their study on ancient history, which became animated in the 1920s, was not to escape from the reality of Joseon into the idealized past, but to construct the history of Korean people anew. In this context, Dangun could refer to cultural identity as the communal origin of the nation, and this invented identity could lead to the healing of the injured subject. An Hwak's attempt was part of this efforts to call out myth as history. He suggests that Joseon's national traits are superior even to the Western civilization in several ways, and his vast plan to set up Joseon's cultural uniqueness and identity as history of universal civilization bore fruit in the History of Joseon Civilization. With cultural research for figuring out Joseon's national peculiarity and identity and historiography for revealing Joseon's national potential, he makes it possible for people to imagine various agents in the Joseon's past as belonging to a single nation with an identical history. Through his study on Joseon, he fought back the Japanese colonial view of history and tried to exalt national consciousness. Asserting independent and rational individuals as agency of civilization and culture though firm in the national perspective, he eventually went a way quite different from that of Japanese history of culture.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.469-497
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• 2020

More than one-third of the world's population still has no access to clean cooking facilities despite global interest and efforts to expand the accessibility of clean cooking fuels. They use traditional biomass, i.e., crops, animal dung and firewood, as their cooking fuel, and the health and economic damage from it is severe. As many studies have been conducted to understand the choice and transition of cooking fuel in developing countries, characteristics of household head have been addressed as one of the main fuel determinants. However, decision-making in households is not only made by household head and can vary depending on the relative characteristics of household members. Thus, this study analyses the determinants of cooking fuel choice through the samples of Cambodian couples(household head and his/her spouse) considering both characteristics of husbands and wives. As a result, it is confirmed that the effects of characteristics, such as employment, education levels, and frequency of media use, between husbands and wives on cooking fuel choice were different. This study is expected to contribute to the development of more sophisticated policies to increase clean fuel in Cambodia, given that it takes into account the characteristics of spouses who have not previously been dealt with in analyzing the determinants of cooking fuel choice and that it is difficult to find research on Cambodia.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.62-70
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• 2020

Purpose: According to the Body-EU education program, this study investigates changes after conducting education with ten subjects with autism symptoms (disability level 2~3) 63 times (126 hours) for nearly two years. Methods: Body-EU habit practice, note writings discussion, singing, Bible study, question and communication, class arrangement, etc., a total of 63 times were educated for 2 hours each week. Results: Subjects felt comfortable breathing and improved energy. Other subject's habit of an out-toed gait step and bending back alleviated. One subject made it easier to speak, so if talking with no strength. When breathing, the stuffy nose improved, the eyes became calm, and the hands and feet were warm. Subject felt like my head was cleaned. Heart tightness disappeared. Subject felt at ease as gaining confidence. The subject gained confidence in seeing whoever the other person was. The subject's pronunciation became more sophisticated, with more confidence, and his mouth cramping alleviated. Subjects with right eye movements showed a relatively high concentration in education time. Conclusions: Subjects are educated and trained in making general habits of their body from morning to going to bed. This study was a research program for ordinary people, but it confirmed with autism. Whether it was genetic autism or acquired autism, they could be somewhat relieved.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.159-166
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• 2022

Background: A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was adopted in the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH, EU) regulations as well as the Act on Registration, Evaluation, etc. of Chemicals (AREC, Republic of Korea). It has been previously used in the registration of chemicals. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the correlation between the predicted data provided by three prediction programs using a QSAR model and actual experimental results (acute fish, daphnia magna toxicity). Through this approach, we aimed to effectively conjecture on the performance and determine the most applicable programs when designating toxic substances through the AREC. Methods: Chemicals that had been registered and evaluated in the Toxic Chemicals Control Act (TCCA, Republic of Korea) were selected for this study. Two prediction programs developed and operated by the U.S. EPA - the Ecological Structure-Activity Relationship (ECOSAR) and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) models - were utilized along with the TOPKAT (Toxicity Prediction by Komputer Assisted Technology) commercial program. The applicability of these three programs was evaluated according to three parameters: accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: The prediction analysis on fish and daphnia magna in the three programs showed that the TOPKAT program had better sensitivity than the others. Conclusions: Although the predictive performance of the TOPKAT program when using a single predictive program was found to perform well in toxic substance designation, using a single program involves many restrictions. It is necessary to validate the reliability of predictions by utilizing multiple methods when applying the prediction program to the regulation of chemicals.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2023

As the latest weapon systems and electronic equipments are increasingly demanding stealth technology to improve the survivability of allies, it is necessary to implement low-observability technology that reduces the radar cross section(RCS). In order to implement this stealth technology, a method for low RCS characteristics by applying a shape design or a electromagnetic wave absorber is widely used. However, active phased array antennas have structural limitations in shape design, also when a absorber is applied to it, the performance of the antenna is degraded. Therefore, in this paper, in order to realize the low RCS characteristics of the active phased array antenna operating in the X-band, individual radiating elements suitable for applying the radio wave absorber were selected, and a 13x13 array antenna was designed and manufactured. Next, by comparing the measured results of the relative RCS and electrical performance for the manufactured antenna according to the presence and type of the absorber, it is shown that the electrical performance is maintained at an equal or higher level while obtaining the low RCS characteristics. Thereby the method proposed in this paper for implementing the low RCS characteristics was validated. Finally, it was confirmed that when the wave absorber is applied to the array antenna, the limitation of its performance deterioration can be overcome.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.243-253
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• 2019

Geyonggi-geommu have developed based on the long history of Korean sword dance. Han Sung-joon, the great master of modern music and dance of Korea during the Japanese colonial period, collected and reconstructed folk dances that had disappeared or were cut off due to the policy to obliterate Korean culture through Chosun Music Dance Research Society. Since then, it has been passed down to Kang Sun-young and Kim Geun-hee that has designated as the Intangible Cultural Property No. 53. of Geyonggi-do in 2011. This study focuses on highlighting the uniqueness of Geyonggi-geommu for proper modeling and transmission of Geyonggi-geommu with historical significance so as to understand and preserve the Intangible Cultural Heritage. This study examines the transmission system of Geyonggi-geommu, followed by Kang Sun-young and Kim Geun-hee, originated by the master Han Sung-Joon of Geyonggi-geommu. Geyonggi-geommu has its uniqueness of using the pure Korean dance terminology established by the holder Kim Geun-hee at the time of designation of intangible cultural properties in Gyeonggi-do. The unique features of Geyonggi-geommu are performed and transmitted in two forms, Daemu(Group dance) and Holchum(Solo dance) which are not currently found in other regions. This is meaningful to passed down according to the original form of Geommu(Sword dance). In particular, the Holchum(Solo dance) is a form of artistic dance, showing the beauty of the sword dance during the Chosun Dynasty. In short, Gyeonggi-geommu can be described as an artistic dance with a soft and strong temperament considering its unique features.