• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.438-442
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• 2010

우리나라의 산림면적은 연도가 경과함에 따라 감소한 반면, 임목축적은 지속적으로 증가하였으며, 임상별 면적과 축적은 침엽수의 비중이 가장 높고 혼효림, 활엽수 순으로 나타나고, 영급은 현재 III, IV영급이 많이 분포하는 영급구조로 변화되었다. 또한 임목축적별 건당 피해면적과 재적, 피해면적당 피해수량은 임목축적이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 또한, 피해면적과 재적이 급격히 증가되는 임목축적 3억$m^3$구간은 95년 이후로 이 당시 임목영급은 II, III영급으로 과거보다 산림연료가 풍부해 지는 시기며, 숲가꾸기 단계상 간벌단계로 임목간 밀도가 심하고 고사지의 발생 등 사다리형 연료 발달이 쉬워 대형 산불이 자주 발생한 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2013

The present study is aimed to evaluate forest health in a fragmented urban forest using characteristics of insect communities. Ants (Formicidae) and ground beetles (Carabidae) surveyed by pitfall trap method in the Hongneung forest located in the urban area of Seoul were compared with those in the Gwangneung forest. The Gwangneung forest is supposed to be health due to its high biodiversity and well-conserved nature. Ants of the Hongneung forest was much more abundant compared with those of the Gwangneung forest. However, ground beetles showed the opposite patterns; much more abundant in the Gwangneung forest than in the Hongneung forest. Species richness was higher in the Gwangneung forest than in the Hongneung forest, but species diversity was higher in the Hongneung forest. In the Hongneung forest, forest specialist species and generalist species were balanced, whereas few forest specialists dominated in the Gwangneung forest. This dominance decreased species diversity in those Gwangneung forest. Thus, characteristics of insect community in the Hongneung forest were greatly different with those in the Gwangneung forest.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.54-60
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• 2013

This study carried out a phytosociological research by Z.-M. school's method describing vegetation structure and management solution about nutmeg tree's(Torreya nucifera ) forests. The nutmeg tree's forests have developed intervale and hills in warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests zone. The nutmeg tree's forests composed 50 familly, 80 genus, 88 species divided two syntaxa(typical sub-community, Arachniodes aristata sub-community) by species composition and correspond to habitat condition. The nutmeg tree's forests show a uniform forest's structure which composed 3~4 layer of sub-tree and shrub. And it was worthy of special mention which characterized diagnostic species of Camellietea japonicae in the warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests. In case of forests floor, were a high rate in order of Ophiopogon japonicus, Polystichum tripteron, Arisaema ringens. And Oplismenus undulatifolius which represent mantle communities as well. This indicates that the nutmeg tree's forests are exposed by humman effects sustainedly. The nutmeg tree's young trees appeared a high rate at half shade and shade. The vigorous tree species have to spacing cutting instead of the heavy thinning that consist in with a shout of declining astructur and function of the forest ecosystem for maintaining a nutmeg tree's forests. And we suggest for the density regulation of the sub-tree and shrub. In conclusion, need to the continuous monitoring about the vegetation structure and management solution for the sustainable nutmeg tree's forests.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.237-249
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• 2023

This study was carried to establish a new landscape-oriented gardening model based on climate, vegetation, and forest landscape characteristics. In addition, innovative forest garden models were suggested through an integrated approach to the ecological characteristics of forest vegetation communities and existing garden planting types. For the study, the key landscape elements that make up the main forest vegetation community were identified. And the vertical layers and horizontal distribution patterns of the community structure were typified by diagnostic species and their growth forms & habits such as dominant species, character species, and differential species, and degree of dominance-sociability. Based on this, a standardized vegetation structure and formation was developed by stratifying the landscape into main features, minor features, and detailed features according to visual dominant elements. Also, the applicability of the forest garden model was examined by applying the concept of borrowing landscape to representative deciduous broadleaf forests in the temperate northern region of Korea. Additionally, an integrated forest garden models based on the conceptual definition and typology of forest gardens, and a strategic approach to forest vegetation were proposed

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.5 no.2 s.16
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• pp.16-23
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• 2005

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.196-196
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• 2011

산림연료 특성별 산불피해도 분석을 위하여 산불피해의 조사지역은 2009년, 2010년 산불이 발생했던 강원도 고성지역과 양양지역, 강릉지역과 삼척지역을 조사 대상지역으로 선정하였으며, 고성군의 경우 숲구조가 유령림인 활엽수림이 2개소, 칩엽수림 1개소, 장령림인 활엽수림 2개소로 총 5개소, 양양군은 숲구조가 유령림인 침엽수림이 1개소, 장령림 침엽수림 2개소 총 3개소, 삼척시의 경우는 숲구조가 유령림인 침엽수림이 1개소 외 대조구 장령림 침엽수림 1개소, 강릉시의 경우 숲구조가 장령림인 침엽수림이 3개소 총 13개소를 각각 대상지로 선정하였다. 산림연료 특성별 산불피해도를 조사하기 위한 조사지 규모는 $10m{\times}10m$로 하였으며, 현장 조사 항목은 조사지내의 산불피해 상태, 조사지 지형특성으로 나누어 조사를 실시하였다. 산불피해 상태는 산불진행방향, DBH, 총수고, 지하고, 고사여부, 편면연소, 밀도, 수간피해율, 수관피해율 등을 조사하였고, 조사지의 지형특성을 알아보기 위해 조사지의 위치(GPS), 해발고도, 사면방위, 산지경사, 지형을 조사하였다. 현장조사를 위한 조사장비로는 조사지의 지형도, 야장, 디지털 카메라, GPS, 수고측정기, 직경테이프, 캘리퍼, 50m 줄자 2개, 2m 폴대, 클리노메타, 바인더끈 등을 사용하였다. 산불사례 현장조사를 통해 임목고사여부, 편면연소, 수간피해율, 수관피해율 등의 산불피해 특성을 분석한 결과 연료의 특성별 유령림과 장령림의 편면연소율은 유령림은 97.3%, 장령림은 16.5%로 유령림의 편면연소율이 장령림보다 80.8% 더 피해를 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 수관피해율은 유령림은 95.4%, 장령림은 19.9%로 유령림의 수관피해율이 장령림보다 75.5%더 피해를 입은 것으로 조사 되었다. 또한 임목고사율은 유령림은 73.8%, 장령림은 24.5%로 유령림의 임목고사율이 장령림보다 49.3% 더 피해를 받는 것으로 분석 되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.99-111
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate the location, shape, environment, and vegetation of the Village Forest in Gyeonggi-do and to evaluate the ecological integration and changes of the Village Forests to figure out the measures for conservation and management. There were 23 Village Forests remain in Gyeonggi-do. Ten Village Forests were established based on Feng-shui background. Many of them were found in Yongin area and southeast of Icheon. The Village Forests were owned by local community at 9 village and privately owned at 8 villages. Most Village Forests were managed by local communities except for the two managed by private person. Fifty-two percent of the Village Forests were in strip shape, and most of them were established by Feng-shui background or for the prevention of disasters. The average size of the Village Forests was relatively small at 3,046m2. The most frequent tree species found at the Village Forest were Zelkova serrata and Pinus densiflora. Over half of the number of Village Forests showed vertical structure of overstory trees only or overstory-sub overstory combination, which seemed to be resulted from the loss of understory plants by the activities of local residents. The Village Forests that had over 30% of damaged trees were found at 7 villages. The damages were caused by the road construction close to the groves, soil compaction, and tree death by covering lower stem with soil. The vitality of the damaged trees seemed to be significantly low compared to that of the undamaged. There were factors that determined the changes in the Village Forests: community ritual, institutional protection, designation as a water resource protection district, road construction, land use change, windstorm hazards, and development of forest areas. In order to conserve and manage the Village Forests appropriately, it is necessary to limit excessive use of the grove areas and maintain proper tree growing conditions by improving the soil environment. The development of neighborhood areas need to be controlled and community activities should be encouraged to maintain or restore the original landscape of the groves. Protection measures and supporting policies need to be enforced to keep the Village Forests from disappearing in near future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.569-575
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• 2021

This study analyzed the effect of forests on reducing particulate matter by investigating the particulate matter concentration and influencing factors between urban forest and traffic forest. The concentrations of particulate matter in Hongreung Experimental Forest (urban forest) and a forest (traffic forest) formed at the intersection of Cheongryangri Station in Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul were measured with the light scattering method instrument from January to November 2018. During the study period, the average PM₁₀ concentrations in the urban forest and the traffic forest were 12.5㎍/m³ and 15.7 ㎍/m³, respectively, and the average PM_2.5 concentrations were 16.6㎍/m³and 6.9 ㎍/m³, respectively. Comparing the concentration by the urban atmospheric measurement network of the Ministry of Environment and the concentration in urban forests showed that the reduction rate of PM₁₀ was 66.9±28.6% in urbanforest and 58.6±44.1% in traffic forest and that of PM_2.5 was 71.3±23.0% and 64.9±31.3%. The difference in the reduction rate of particulate matter is likely related to the size and structure of the urban forest, and the wind velocity is considered the reduction factor.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.893-902
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to survey structures and growth conditions of Pinus densiflora village groves, and to establish management strategies for their desirable growth and conservation. Twelve village groves were selected in western Gangwon province for the study. The age of the study groves ranged from 50 to 200 years. Average dbh (diameter at breast height) and density of trees for each study grove were 27~52cm and 0.5~9.3 trees/$100m^2$, respectively. Soil environments were favorable to Pinus densiflora growth in the majority of the study groves, but 2 study groves with sandy soils showed considerably poor nutrient contents. Low tree vitality was found in some of the study groves due to poor conditions of root growth from soil fill and trampling. There were detachment of cambial tissue and damage of stem cavity at 6 study groves, which were caused by artificial injury, careless pruning, and frost damage. Light disease damage by Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii and phomopsis blight were found at 6 study groves. Light pest damage by Thecodiplosis japonensis was also found at 6 study groves, but the pest damage at 2 study groves was relatively considerable. Thus, major factors limiting normal growth of Pinus densiflora village groves were infertility, soil fill and trampling, stem damage, and disease and pest. Desirable management strategies were explored to solve growth-related problems and to conserve the study groves. The management strategies included fertilization of organic matter and lime, removal of soil fill, soil plowing and graveling, wood-trail installation or woodchip mulching, supply of wood fences and protective frames, surgical operation for damaged stems, vitality enhancement, and trunk injection to improve growth environments or control stem damage and disease/pest.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.58-69
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• 2013

This research try to review about individuals' living culture place by record to before process of transition and modify of Bugundang village's forest in Itaewon. A result is as follows. First, Itaewon Bugundang is located in highest site of center building of twon forest, it has been preserve by double fence and taboo subject. Physical element of village forest is a factor which give sanctity of Buhundang. Second, it is connecting Namsan and Yongsan Family Park as green space. Also Itaewon Bugundang isolated from the current residential area. but in the past, the main beliefs and rituals of its area are responsible for a diverse community where public service was strong. Itaewon Bugundang have played a role presenting a local taboos and social norms. Therefore, these elements of the local community have the traditional cultural values. Third, Zelkova and Kalopanax pictus need to be preserved the value by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. Fourth, components of Bugundang are built by Hwajucheong, Dangjigi house, seonangdan, monument, fence, masonry and various trees. And the function and role of each of these elements remains as traditional culture. And the structural features of historic architectural properties has the value as a registered cultural properties. Fifth, due to these features, the traditional landscape of Itaewon bugundang play a role succeeding disappearing traditional culture and is worth as a potentially valuable landscape elements. This study has significance to the excavation community tradition disappearing landscape and excavation of candidate new tradition.