• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.399-420
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• 2010

A notable recent change in Korean social service delivery is adopting voucher system. A significant portion of foreign literature suggests that the structure of service provision is critical to enhance consumer choice in voucher-based social service delivery system. As domestic research on voucher operation system is very limited, little is known about voucher-based social service provision structure and operating system. Given these limitations in the domestic literature, this study aims to examine the status and effectiveness of voucher-based system with specific focuses on the provision structure of early intervention service for children at the risk of ADHD. Data were collected from 194 service providers across the nation. Based on Cave's analytic paradigm on voucher operating system, data analyses were done to examine (1) the influence of adopting voucher system on service provision system and (2) whether consumer choice has been increased or not. The results indicated that (1) adopting voucher have brought into diversification of service providers, but (2) consumer choice is still limited. Based on these results, future directions for voucher-related policy were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2009

Objectives : This study evaluated the effectiveness of school-based mental health screening and treatment linkage programs, focusing on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adolescent depression. Methods : All 11,158 children and adolescents aged 8-14 years in Seoul received a school-based mental health screening, consisting of the Korean versions of the ADHD rating scale and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), for ADHD, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-DS) and the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-Junior (SIQ-JR), for depression. The high-risk children's and adolescents' diagnoses were confirmed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV (DISC-IV). Treatment linkage programs were managed by the Seoul Metropolitan Community Mental Health Center (Program 1), the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education (Program 2), or the Dongjak District Office of Education (Program 3). We estimated and compared the referral rates of the three programs. Results : Program 1 screened and referred 22.9% of ADHD youths to mental health services, Program 2, 68.8%, and Program 3, 40.0%. Program 1 screened and referred 22.8% of depressed youths to mental health services, Program 2, 53.8%, and Program 3, 88.9%. Key elements for successful screening and referral programs were an effective school/community mental health center/Office of Education network, the parents' financial support and perception of their child's mental health status as being problematic, and the teachers' active engagement. Conclusion : This is the first study investigating the effectiveness of school-based mental health screenings' linkage to treatment for primary and middle school students in Korea. An effective network for community mental health and improvements in parents' and teachers' perceptions regarding mental health are needed for more successful treatment linkage.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.244-251
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• 2017

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of pharmacological treatments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on motor coordination, using the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ). Methods: The participants were recruited from April 2015 to November 2016 from the Department of Psychiatry of Asan Medical Center and were treated for 3 months with methylphenidate or atomoxetine. The illness severity at baseline and 3 months were scored using the ADHD Rating Scale (ARS), Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S) and/or Clinical Global Impression-Improvement Scale (CGI-I). A total of 39 children with ADHD (age $8.0{\pm}1.4years$, 36 boys) completed the Advanced Test of Attention (ATA) and their parents completed the DCDQ at baseline and 3 months. The paired t-test, mixed between-within analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used. Results: The CGI-S (p<0.001), ARS (p<0.001), and fine motor/hand writing (p=0.005) on the DCDQ were significantly changed between pre-treatment and post-treatment. When the participants were divided into those who were suspected of having developmental coordination disorder (DCD) (n=23) and those who probably did not (n=16), the control during movement, fine motor/hand writing and general coordination scores on the DCDQ showed the main effects for group (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The fine motor/hand writing on the DCDQ has a significant main effect for time [F(1,37)=7.31, p=0.010, ${\eta}^2=0.405$] and the interaction effect between group and time was also significant [F(1,37)=4.63, p=0.038, ${\eta}^2=0.111$]. The baseline visual commission error on the ATA is significantly correlated with the changes in the DCDQ total scores (r=0.330, p=0.040). Conclusion: Our results provide preliminary evidence that pharmacological treatment for ADHD improves not only the core symptoms of ADHD, but also the motor coordination. Further studies are needed to confirm the effect of the pharmacological treatment for ADHD on the motor coordination.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.221-226
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• 2005

The incidence of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder secondary to the traumatic brain injury, such as traffic accidents, is increasing;the variety of the treatment modality is also increasing. This case was studied to see if OROS Methylphenidate(Concerta), which is one of the most commonly used medication in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder patients, not only improves the patient's attention, but also their impulsivity, hyperactivity and aggression. According to the case result, the medication showed an improvement of the impulsivity, aggression, and attention in the secondary Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder patients after the traumatic brain injury.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권9호
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• pp.911-921
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• 2008

Learning disabilities (LD) are heterogeneous group of disorders with evidences of genetic or familial trait, intrinsic to the individual and presume to be due to central nervous dysfunction. Learning disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are the two of the most common disorders in the population of school-age children. Typically academic achievements in children with learning disabilities are significantly lower than expected by their normal or above normal range of IQ. Although academic and cognitive deficits are hallmarks of children with LD, those children are also at risk for a broad range of behavioral and emotional problems. Almost all cases meet criteria for at least one additional diagnosis such as ADHD, developmental coordination disorder, depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, tic disorder, among which ADHD is particularly predominant. Because of the response to the therapeutic intervention program is promising and positive when applied early, it is critical to recognize patients as early as possible. Pediatricians often are the first to hear from parents worried about a childs academic progress. It is not the responsibility of pediatrician to make a diagnosis, referring children for a diagnostic evaluation of LD is a reasonable first step. Pediatricians can make early referral of suspicious children by asking some serial short questions about basic and processing skills. With a basic knowledge about the clinical characteristics, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of LD, pediatricians also can provide primary counseling and education for parents at their outpatient clinical settings.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.433-440
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• 2017

The purpose of the research was to examine the moderating effects of children's prosocial behavior on a potential relationship of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection as well as friendship. Participants consisted of 252, 3 year old including 136 boys and 116 girls. They were recruited from day care centers and preschools in Gyeonggi province and Incheon city. Prosocial behavior and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder syndrome were assessed based on teacher ratings. A peer nomination inventory was used to assess peer rejection and friendship. Children were asked to nominate three peers that they liked and considered friends as well as three peers that they did not like and did not consider friends. Findings suggested that prosocial behavior moderated the relation between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection as well as friendship. ADHD was related to peer rejection and fewer friends for children with lower levels of prosocial behavior. However, the association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and peer rejection was not significant for children who had higher levels of prosocial behavior. Moreover, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder did not influence to friendship for children who had the higher levels of prosocial behavior. The results indicate that increasing prosocial behavior may improve peer relationship functioning of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2009

Objectives : This research is to figure out the neurofeedback treatment for the inattentive children is effective in improving attention deficit and furthermore, in relieving hyperactivity and impulsivity. Methods : 20 children subjects participated for this study. C3-A1 protocol neurofeedback was given 15 to 20 times to each child, it is carried out to compare the degree of attention in each case every 5 times of neurofeedback by using ADHD Rating Scale-IV : Parent Version(ARS) and Attention Deficit Disorder Evaluation Scale-Home Version(ADDES-HV). Results : The subscale of mean inattention score of ARS was reduced from 14.2 to 8.8 significantly(p<0.05) after 20 sessions of neurofeedback treatment, also the subscale of mean impulsivity/hyperactivity score of ARS from 13.3 to 7.1. The subscales of mean inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity score of ADDES-HV was also reduced significantly(p<0.05) after 20 sessions of neurofeedback treatment. The changes of scores appeared significantly(p<0.05) from 10-15 sessions of neurofeedback treatment. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that neurofeedback can improve children's attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity, there exists the possibility of being a method to treat ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.76-81
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• 2009

Ovjectives: As the attention devoted to children's mental health increases, medical costs and burdens mount as well. In the present study, we evaluated the association between socioeconomic status(SES) and major child psychiatric symptoms. Methods: The subjects of this study were children of recruited from a mental health screening program in the Seoul Sungbuk mental health center over the course of 3 months. To establish the SES of each child, we collected data about each child's medical insurance, years of parental education, household income, family structure and housing. 149 children & parents completed questionnaires including the Childhood Depression Inventory(CDI) and the Korean Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale(K-ARS). Results: The mean K-ARS-P score was $12.1{\pm}11.1$ and the suspected prevalence of ADHD was 20.8%(n=31). The mean cm score was $12.9{\pm}7.9$, and the prevalence of suspected depression was 16.8%(25). Depressive symptoms and ADHD symptoms were both more severe than those observed in a previous epidemiologic study in Korea. Depressive symptoms were more closely associated with family SES status. Conclusion: SES status is one of the most important risk factors in the development of major child psychiatric symptoms. In our study we found that depressive symptoms in particular were most tightly associated with psychosocial factors. Evaluation of the risk factors, early screening and intervention for low SES children would be valuable mental health management tactics to implement in a community mental health system.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.415-429
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of attention deficit disorder evaluation scale-school version(ADDES-SV). Between October 1996 and November 1996, ADDES-SV was administered to 263 elementary school students in the second grade and between Jun 1996 and October 1996, 28 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients. In the reliability test, the test-retest reliability coefficient was significantly high and that of inattention was 0.88, that of impulsivity was 0.80, that of hyperactivity was 0.83 and total score was 0.83. In the reliability test by internal consistancy, the Cronbach $\alpha$ coefficient was significantly high and that of inattention was 0.98, that of impulsivity was 0.87, that of hyperactivity was 0.87(p<0.05). The half-sprit reliability coefficient by first-second half method showed high correlation and that of inattention was part 1: 0.96, part 2: 0.96 impulsivity was part 1: 0.95, part 2: 0.93, hyperactivity was part 1: 0.92, part 2: 0.94(p<0.05). Inter-rater reliability by pearson correlation coefficient was significantly high and that of inattention was 0.92, that of impulsivity was 0.87, that of hyperactivity was 0.89 and total score was 0.89. The concurrent validity between ADDES-SV and CAP scale was 0.85 in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patient group and 0.79 in normal control group(p<0.05). In discriminant validity test between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patient group and normal control group, the patient group showed higher score(p<0.05). The total discriminant capacity of the patient group in ADDES-SV was 94.6%. In this point of view, ADDES-SV scale showed high reliability and validity in applying to Korean subjects and was proved to be the useful screening test tool for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder research.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.123-136
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of a Korean form of Childhood Attention Problem(CAP) scale. CAP were administered to 98 normal elementary school students as control group and 98 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients. Male students showed high scores than female students in both subscale and total scores, but not statistically significant. There were no significant difference in CAP scale between male students and female students in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients. In the reliability test, the test-retest reliability coefficient was highly satisfactory and that of inattention subscale was 0.83, impulsivity subscale was 0.70 and total score was 0.82. In the reliability test by internal consistency, the Cronbach $\alpha$ coefficient was highly satisfactory and that of inattention subscale was 0.91, overactivity subscale was 0.89(p<0.05). The concurrent validity between CAP scale and ADDES-BV scale was 0.85 in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patient group and 0.73 in normal control group(p<0.05). In discriminant validity test between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patient group and normal control group, the patient group showed higher score(p<0.05). The total discriminant capacity of the patient group in CAP was 93.4%. In this point of view, CAP scale showed high reliability and validity in applying to Korean subjects and was proved to be the good and simple screening test tool for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder research and can help many young patient to treat early.