• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.608-615
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• 2002

Background : ADA is an enzyme found in most cells, and is involved in purine metabolism, but its chief role concerns the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes, especially T-lymphocytes. For that reason ADA has been looked on as a marker of cell-mediate immunity, which is the key mechanism of the tuberculous pleural effusion. Thus, the pleural fluid ADA activity is increased in the tuberculous pleural effusion. Age associated immune decline is characterized by decreases in both B and T-lymphocyte function and the former may be largely a result of the latter. Therefore, the pleural fluid ADA activity would be lower in old rather than in young, patients with tuberculous pleural effusion. We studied the relationship between age, and pleural fluid ADA activity, in patients with tuberculous pleural effusion. Materials and Methods : In the 46 patients with tuberculous pleural effusion enroll in this study, the pleural fluid ADA activities were measured by means of an automated kinetic method. Results : The mean age of the patients was $53.0{\pm}22.0$ years, with a male to female ratio of 30:16. The patients were divided into two groups, young patients, regarded as < 65 and old regarded as ${\geq}65$ years with 28 and 18 patients, respectively. The pleural fluid ADA activity in both groups show significant differences : $99.4{\pm}22.6$ IU/L(young patients) Vs. $75.8{\pm}30.9$ IU/L(old patients)(p<0.05), but a negative correlation with age (r=-0.311, p<0.05). Conclusion : Although pleural fluid ADA activity was not adequately increased, tuberculous pleural effusion, in older patients, would have to be considered clinically suspicious tuberculous pleural effusion.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2004

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether collection time affects results of oocyte recovery from superovulated goats. Fiftyty-one mature Korean native goats, maintained in a pen under natural day length and fed hay ad libitum, were pretreated with progestagen impregnated CIDR for 10 days and then the goats were divided into two groups. One group of the goats received a single intramuscular injection of 1,000 IU PMSG on Day 8 of CIDR insertion. The other group of the goats received twice daily intramuscular injections of a total of 70 mg FSH for 3 days from Day 8 of CIDR. All the gonadotropin treated goats were injected with 10 mg $PGF_{2\alpha}$ on Day 8 and 400 IU hCG in the afternoon on Day 10. For oocyte recovery, donor goats were fasted 24 h before operation. Anesthesia was induced by intravenous injection of 2% xylazine(0.2 mg/kg body weight) and ketamin(11 mg/kg body weight). In vivo oocytes were recovered by follicle aspiration or oviduct flushing at 29 to 34, 35 to 40 and 41 to 50 h after hCG injection through mid-ventral incision. There was no significant difference in the mean number of CL and oocytes recovered. Oocyte collection at 29 to 40 h after hCG increased(P<0.05) the recovery rate of ovulated oocytes in oviducts compared to 41 to 50 h. The same results were also observed in the recovery of follicular oocytes. Oocyte grade was not affected by collection time. When oocytes were collected from follicular oocytes at 41 to 50 h after hCG, the recovery rate of Grade II oocytes was the lowest(P<0.05). From these results, it is suggested that oocyte recovery at 35 to 40 h after hCG will be successful for further use.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to examine some factors affecting in vitro development and fecundity of embryos recloned with somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Fibroblast cells retrieved from the ear of a 3-week-old, cloned Korean goat (Jinsoonny) were used as karyoplast donors and serum-starvation was conducted in tissue culture medium (TCM)-199 supplemented with 0.5% FBS. Recipient oocytes were surgically collected by flushing the oviducts 35 h after hCG injection following FSH priming. The zonae pellucidae of the oocytes were partially perforated with a laser drill and a donor cell was transferred into an enucleated oocyte. The couplets were electrically fused and activated by ionomycin (5 min) and 6-DMAP (4 h). The reconstructed embryos were cultured in mSOF medium containing 0.8% BSA at $39^{\circ}C$ in an atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$, 5% $%O_2$, 90% $N_2$ for 12 to 15 h. Re-cloned embryos (2- to 4-cell stages) were surgically transferred into the oviducts of the recipients and pregnancy was subsequently diagnosed by progesterone assay and ultrasound on Days 21 and 63 of pregnancy. The fusion rate following 1st fusion pulse was higher (p<0.05) in 2nd cloning (65.9%) compared to 1st cloning (51.0%), but it was not different in the other groups. The rate of cleavage after fusion was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 1st (77.7%) than in 2nd cloning (56.0%). A total of 175 re-cloned embryos were transferred into 28 recipients. On day 21 and 60 after transfer, 11 (39.3%) and 4 recipients (17.4%) were pregnancy, respectively. In comparison of pregnancy rate by estrous synchronization, a total of 66 and 109 re-cloned embryos were transferred into 11 recipients in natural estrus and 17 recipients in induced estrus, respectively. Five (45.4%) and 2 recipients (18.2%) in natural estrus were pregnant on days 21 and 63 while 6 (35.3%) and 2 (11.8%) recipients in induced estrus were pregnant, respectively. These results show that recloning of goat can be achieved by SCNT and estrous synchronization between donor and recipient animals may be one of the major factors affecting success rate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1084-1091
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• 2002

Mortierella alpina, a common soil fungus, is the most efficient organism for production of production acid presently known. Since arachidonic acid are important in human brain and retina development, it was undertaken the growing effect containing diet as a food ingredient. Arachidonic acid rich oil derived from Mortierella alpina, was subjected to a program of studies to establish for use in diet supplement. This study was compared the growth and learning effect of fungal oil rich in arachidonic acid by incorporated into diets ad libitum. Sprague-Dawley rats received experimental diets 5 groups (standard AIN 93 based control with beef tallow, extract oil 8%, and 4%, and Mortierella alpina in diet 10% and 20%) over all experiment duration (pre-mating, mating, gestation, lactation, and after weaning 4 weeks). Pups born during this period consumed same diets after wean for 4 weeks. There was no statistical significance of diet effects in reproductive performance and fertility from birth to weaning. But the groups of Mortierella alpine diet were lower of weight gain and diet intake after weaning. The serum lipids were significantly different with diet groups, higher TG in LO (oil 4%) group of dams, and higher total cholesterol in LF (M. alpina 10%) of pups, although serum albumin content was not significantly different in diet group. The spent-time and memory effect within 4 weeks of T-Morris water maze pass test in dam and 7-week- age pups did not differ in diet groups. On the count of backing error in weaning period of pups was lower in HO(extracted oil 8%) group. In the group of 10% and 20% Mortierella alpina diet, DNA content was lower in brain with lower body weight, but liver DNA relative to body weight was higher than control. Further correlation analyses would be needed DNA and arachidonic acid intakes, with Mortierella alpina diet digestion rate.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.523-530
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• 2013

This study investigated the influence of seasonal incidence and defoliation degree caused by Marssonina blotch (Diplocarpon mali Harada et Sawamura) on shoot growth and fruit quality of 'Fuji'/M.9 apple tree. The occurrence of marssonina blotch in Gunwi region was observed from the mid of July 2009, and percentage of defoliation was about 10% in the end of October. In 2010, that started in the early of June. By the end of September, percentage of defoliation was 20% and it reached 50% in late October. Secondary growth of terminal shoot in 2010 was three times as much as that in 2009. In 2009, the soluble solid contents and the red color (hunter a value) during fruit maturation increased to $13.8^{\circ}Brix$ and 16.2, respectively. In 2010, the soluble solid content during fruit maturation remained in the $12.1-12.6^{\circ}Brix$ range after early October, and the red color began to increase after the end of September when the percentage of defoliation was 20%. As for fruit quality by defoliation degree, the red color decreased when defoliation percentage of bourse shoot at the end of October was more than 30%. Fruit weight and soluble solids also decreased when defoliation percentage was more than 50%. Fruit length and diameter of over 30% defoliation treatments begun to decrease after the middle of August, compared with those of under 30% defoliation treatment. Photosynthetic rate of the leaves that was located at the secondary growth of bourse shoot was similar to that of leaves which was located at the middle of bourse shoot. However, the size and the soluble solid content of fruit were not affected by photosynthesis activities of bourse shoot leaves which was develop in the secondary shoot growth.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.35-42
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• 1980

To establish a generation acceleration technique, two crops a year at field condition of Suweon, 10 varieties different in their spring growth habit were tested with 6 different seeding time after harvesting. These materials were harvested on June 10, 19, 79 and tested for their seed production ability at varions seeding time from July I I to August 15 with a week interval. An immatured seed germination technique and green vernalization methods were applied in cycling generations and the results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. In summer growing, seedlings establishment after transplanting was better in earlier transplanting. 2. Heading time was remarkably enhanced by earlier transplanting. Considering the results of two years early or mid of July was the suitable time to plant the second summer crop. 3. Those varieties of spring growth habit expressed little variations in plant height among the varieties. In 1978 which is referred as warm year produced plant height as tall as 8-16cm and poor crop but produced good crop with 25-65cm plant height in 1979. 4. No definit tendency in the length of spike was. observed among the cultivars but longer spike was found in winter wheat compared to the spring. 5. Number of spikes per plant was ranged from 1 to 3 regardless the transplanting time in 1979. However, more spikes per plant were produced in early or mid of July transplanting and those varieties of higher growth habit than V did not produces any spikes. 6. Higher number of grains per spike was found at earlier transplanted varieties. Therefore, it is concluded that those materials of I-IV growth habit with mid or early July transplanting would be suitable in practical sense considering their ability of seed production. 7. Two-year results indicated that wheat crop can not tolerate the temperature level higher than average 32$^{\circ}C$ C at Suweon. In this regard, the cultivation schedule was established assuming average temperature condition like the year of 1979 which was possible to grow wheats.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.369-380
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• 2023

Developing and breeding improved legume-based food resources require collecting useful genetic traits with heritability even though requiring some time-consuming, costly, and labor intensive. We attempted to infer heritability of nine genetic traits-days to flowering, days to maturity, period from flowering to maturity, the number of seeds per pod, 100-seeds weight, and four contents such as crude protein, crude oil, crude fiber, and dietary fiber-using 455 homologous chloroplast gene sets of six species of legumes. Correlation analysis between genetic trait differences and phylogenetic distance of homologous gene sets revealed that days to flowering, the number of seeds per pod, and crude oil content were influenced by genetic factors rather than environmental factors by 62.86%, 69.45%, 57.14% of correlated genes (P-value ≤ 0.05) and days to maturity showed intermediate genetic effects by 62.42% (P-value ≤ 0.1). The period from flowering to maturity and 100-seeds weight showed different results compared to those of some previous studies, which may be attributed to highly complicated internal (epistatic or additive gene effects) and external effects (cultural environment and human behaviors). Despite being slightly unexpected, our results and method can widely contribute to analyze heritability by including genetic information on mitochondria, nuclear genome, and single nucleotide polymorphisms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.555-561
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• 2003

This study was attempted to investigate preference characteristics affecting for winter kimchi. Questionnaire were collected by 646 nationwide households during 3 months from December 2000 in Korea, and the data were analyzed by SPSS program. The results were as follows: (1) Seven minor ingredients including red pepper, garlic, ginger, green onion, paste (e.g. glutinous rice, rice and/or wheat flour paste), sugar and sesame were user in high preference for making winter kimchi in that odor. Seafoods (oyster, shrimp, Alaska pollack, yellow corvenia, squid and hairtail) were also utilized for making winter kimchi related with regional characteristics. (2) Two jeotkals, anchovy and anchovy juice, were popular ingredients for winter kimchi in southern region, while shrimp jeotkal in middle region including Seoul, Chungnam, Chungbuk, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju and Jeju northern sand lance juice jeotkal in western region, respectively. (3) Two kimchi, green onion and leek kimchi were high favored by people in spring regardless of region, and baby radish kimchi and cucumber kimchi in summer, pony-tail kimchi and gutjuli (fresh kimchi) in autumn, respectively. Except for winter cabbage kimchi, however, dongchimi and godulbaegi (Korean lettuce kimchi) were high favorite kimchi in winter. It was estimated that Koreans consume about 80 g of kimchi per person per day.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1055-1076
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated the changes in beginning chemistry teachers' teaching practice without mentoring program and after the implementation of mentoring program. Participants in our study included two chemistry teachers who have less than one year of teaching experience and three mentor teachers. We collected data such as video recordings of teacher's classes, interview, and recordings of mentoring after each class. The results show there were slight changes in teaching contents, teaching procedure, and explanation method without mentoring. On the other hand, there were a lot of significant improvement in classroom environment, teaching contents and teaching procedure, teaching-learning techniques, questioning and feedback, and explanation method after mentoring has been implemented. However, there were no easy changes in the teaching style, understanding of students, and ways of interaction with students in connection with teaching purposes. Based on the results of this study, we explored the possibilities of instructional improvement through mentoring on beginning chemistry teacher's teaching practice. Therefore, we consider that more systematic and long-term mentoring is necessary to improve professionalism in teaching beginning teachers. In particular, we propose mentoring programs reflecting the individual needs of beginning teachers.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.192-197
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of site-specific variable fertilization following digital fertility map generated from soil analysis on rice growth and yield. The site-specific application of fertilizer was implemented by using rice transplanter equipped with side dressing applicator and global positioning system (GPS). Coefficient of variation (C.V.) of soil nitrogen content was reduced after the experiment, and spatial variation of semivariogram was reduced. Rice growth from tillering to ripening stage, plant height, tiller and panicle number increased at site-specific variable fertilization treatment, and coefficient variation (C.V.) of each growth characteristics was lower than those of conventional fertilization treatment. As a result, fertility in the rice field was more uniform become of site-specific fertilizer application. Head rice yield of site-specific application plot increased by 9% (i.e., to from 450 kg/10a to 492 kg/10a of the control plot) and its CV was significantly reduced to 3.5 compared to 7.8 of the control plot. In addition, there was no significant difference in amylose, protein contents and whiteness of milled rice, but its CV was reduced.