• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.111-131
• /
• 2002

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) received a great deal of attention from the Orient and West as a tonic agent, health food and/or alternative herbal therapeutic agent. However, controversy with respect to scientific evidence on pharmacological effects especially, evaluation of clinical efficacy and the methodological approach still remains to be solved. Author reviewed those articles published since 1980 when pharmacodynamic studies on ginseng have intensively started. Special concern was paid on metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, circulatory disorders, malignant tumor, sexual dysfunction, and physical and mental performance to give clear information to those who are interested in pharmacological study of ginseng and to promote its clinical use. With respect to chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, malignant disorders, and sexual disorders, it seems that ginseng plays preventive and restorative role rather than therapeutics. Particularly, ginseng plays a significant role in ameliorating subjective symptoms and preventing quality of life from deteriorating by long term exposure of chemical therapeutic agents. Also it seems that the potency of ginseng is mild, therefore it could be more effective when used concomitantly with conventional therapy. Clinical studies on the tonic effect of ginseng on work performance demonstrated that physical and mental dysfunction induced by various stresses are improved by increasing adaptability of physical condition. However, the results obtained from clinical studies cannot be mentioned in the indication, which are variable upon the scientist who performed those studies. In this respect, standardized ginseng product and providing planning of the systematic clinical research in double-blind randomized controlled trials are needed to assess the real efficacy for proposing ginseng indication. Pharmacological mode of action of ginseng has not yet been fully elucidated. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic researches reveal that the role of ginseng not seem to be confined to a given single organ. It has been known that ginseng plays a beneficial role in such general organs as central nervous, endocrine, metabolic, immune systems, which means ginseng improves general physical and mental conditons. Such multivalent effect of ginseng can be attributed to the main active component of ginseng,ginsenosides or non-saponin compounds which are also recently suggested to be another active ingredients. As is generally the similar case with other herbal medicines, effects of ginseng cannot be attributed as a given single compound or group of components. Diversified ingredients play synergistic or antagonistic role each other and act in harmonized manner. A few cases of adverse effect in clinical uses are reported, however, it is not observed when standardized ginseng products are used and recommended dose was administered. Unfavorable interaction with other drugs has also been suggested, which the information on the products and administered dosage are not available. However, efficacy, safety, interaction or contraindication with other medicines has to be more intensively investigated in order to promote clinical application of ginseng. For example, daily recommended doses per day are not agreement as 1-2g in the West and 3-6 g in the Orient. Duration of administration also seems variable according to the purpose. Two to three months are generally recommended to feel the benefit but time- and dose-dependent effects of ginseng still need to be solved from now on. Furthermore, the effect of ginsenosides transformed by the intestinal microflora, and differential effect associated with ginsenosides content and its composition also should be clinically evaluated in the future. In conclusion, the more wide-spread use of ginseng as a herbal medicine or nutraceutical supplement warrants the more rigorous investigations to assess its effacy and safety. In addition, a careful quality control of ginseng preparations should be done to ensure an acceptable standardization of commercial products.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.98-108
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of limited methods, economics and breeding appropriateness of native and imported ground cover plants in the methodology of a shallow soil rooftop garden. The new shallow soil rooftop gardening method uses a total of 13cm in soil thickness, including 4.5cm of top soil on a 7.5cm rock-wool-mat stacked onto a 1cm roll-type-draining plate. The total construction cost for each method of soil level within the design price standard for SEDUM BLOCK is 89,433won/$m^2$, and for DAKU is 92,550won/$m^2$. By comparing those two methods, the construction cost of the shallow soil artificial foundation methodology is 45,000won/$m^2$; this shows the new method is 50% less expensive than the existing method of shallow soil rooftop gardening. The experiment was executed on the rooftop of the Korean National Housing Corporation to ensure validity of the shallow soil artificial foundation planting, and the sample plants which were imported and grown now in native covering. A list investigating the growing plants was made of the cover rate in each plant class, both while alive and the dry plant weight. The native ground cover plants, Sedum kamtschaticum, Sedum middendorffianum, Allium senescens, Sedum sarmentosum, Aquilegia buergariana, and Caryopteris incana increased the cover rate, live weight and dry weight in the shallow soil artificial foundation method. Among the imported cover plants, Sedum sprium and Sedum reflexum, the cover rate increased and growth conditions improved. However, some species needed weed maintenance. After examination with the less expensive shallow soil artificial foundation method and growth analysis, it was found that rooftop gardens are a low-cost option and the growth of plants is great. This result shows the new method can contribute to the proliferation of rooftop gardens in urban settings.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.471-480
• /
• 2007

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a low-energy finisher diet on feed and growth efficiencies and carcass traits of ‘high’-market weight (MW) finishing pigs and thereby to extrapolate optimal dietary energy level for the high-MW swine. A total of 160 (Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc-crossbred finishing gilts and barrows weighing approximately 90 kg were fed a low-energy (3,200 kcal DE/kg) diet (LE) or control (3,400 kcal) diet (CON) ad libitum in 16 pens up to 135- and 125-kg live weights, respectively, at which the animals were slaughtered and their carcasses were analyzed [2 (sex) × 2 (diet) factorial experimental design]. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed efficiency did not differ between the two sex or diet groups. Backfat thickness was less (P<0.05) in LE (22.4 mm) than in CON group (24.3 mm) in gilts, but not in barrows (24.4 ± 0.4 mm). The percentage of C- & D-grade carcasses was over 90% because of the ‘over-weight’ problem in gilts, whereas in barrows, percentages of A plus B grades and C plus D grades were 79% and 21%, respectively. The yield percentage of each trimmed primal cut per total trimmed cuts (w/w) did not differ between the two sex or diet groups. Physicochemical characteristics of longissimus muscle including color (lightness and redness), pH, drip loss and chemical composition, which overally were within the range of normal carcass, also did not differ between the two sex or diet groups. In conclusion, both LE and CON are judged to be adequate for the high-MW swine during the latter finishing period. If fat deposition of a given herd of high-MW pigs needs to be suppressed by a dietary treatment, the energy content of the diet will have to be reduced to a level lower than 3,200 kcal DE/kg.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.11-18
• /
• 2004

The on-line games in the past were played by only two persons exchanging data based on one-to-one connections, whereas recent ones (e.g. MMORPG: Massively Multi-player Online Role-playings Game) enable tens of thousands of people to be connected simultaneously. Specifically, Korea has established an excellent network infrastructure that can't be found anywhere in the world. Almost every household has a high-speed Internet access. What made this possible was, in part, high density of population that has accelerated the formation of good Internet infrastructure. However, this rapid increase in the use of on-line games may lead to surging traffics exceeding the limited Internet communication capacity so that the connection to the games is unstable or the server fails. expanding the servers though this measure is very costly could solve this problem. To deal with this problem, the present study proposes the load distribution technology that connects in the form of local clustering the game servers divided by their contents used in each on-line game reduces the loads of specific servers using the load balancer, and enhances performance of sewer for their efficient operation. In this paper, a cluster system is proposed where each Game server in the system has different contents service and loads are distributed efficiently using the game server resource information such as CPU utilization. Game sewers having different contents are mutually connected and managed with a network file system to maintain information consistency required to support resource information updates, deletions, and additions. Simulation studies show that our method performs better than other traditional methods. In terms of response time, our method shows shorter latency than RR (Round Robin) and LC (Least Connection) by about 12%, 10% respectively.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.199-214
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) on productivity, meat quality and blood composition of crossbred chicks (hanhyub 3 ho) for different growring periods. Experiments were factorially designed with ME 3,000, 3,100kcal/kg and CP 21, 22, 23% for starter (0-4wks); ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg and CP 18, 19, 20% for grower (5-8wks); ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg and CP 15, 16, 17% for finisher (9-10wks). The total number of chicks and replicate of each treatment for starter, grower, finisher were 720, 4; 702, 6; 468, 4, respectively. The diets was mixed with more 90% organic feed ingredients. The productivity were not influence by dietary ME for starting period. Weight gain and feed intake were significantly increased in CP 23% treatment than CP 21, 22% treatment (P<0.05). FCR was improved as dietary CP increased (P<0.05). Weight gain was tended to be increased by decreaing ME content and increasing CP contents for growing period. Feed intake showed no difference among the ME and CP treatment groups. FCR improved significantly in CP 19, 20% compared with CP 18% (P<0.05). Weight gain was not significantly different between ME and CP treatments for finishing period. Feed intake was lower in ME 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg than the ME 3,100 kcal/kg treatment (P<0.05). FCR was higher in ME 3,100kcal/kg than ME 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg treatment (P<0.05). Interaction on productivity was not exited between ME and CP treatment groups for different feeding periods. There was no difference in the total protein, albumin, glucose and triglyceride amount in blood depending on dietary ME and CP contents. Total cholesterol was greatly decreased in ME 3,100kcal/kg than the ME 3,200kcal/kg (P<0.05), but not different between CP treatments. Cooking loss of breast meat was lower in ME 3,150kcal/kg than the ME 3,200kcal/kg (P<0.05). Moisture, shear force and pH were not statistically different among treatments. Protein solubility was increased by increasing ME and CP in diets. The collagen was tended to increase as dietary ME increased. Redness was remarkably higher in ME 3,150kcal/kg than the ME 3,100kcal/kg (P<0.05). Yellowness of meat fed ME 3,150kcal/kg showed significantly lower than other treatments (P<0.05). Therefore, the optium ME and CP to improve the productivity for each period were 3,000kcal/kg, 23%; 3,100kcal/kg, 19%; 3,150kcal/kg, CP 16%, repectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.81-88
• /
• 2008

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of DM (dry matter) content and split application of liquid swine manure (LSM) on productivity of rye and subsequent soil quality on the pasture of Livestock Policy Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. The experiment was done between November, 2005 and June 2006, using split plot design. Treatments were 2 main plots (7.0 and 1.6% DM LSM) and 2 subplots (basal fertilizer 100% and basal fertilizer 50%+top dressing 50%). Application of 7.0% DM LSM resulted in significant increase in DM yield and plant length of rye compared with 1.6% DM LSM (p<0.05). Crude protein content of rye was significantly higher in split application(basal fertilizer 50%+ top dressing 50%) than in basal fertilizer 100% (p<0.05). No significant difference in macro and micro mineral contents of rye or in subsequent soil quality was found by application of LSM. Mean P content (0.16%) of rye appeared to be lower than proper P level $(0.2{\sim}0.4%)$ of grass crop. The pH (5.5), OM (13.3%), available $P_2O_5$ (47.6 mg/kg) and Ca (2.75cmole/kg) content of the pasture soil studied were lower, compared with those of cultivated soil. Results show that the application of a 7.5% DM liquid swine manure increases the productivity of rye compared with a 1.6% DM liquid swine manure, meanwhile the property of pasture soil was not influenced by application of LSM.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2023.04a
• /
• pp.7-7
• /
• 2023

Currently, the main technologies of various fourth industries are big data, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, blockchain, mixed reality (MR), and drones. In particular, "digital twin," which has recently become a global technological trend, is a concept of a virtual model that is expressed equally in physical objects and computers. By creating and simulating a Digital twin of software-virtualized assets instead of real physical assets, accurate information about the characteristics of real farming (current state, agricultural productivity, agricultural work scenarios, etc.) can be obtained. This study aims to streamline agricultural work through automatic water management, remote growth forecasting, drone control, and pest forecasting through the operation of an integrated control system by constructing digital twin data on the main production area of the nojinot industry and designing and building a smart farm complex. In addition, it aims to distribute digital environmental control agriculture in Korea that can reduce labor and improve crop productivity by minimizing environmental load through the use of appropriate amounts of fertilizers and pesticides through big data analysis. These open-field agricultural technologies can reduce labor through digital farming and cultivation management, optimize water use and prevent soil pollution in preparation for climate change, and quantitative growth management of open-field crops by securing digital data for the national cultivation environment. It is also a way to directly implement carbon-neutral RED++ activities by improving agricultural productivity. The analysis and prediction of growth status through the acquisition of the acquired high-precision and high-definition image-based crop growth data are very effective in digital farming work management. The Southern Crop Department of the National Institute of Food Science conducted research and development on various types of open-field agricultural smart farms such as underground point and underground drainage. In particular, from this year, commercialization is underway in earnest through the establishment of smart farm facilities and technology distribution for agricultural technology complexes across the country. In this study, we would like to describe the case of establishing the agricultural field that combines digital twin technology and open-field agricultural smart farm technology and future utilization plans.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.210-216
• /
• 2007

A study was conducted to find mechanism and spray characteristics of a mini-sprinkler with downward spray to develop a new design type to be able to prevent drop water. The experiments were executed in a plastic greenhouse to minimize the effect of the wind. Data was collected at five different operation pressures and at 4 different raiser heights. Spray characteristics of the sprinkler such as effective radius, effective area, mean application depth, absolute maximum application depth, effective maximum application depth and coefficient of variation were determined. In order to analyze the mechanism and packing supporter of sprinkler, the numerical simulation using ABAQUS was performed. The optimum pressure for preventing drop water was determined.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
• /
• 2007.11a
• /
• pp.517-528
• /
• 2007

Domestic or international existing researches regarding rail damage factors are focused on laying, vehicle conditions, driving speed and driving habits and overlook characteristics of track structure (elasticity, maintenance etc). Also in ballast track, as there is no special lateral spring stiffness of track also called as ballast lateral resistance in concrete track, generally, existing study shows concrete track has 2 time shorter life cycle for rail replacement than ballast track due to abrasion. As a result of domestic concrete track design and operation performance review, concrete track elasticity is lower than track elasticity of ballast track resulting higher damage on rail and tracks. Generally, concrete track has advantage in track elasticity adjustment than ballast track and in case of Europe, in concrete track design, it is recommended to have same or higher performance range of vertical elastic stiffness of ballast track but domestically or internationally review on lateral spring stiffness of track is very minimal. Therefore, through analysis of service line track on site measurement and analysis on performance of maintenance, in this research, dynamic characteristic behaviors of commonly used ballast and concrete track are studied to infer elasticity of service line track and experimentally prove effects of track lateral spring stiffness that influence curved rail damage as well as correlation between track elasticity by track system and rail damage to propose importance of appropriate elastic stiffness level for concrete and ballast track.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.13
• /
• pp.471-485
• /
• 2007

This study is performed to find out what type instructions are produced to players by coaches and what effects are resulted in cooperative spirit of the concerned group. Furthermore the study has its aims at advancing instructors' skills by using finding of it. The study used 'SPSS 11.0 FOR WINDOW - Statistical Package' to analyze the collected samples and dealt with data of 174 individuals. Statistical analysis of the research for hypothesis verification was about frequency, trust level, mutual relationship, variables, and T-verification. The meaningful level for any result was ranged within 95%(p< .05), 99%(p<.01). The finding are as follows. Effects on pleasure, one of elements of team spirits taken by instructor's training style are analyzed as follows. It was proved to be meaningful in relation with a series of activities like training, democratic, social, compensatory aspects and showed also considerable relation with power based behaviors. That says, players are found to enjoy high pleasure when social and bureaucratic behaviors of instructors are very energetic. In addition to that, training, democratic, and compensatory activities didn't show any meaningful effect. Team spirit was found to play a main role between instructor's behaviors and training, democratic, social rewarding activities. Democratic and social acts influence on team spirit. Looking into the detailed aspects, team spirit was resulted very high in the individuals with low democratic mind and was shown high group spirit by groups with high sociable activities. Teamworks was found to be affected by relation between instructor's acts and training, democratic, social and compensatory aspects and it showed meaningful relations with training, social, bureaucratic behaviors. Low degree of training and bureaucratic activities are found to prefer for power team spirit, and high social activities led a strong teamworks. Group binding spirit was influenced by training, democratic, social compensatory, bureaucratic behaviors and it showed to give effects on democratic, social, and bureaucratic activities of instructors. Low degree of democratic and bureaucratic behaviors are found to produce strong team spirit. In contrast with that, strong social activities was found to be motive of powerful team spirit. Value of team spirit was found to play a main role between instructor's behaviors and training, democratic, social, rewarding activities. It didn't show any meaningful effect on behavior of instructors.