• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.22-44
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• 2023

The subsistence economics of the early Bronze Age has focused on explaining the intensity of agricultural practices without sufficiently taking into account the diversity of production methods that may arise from cultural types or environmental factors. The problem appears to stem from paying insufficient attention to the question whether we should understand the transition from the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age as continuous or discrete. This has hitherto blocked an avenue to investigate the gradual changes in subsistence resource production methods. Taking as its premise that changes in the production methods of subsistence resources in the Bronze Age have been continuous and gradual, this paper seeks to restore the production patterns of subsistence resources according to the variety of factors that may have influenced the early Bronze Age production method. With diverse cultural patterns and ecological spaces of the early Bronze Age being confirmed, the work of restoring the production methods of subsistence resources in a specific period is difficult to achieve with one or two stand-alone analyses. A more appropriate method would involve separating a number of different aspects related to the production of subsistence resources, analyzing and interpreting each, and in the final stage, synthesizing the analyses. The specific research method employed in this paper checked for compositional differences in stone production tools, functionally categorized according to a variety of factors that have a close relationship with the production of subsistence resources: cultural-environmental factors and cultural patterns, geographical and topographical factors, soil productivity, and size of settlement. The results of the analysis are as follows: for the early Bronze Age production pattern of subsistence resources in the Seoul and Gyeonggi regions, while no substantive differences were observed with respect to cultural type, geographical and topographical location, the results show statistically significant differences in the composition of production tools according to settlement size and soil productivity. Also, with an increasing ratio of settlement size and total production soil, increases in hunting and armoring tools, woodworking tools, and harvesting tools were observed; on the other hand, when it came to the ratio of fishing tools, the opposite relationship was observed. While a correlation between settlement size or crop cultivation productivity and dependence on hunting or farming was expected, the results of the regression analysis show that settlement size and soil productivity ratios do not have mutually significant relationships. The results thus illustrate that patterns of production differ according to a variety of factors, and no single factor is decisive in the adoption of subsistence resource production methods by a specific settlement. Therefore, the paper emphasizes the need to investigate the production patterns of subsistence resources according to the variety of cultural and environmental factors that make up settlements in early Bronze Age society.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2010

This paper aims to analyze success factors for the construction of Supdari(a traditional wooden bridge to connect small streams temporarily), which is a citizens' initiative project to revitalize local community in Jeonju-River, Jeonju City. Recently Supdari has been restored for the use of belongings in local festivals. But Jeonju-River Supdari was designed and built to unite local citizens and connect river-divided villages. This project shows how investing social capital like Supdari makes the community vitalize through citizen's active participation. As a citizen leading project, there were several critical factors for sucess. At first, there were some noticeable ways to encourage local citizen's participation in online and offline. In the online, the Supdari internet cafe introduced what is a Supdari, how to make it and where we build using various media of UCCs and photos. In the offline, the small scaled model of Supdari was made and exhibited in the entrance of the village and related several seminars were hosted to discuss how to construct Supdari with citizens, local assembly men and public officials together. The Second is the movement to restore traditional and cultural resources for the community recovery triggered the supports from local councils and many civic groups. Civic groups supported ecological and structural expertise to guarantee environment friendly and stable construction. And local councils mediated citizen's and administrative office's opinions. The third is flexible administrative management to help citizen's ideas to be realized. Officials extended setting period of Supdari on the condition with the civic-control safety management.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.357-368
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• 2013

This study was carried out to classify and describe the vegetation of algific talus in Korea by methods of the ZM school of Phytosociology. A part of slope or a hollow at the foot of talus in which cool air exhausts from underground through gaps of accumulated rock debris is called algific talus. From the sixty three stands obtained, the following two community and their four subcommunity were recognized: A. Quercus variabilis - Cystopteris fragilis com. B. Quercus mongolica - Betula schmidtii com. B-1. Quercus serrata - Urtica angustifolia subcom. B-2. Sorbus commixta - Spiraea chamaedryfolia subcom. B-3. Zabelia biflora - Astilboides tabularis subcom. B-4. Typical subcom. A. Quercus variabilis - Cystopteris fragilis com.. As a result of DCCA ordination, Quercus variabilis - Cystopteris fragilis com. has Quercus variabilis, Ligustrum var. obtusifolium, Zelkova serrata, Viburnum carlesii etc. as differential species, which showed the higher correlation with area of high Warmth index (WI) and precipitation than Quercus mongolica - Betula schmidtii com. has Quercus mongolica, Sorbaria var. sorbifolia, Magnolia sieboldii, Acer pseudosieboldianum, Rosa acicularis etc. as differential species. Sorbus commixta - Spiraea chamaedryfolia subcom. has Spiraea chamaedryfolia, Sorbus commixta, Rosa koreana, Vaccinium var. hirtum, Acer tegmentosum, Dryopteris expansa, Abies holophylla etc. as differential species. and Typical subcom in Quercus mongolica - Betula schmidtii com. were distributed in higher altitude and precipitation area than others. Zabelia biflora - Astilboides tabularis subcom. has Spiraea chinensis, Zabelia biflora, Astilboides tabularis, Gymnocarpium jessoense, Saussurea mongolica, Larix kaempferi etc. as differential species, which was distributed in area with high amounts of sunlight exposure by human activities.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.432-447
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• 2016

The increased frequency of drought and flood due to climate change was a global problem. In particular, drought was recognized as a serious environmental, ecological, social, and economic disaster. Therefore, it is necessary to study the measures to prevent it. In this study, we will estimate the meteorological drought index in the Han River Basin and analyze the impact of climate change on drought. The change of the meteorological drought occurrence due to climate change in the Han River separated by the common drought and severe drought was analyzed using the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The years 1973 - 2010 were selected for analysis in the current period. Using the scenario, we separated the future period (Target I: 2011 - 2039, Target II: 2040 - 2069, Target III : 2070 - 2099). The number of occurrences of less than -1.0 and -1.5 standard precipitation index were analyzed by SPI 3, 6, 12. Looking at the results, trends in rainfall in the Han River was expected to increase from the current figures, the occurrence of drought is predicted to decline in the future. However, the number of drought occurrence was analyzed to increase toward long-term drought. The number of severe drought occurrences was usually larger than the common drought estimated. Additional studies may be considered in addition to the agricultural drought, hydrological drought, socio-economic drought. This will be done by using efficient water management. The results can be used as a basis for future drought analysis of the Han River.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.39-52
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• 2015

Objectives: Residents of a single room occupancy (Jjok-bang) in Seoul are at high risk of having mental health issues. The majority of residents live in single households with past traumatic experiences including self-deprivation and social exclusion. This study was to investigate the association between mental health and socio-ecological factors at the intrapersonal and community levels. Methods: We conducted face-to-face surveys in Dongja-dong Jjok-bang area in June, 2014. Of 78 participants, 76% were male and the mean age was 60 years (SD=11.53). A multiple regression was used to analyze the association among depression, a sense of well-being, socio-ecological factors, and perceived empowerment and community solidarity. Results: Perceived empowerment (${\beta}=0.83$; 95% CI=0.40, 1.26) and community solidarity (${\beta}=0.52$; 95% CI=0.04, 1.01) were positively associated with a sense of well-being. Participants with empowerment (${\beta}=-2.55$; 95% CI=-4.86, -0.23) and those with community solidarity (${\beta}=-2.36$; 95% CI=-4.94, 0.21) were negatively associated with being depressed. Conclusion: Mental health of the residents in Jjok-bang was more influenced by empowerment and community solidarity than socio-demographic factors. It is necessary to improve public health infrastructures that can enable the residents to enhance empowerment and community solidarity utilizing socio-ecological perspectives.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.4
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• pp.587-600
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• 2013

Juniperus chinensis forest were classified into 1 community group, 2 communities, 4 groups, 6 subgroups, and 7 vegetation units by phytosociological analysis(the method of ZM schools) with 79 vegetation data in south korea. By NMS analysis it appeared at first axis (13.8%) and second axis (69%) and comprehensive explanatory power was 31%. It was shown clearly in Donggang region, the East sea region and the Ulleungdo region. In INSPAN(Indicator species Analysis) of vegetation unit, 89 species were analyzed significantly. According to result of species diversity, evenness, dominance value, interspecific-competition and other related analyses for vegetation unit, the species diversity of vegetation unit 4 showed the lowest value 0.667, while the value of vegetation unit 6 showed the highest value 1.174. The dominance value of vegetation unit 7 showed the lowest value 0.163 and most vegetation units are on about 0.7, while the value of vegetation unit 1 showed highly above 0.8.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.484-489
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• 2014

In this paper, we examined factors that influenced light pollution in Korean national parks during peak and off-peak tourist seasons. Cloud-and moonlight-free nighttime satellite images that were collected during October 2012(for peak season) and January 2013(for off-peak season) by the Day and Night Band (DNB) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor were used to estimate the levels of light pollution in 19 national parks (excluding the Bukhansan and Mudeungsan National Parks). Bootstrapping regression analyses were conducted to examine the effects of socioeconomic and policy factors on light pollution in the study national parks for peak and off-peak tourist seasons, separately. The characteristics of light pollution in the national parks varied by season. During the peak tourist season, light pollution in the national parks were affected more by night lights nearby the parks than those within in the parks, while in the off-peak season, light sources in the parks were more important. Scattering of light emitted from hotels and other recreational facilities outside the parks that led to the sky glow effect can be attributed to the greater impact of night lights nearby the parks during the peak season. This result suggests that regulating light pollution nearby the park areas is needed to mitigate light pollution in the national parks, especially in a peak tourist season.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.3 s.107
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• pp.145-152
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• 2002

Saussurea chabyoungsanica was recorded in new species by Lim Hyoung Tak in 1997. In order to understand the entity of new species, we investigated the new distribution sites, vegetation structure and soil environmental factors. Additionally discovered distribution sites of S. chabyoungsanica were Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung, Mt. Duckhang, and Sukgaejae, which were located on ridge of the Taebaek Mountains. Those sites are typical limestone zones of Korea and among them Sukgaejae belongs to lower great limestone area and Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung and Mt. Duckhang belong to upper great limestone area. According to the result of phytosociological study, plant communities of S. chabyoungsanica were classified by 1 Community group, 4 Communities and 2 Subcommunities; Carex humilis var. nana-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community group in wide sense Quercus mongolica Community group, Lespedeza maximowiczii-Saussurea chabyounsanica Community, Galium kinuta-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Salvia chanryonica-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Zabelia coreana-Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community. Environmental factor analysis of habitat showed that the distribution site of S. chabyoungsanica was ridge of North aspect and displayed pH $7{\sim}8$ typical of limestone. Soil moisture content was high, whereas organic matter content was low. Considering its high occurrence in sites of $1{\sim}10cm$ in soil depth, and of $30{\sim}45%$ in relative light intensity, major distribution sites were outcrops and boundaries between shrubland and forest. After community division by vegetation structure in habitat of S. chabyoungsanica, we investigated characters of soil environment by community. As a result of PCA analysis of soil sample by community, it was possible to divide community by characters of soil environmental factor. The cumulative value of contribution rate represented in second dimension space was 73% and the major factors for that value were soil texture, organic matter content and field capacity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.868-875
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• 2012

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation properties, soil characteristics and ordination of Hemerocallis hongdoensis population in South Korea. The Hemerocallis hongdoensis population was classified into Mallotus japonicus dominant population, Viburnum wrightii dominant population, Melampyrum setaceum dominant population. Hemerocallis hongdoensis were mainly distributed along the coast of south-western iland of the Korean penninsula and it's population was located at an elevation of 6m to 362m. In the study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, cation exchange capacity and soil pH were 16.18~21.70%, 0.56~0.97%, 0.42~0.88mg/kg, $3.38{\sim}5.65cmol^+/kg$, $1.12{\sim}2.38cmol^+/kg$, $25.93{\sim}41.45cmol^+/kg$, and 4.45~4.86 respectively. Mallotus japonicus dominant population was found in the steep sloped area that has high percentage of cation exchange capacity and total nitrogen than other populations. Viburnum wrightii dominant population was found gentle sloped area that has low percentage of cation exchange capacity and total nitrogen. Melampyrum setaceum dominant population was found in the medium sloped area that has medium percentage of cation exchange capacity and total nitrogen. Current status of Hemerocallis hongdoensis habitats is very vulnerable with local development constantly threatening the species' survival. Thus, concrete conservation plans to protect natural habitats should be set up as soon as possible.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2002

Saussurea chabyoungsanica was recorded in new species by Lim Hyoung Tak in 1997. In order to understand the entity of new species, we investigated the new distribution sites, vegetation structure and soil environmental factors. Additionally discovered distribution sites of S. chabyoungsanica were Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung, Mt. Duckhang, and Sukgaejae, which were located on ridge of the Taebaek mountains. Those sites are typical limestone zones of Korea and among them Sukgaejae belongs to lower great limestone area and Manduckbong, Mt. Sukbyoung and Mt. Duckhang belong to uper great limestone area. According to the result of phytosociological study, plant communities of S. chabyoungsanica were classified by 1 Community group, 4 Communities and 2 Subcommunities; Carex humilis var. nana - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community group in wide sense Quercus mongolica Community group, Lespedeza maximowiczii- Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Galium kinuta - Saussurea chabyongsanica Community, Saliva chanryonica - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community, Zabelia coreana - Saussurea chabyoungsanica Community. Environmental factor analysis of habitat showed that the distribution site of S. chabyoungsanica was ridge of North aspect and displayed pH 7∼8 typical of limestone. Soil moisture content was high, whereas organic matter content was low. Considering its high occurrence in sites of 1∼10cm in soil depth, and of 30∼45% in relative light intensity, major distribution sites were outcrops and boundaries between shrubland and forest. After community division by vegetation structure in habitat of S. chabyoungsanica, we investigated characters of soil environment by community. As a result of PCA analysis of soil sample by community, it was possible to divide community by characters of soil environmental factor. The cumulative value of contribution rate represented in second dimension space was 73% and the major factors for that value were soil texture, organic matter content and field capacity.