• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to examine the frequency, distribution and characteristics of researches using biological measurement published from 2000 to 2004 in 10 major nursing journals in Korea, Design: Literature analysis. Method: Journals including papers using biological measurements, publishing year, research design and outcome variables were analyzed. Results: 1. Researches using biological measurement were 318(13.3%). 2. Researches using biological measurement in the Korean Academy of Nursing were highest(97papers, 17.5%) among the nursing journals. The proportion of papers using biological measurement to total number of papers was the highest in the Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science as 77.3%(51papers). 3. The 233 papers(73.3%) were experimental researches among 318 papers using biological measurement which showed the highest proportion. 4. Patients were highest subjects of researches using biological measurement(197papers, 61.9%). 5. Blood test was most frequently used as physiological variables from 2001 to 2004. Conclusion: Researches using biological measurement of 10 Korean Nursing Journals in year 2000-year 2004 were very low. We need more researches using biological measurement to provide more objective evidence for nursing practice.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.582-594
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• 2018

In this study, the vertical and horizontal flow wetlands were combined in series to create conditions for flow in the exhalation and anaerobic state with the aim of monitoring the variability and reduction of dissolved organic matterin the bio-reactive artificial wetlands, and the performance assessment was conducted as acrylic reaction groups by designing artificial wetlands that filled the functionalresiduals. In case of artificial wetlands in vertical and horizontal planes, the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the reaction tank was measured as 2.7 mg/L in the vertical flow wetlands under exhalation, and N.D. in the horizontal flow artificial wetlands under anaerobic conditions. The test was carried out by changing the operation time to 140 min, 80 min, and 60 min. The test was conducted with the same natural operation time of 20 min depending on the operation time. All hours of operation were shown to be due to microbial activity. In 3D-EEM, it was found that the longer the driving time was taken, the more reduction the organic compounds in the areas of insoluble human resources, III and V. Further research on the mechanism analysis of future reduction effects is expected to be carried out, but the findings are expected to contribute to the development of technologies for reducing obfuscated substances using artificial wetlands in the future.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.341-347
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• 2009

Experiments and computations were conducted to investigate the heat insulation characteristics of multi layer materials for cultivation greenhouse. In case of the experiments, measurements of temperature were carried out with a K-type thermocouples and data logger to research the heat transfer in the experimental module generated by the heat source. A thermal conductivity meter, QTM-500 based on modified transient hot wire method was used to measure the thermal conductivity of multi layer materials. The numerical analyses were performed by commercial code CFX-11 according to the variation of multi layer materials without air layer. The experimental results showed that the heat insulation of multi layer materials was higher than single layer materials by 50~90%. It was found that the effect of heat insulation was raised by the combination of multi layer materials.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2020

Convective heat transfer is the main component of greenhouse energy loss because the energy loss by this mechanism is greater than those of the other two components (radiative and conductive). Previous studies have examined the convective heat transfer coefficients under natural conditions, but they are not applicable to symmetric thermal screens with zero porosity, and such screens are largely produced and used in Korea. However, the properties of these materials have not been reported in the literature, which causes selectivity issues for users. Therefore, in this study, three screens having similar color and zero porosity were selected, and a mathematical procedure based on radiation balance equations was developed to determine their convective heat transfer coefficients. To conduct the experiment, a hollow wooden structure was built and the thermal screen was tacked over this frame; the theoretical model was applied underneath and over the screen. Input parameters included three components: 1) solar and thermal fluxes; 2) temperature of the screen, black cloth, and ambient air; and 3) wind velocity. The convective heat transfer coefficients were determined as functions of the air-screen temperature difference under open-air environmental conditions. It was observed from the outcomes that the heat transfer coefficients decreased with the increase of the air-screen temperature difference provided that the wind velocity was nearly zero.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2014

Purpose of this study was a development of a sprayer arm auto control system that could be operated according to distance from pear trees for automation of pest control. Auto control system included two parts, hardware and software. First, controller was made with an MCU and relay switches. Two types of ultra-sonic sensors were installed to measure distance from pear trees: one on/off type that detect up to 3 m, and the other continuous type providing 0~5 V output corresponding to distance of 0~3 m. Second, an auto control algorithm was developed to control. Each spraying arm was controlled according to the sensor-based distance from the pear trees. And it could dodge obstacles to protect itself. Max and min signal values were eliminated, when five sensor signals was collected, and then signals were averaged to reduce sensor's noises. According to results of field experiment, auto control test result was better than non auto control test result. Spraying rates were 69.25% (left line) and 98.09% (right line) under non auto control mode, because pear trees were not planted uniformly. But, auto control test's results were 92.66% (left line) and 94.64% (right line). Spraying rate was increased by maintaining distance from tree.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.177-183
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• 2010

Bum-type $CO_2$ generators are widely used in greenhouses for the purpose of $CO_2$ supply for photosynthesis and greenhouse heating. However harmful gases included in the air might give severe effects on the plant growth. For investigating the possible emission of harmful gases from commercial bum-type $CO_2$ generators, we carried out the analysis of the harmful by-products (NO, NOx, $NO_2$, CO, and VOCs) and $CO_2$ caused by using a bum-type $CO_2$ generator in greenhouses. And the harmful by-products from different type of fuels such as kerosene, LPG, and LNG were quantified. In order to minimize the uncertainties from a $CO_2$ generator, 4 different $CO_2$ generators were utilized in four plastic greenhouses and a glasshouse located at different places during the experimental works. The results showed that the concentration of NOx is proportional to $CO_2$ concentration. Levels of harmful gases in the most of greenhouses, where the new bum-type $CO_2$ generators were installed, were lower than 1.0 ppm when $CO_2$ concentration was set at 1,000 ppm. In case of LNG combustion, the concentration of CO reached out up to 300 ppm and pre-treatment for CO reduction, such as the adsorption process, would be inevitable to abate the adverse effects on plant growth.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 1992

For the study on the structure and characteristics of the primary production system in the southern waters of the East Sea, chlorophyll, phytoplankton standing stocks. nutrients and hydrographic properties were investigated and analyzed in conjunction with measurement of C-14 based primary productivity. The primary productivity was relatively high in comparison with the previous studies, ranging from 284 to 4,574 mgC$.$m/SUP -2/$.$day /SUP -1/ and averaged to be 2,000 mgC$.$m/SUP 02/$.$day/SUP -1/. The standing stocks within the euphotic zone were fairly high, but ambient inorganic nitrogenous nutrient concentrations were too low to support the high production. This implied that there might be active recycling of nitrogenous nutrients by heterotrophic processes and the upward flux of nutrients by vertical mixing. Subsurface chlorophyll maxima were continuously observed in the lower parts of the euphotic layer and the depth coincided with the nutricline rather than isopycnal surfaces, supporting the view that chlorophyll distributions and primary production were primarily influenced by nutrient supply. Despite low nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton standing stocks and production were fairly high and the fraction of autotrophic nano- and picoplankton production was significant.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2012

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) Kr005/V strain was generated through 55 serial passages of NDV Kr005 strain in Vero cells. The Kr005/V virus yielded high infective titers of $10^{7.8}$ $TCID_{50}/mL$ in Vero cells and the infected cells showed cytopathic effects such as marked cell rounding, though less frequent syncytia. The Kr005/V virus was heat-stable and classified into the lentogenic type with a Mean Death Time (MDT) of 120h or greater while the Kr005 strain was heat-labile and velogenic (MDT of 49.6 h). Only the single amino acid substitution (T to S) was observed at position 433 of the HN protein of the Kr005/V strain, whereas no amino acid change was found in the F protein. The Kr005/V input virus correlated well (correlation coefficient $r^2$=0.97) with the Kr005 virus when ten field sera were tested by virus neutralization test. The biological properties and usefulness of Vero cell-adapted Kr005/V virus were discussed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2016

The research discussed experimental results on slip resistance force of rafter-purlin connection of plastic greenhouse and suggested a test method for evaluating slip resistance performance of the connection. Slip resistance forces were measured by four kinds of constraint conditions for specimens, for example, fixing or rolling the end of specimen. According to tests, it is noticed that constraint condition is able to significantly affect the slip resistance force. From a post-hoc comparison result, slip resistance force of test under fixing ends condition was larger than those under the other three constraint conditions. But the slip resistance force results in the fixing ends condition had greater measure of dispersion and three times of standard deviation than those from other constraint conditions. Based on the results obtained, effect of constraint condition for specimen on the slip test should be studied to enhance reliability of evaluation test of the slip resistance performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.794-801
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• 2023

The high seas, covering the majority of the world's oceans, hold invaluable marine resources crucial for the growth of the marine bio-industry. The High seas bioresources program of South Korea is at the forefront of these global efforts. This study aims to gauge public awareness and quantify the project benefits, offering insights for future policy decisions. The results revealed that the estimated annual average willingness to pay (WTP) was 3,778.8 KRW, equating to approximately 81.54 billion KRW when extrapolated to the entire national population. The implications of the study are twofold: The project benefits, based on WTP, are substantial, amounting to approximately 81.5 billion KRW annually. This provides critical reference material for future policy formulation, given the considerable WTP in comparison to the current investment. Although interest in international sea marine biological resources is growing, public awareness remains relatively low. However, the project plays a crucial role in building essential databases for the marine bio-industry and securing international sea marine biological resources. Public interest and sustained support are pivotal, not only for this project but also for future policy implementation. Strategies to enhance public awareness are essential, and the study results offer valuable input for future policy decisions.