• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.107-120
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• 1996

복합레진은 조작이 용이하고 강도가 우수하며 중합시간이 짧고 법랑질과 상아질에 접착이 가능하며 연마성이 뛰어나고 자연스러운 색상을 나타내므로 심미적 수복에 가장 일반적으로 선택되는 재료의 하나이다. 대부분의 복합레진 kit에는 shade guide가 포함되어 있어 이를 기준으로 중합된 후의 복합레진 색조를 예상하여 선택하게 된다. 그러나 이러한 shade guide들은 대개 복합레진이 아닌 plastic으로 제조된 것으로 중합된 복합레진의 실제 색조와는 차이가 생기게 되며 결국 shade guide 자체의 문제점으로 인해 이상적인 색조선택이 어려워진다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내에 시판되고 있는 5종의 복합레진 제품을 선정하여 분광 광도계를 이용해서 shade guide와 중합된 복합레진 사이의 색조차이를 측정, 비교 연구하였다. 직경 16mm. 두께 1.6mm의 plastic mold에 5종의 광중합형 복합레진(Z100, Prisma TPH, Tetric, Silux Plus, Herculite XR)을 충전하고 응축기에 넣어 압축한 후 제조사의 지시에 따라 광중합기로 중합시킨 후 mold에서 시편을 제거하여 보관했다가 젖은 sandpaper 상에서 순차적으로 연마하였다. shade guide는 step부분을 갈아내어 복합레진 시편과 동일한 두께로 만든후 연마하였다. 분광광도계에 shade guide를 넣고 CIE illuminant D65 하에서 spectral reflectance를 측정하고 해당 색조의 복합레진 시편도 통일한 방법으로 측정하고 $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$값과 ${\Delta}E^*$값을 얻은후 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Z100의 D3, A3, B2 shade와 Prisma TPH의 B2 shade를 제외한 모든 시편에서 shade guide와 복합레진간에 육안으로 인지할 수 있는 색차(${\Delta}E^*$ > 1.0)가 관찰되었다. 2. 평균적으로 Z100이 가장 적은 색차를 나타내었고 Prisma TPH, Tetric, Silux Plus, Herculite XR 순으로 색차가 증가하였다. 3. Prisma TPH의 A2 shade. Tetric의 W shade. Silux Plus의 YB, U shade, Herculite XR의 L, LY shade는 ${\Delta}E^*$값이 3.3 이상으로 나타났다. 4. Z100, Prisma TPH, Tetric, Silux Plus에서는 복합레진보다 shade guide가 더 높은 $L^*$값을 보이는 경향이 나타났으며, Herculite XR에서만 복합레진이 더 높은 $L^*$값을 나타냈다. 5. 모든 시편에서 $b^*$ 값은 (+)로 관찰되었고, Z100, Prisma TPH, Tetric, Silux Plus의 shade guide는 복합레진에 비해 높은 $b^*$값을 보였다. 6. 모든 시편에서 $a^*$값은 (-)로 관찰되었고. Herculite XR 및 Silux Plus에서는 복합레진이 shade guide 에 비 해 낮은 $a^*$값을 나타냈다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.58-65
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• 2012

치관-치근 파절은 법랑질, 상아질, 백악질이 모두 포함된 치아의 파절로, 파절선이 대부분 절단연이나 순측의 변연부 치은에서 구개측 치은열구 하방으로 사선으로 진행된다. 파절선의 위치가 치은 연상이라면 파절편의 제거 및 치은연상 수복을 시행하고, 치은 연하라면 파절면의 외과적 노출술, 교정적 정출술, 외과적 정출술을 이용한 치아의 수복이 이루어진다. 그 외에 섬유 강화형 포스트를 삽입하여 치관 수복물의 유지력을 높이고, 레진 접착 시스템을 사용하여 치관 파절편을 재부착함으로써 생물학적으로 최소한으로 침습적인 치료를 하는 방법도 있다. 만약 파절의 정도가 치은 연하로 깊은 경우 발치나 치관절제술을 이용한 치근의 유지 등을 고려할 수 있다. 본 증례는 치관-치근파절로 내원한 12세 환아로 섬유강화형 포스트를 사용하여 치관 파절편 재부착을 시행하였으며 양호한 경과를 보여 이를 보고하는 바이다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.62-72
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• 2007

이번 실험에서는 중합수축 응력이 가장 크게 나타나는 유구치 I급 와동에서 와동벽의 위치와 중합광원의 변화에 의해 다르게 나타나는 응력의 차이를 microtensile bond strength (MTBS)를 이용하여 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 교합면 법랑질을 제거한 하악 제 2유구치 30개를 준비하여 I급 와동을 형성하였다. 제조사의 지시에 따라 상아질 접착제를 도포 후 3가지 중합광원: 할로겐 램프, 플라즈마, 발광다이오드를 이용하여 10개씩 광중합하였다. 복합레진을 한꺼번에 충전 후 각각의 중합기로 광중합하였다. 동일 치아에서 각각 치수벽과 축벽의 MTBS 측정용 시편을 제작하고 각 군을 중합광원과 와동벽 위치에 따라 할로겐 램프 - 축벽군, 할로겐 램프 - 치수벽군, 플라즈마 - 축벽군, 플라즈마 - 치수벽군, 발광다이오드 - 축벽군, 발광다이오드-치수벽군의 6개 군으로 분류하였다. 만능시험기에서 MTBS를 측정하고 파절편과 와동의 단면을 SEM을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 동일 중합광원에서 와동벽 간 비교는 T-test, 동일 와동벽에서 중합광원 간 비교는 One-way ANOVA와 Tukey's post hoc test를 이용하였고 Weibull 분포분석을 하였다. 동일 중합광원 군간 비교에서 모두 치수벽 시편의 접착강도가 축벽 시편에 비해 유의하게 높았으며 동일 와동벽 군간 비교에서 모두 중합광원에 따른 접착강도가 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 축벽 시편이 치수벽 시편보다 낮은 Weibull 변수(m)를 나타내었고 SEM 관찰 결과 축벽 시편에서 보다 더 불균일한 접착이 이루어진 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.585-601
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of blood-and saliva-contamination during dentin pretreatment procedure on tensile bond strength, and to investigate the effect of contaminant-removing treatments on the recovery of bond strength of dentin bonding agents. Dentin specimens prepared from freshly extracted bovine mandibular anterior teeth were divided into non-contaminated control and contaminated experimental groups. The specimens of the contaminated group were contaminated with saliva or blood after etching or priming procedure, followed by contaminant-removing treatments. All the specimens were bonded with All Bond$^{(R)}$ 2 dentin bonding agent and Bisfil$^{TM}$ composite resin or Scotchbond$^{TM}$ Multipurpose and Z100. After all the bonded specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, tensile bond strengths were measured. The contaminated dentin and fractured dentin surfaces were examined under the scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows : Contaminated specimens showed lower bond strength than non-contaminated ones regardless of the kind of contaminant, contamination time and contaminant-removing treatments, except specimens which were acid-etched following saliva contamination after etching in All Bond$^{(R)}$ 2 groups (p<0.05). Blood contaminant resulted in much bond strength decrease than saliva ones (p<0.01), and contamination after priming resulted in much decrease in bond strength than after etching (p<0.01). Re-etching resulted in increase of bond strength in the specimens contaminated with saliva after etching but not in blood contaminated ones. Re-priming resulted in increase of bond strength in the specimens contaminated after priming regardless of the kind of contaminant.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evlauate the microleakage of 3 dentin bonding agents using different dentin pretreatment method under simulated physilogic pressure in cementing the porcelain laminate veneer. Noncarious 60 human maxillary molars were selected and randomly assigned to 4 groups of 15 each. The group with the margin placed on the enamel was classified as the control and the groups with the margin placed on root surface were subdivided into 3 groups according to the dentin bonding agents used. The group using All Bond 2 was classified as experimental group 1, the group using Scotchbond MP was classified as experimental group 2, and the group using Gluma was classified as experimental group 3. Roots were removed at 3mm below the cementoenamel junction, and reductions of the teeth for the porcelain laminate veneer were done on the mesial 1/2 of the buccal surface of each teeth. The pulp was extirpated and the pulp chamber was cleaned with 37% phosphoric acid for the patency of dentinal tubule. Under simulated physiologic pressure, porcelain laminate veneers were cemented to the teeth using each dentin bonding agent and luting cement. After cementation, all samples were stored at 36t in water for 24 hours and thermocycled for 1500 cycles, then immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution and the teeth were sectioned longitudinally by using diamond saw and the extent of microleakage was measured. The following results were obtained, 1. Microleakage was observed in a few samples of control group but all the samples of experimental groups. 2. The control group showed the less extent of microleakage than the experimental groups. In experimental groups the experimental group 1 & the experimental group 2 showed similiar extent of microleakage and the experimental group 3 showed the greater extent of microleakage than other groups. Conclusively, practicing the porcelain laminate veneers in the clinic, although the margin of the porcelain laminate veneer should be placed on enamel, in the case that it is inevitable to place the margin of the porcelain laminate veneer on the root surface, it is recommened to use dentin bonding agents which use no dentin pretreatment or a dentin pretreatment which can leave the smear plugs.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.483-495
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the human pulpal response to Dentin Bonding Desensitizer. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of the first premolars and Dentin Bonding Desensitizer(ALL-BOND Desensitizer, Bisco, Inc. U.S.A.) was applicated in ten experimental teeth, or ZOE(PROPAC, GC Co. TOKYO, JAPAN) cement in eight control teeth and cavities were filled with light curing glass ionomer(Fuji II LC, GC Co., TOKYO, JAPAN). At 3-day and 25-day postoperative interval. pulpal response was observed and evaluated histologically with light microscope. The results were as follows. ; 1. At 3-day postoperative interval, the control teeth were grade 1 inflammatory cell response and grade 1 connective tissue response. 2. At 25-day postoperative interval, all control teeth were grade 1 inflammatory cell response and in three control teeth grade 1 connective tissue response were observed, and one teeth showed grade 2 connective tissue response. 3. At 3-day postoperative interval, the experimental teeth were grade 1 inflammatory cell response and grade 1 connective tissue response. Below the cavity, a few inflammatory cell(PMNs) in odontoblastic layer, increased blood vessels and pulpal cells were seen and this pulpal response was similar to control teeth. 4. At 25-day postoperative interval, in four experimental teeth grade 1 inflammatory cell response and grade 1 connective tissue response were observed, and one experimental teeth showed mild inflammatory response. 5. At 3-day and 25-day postoperative interval, no reparative dentin deposition was seen. 6. Both experimental and control group, pulpal response showed difference between 3 and 25-day of postoperative interval. In control teeth, increased predentin and pulpal cells were seen and in experimental teeth, congestion of blood vessels and increased pulpal cells were seen. In conclusion, the pulpal irritation due to this Dentin Bonding Desensitizer was not severe, and it was considered that the agent was not harmful to the human pulp.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.240-250
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different etching time on the shear bond strength and adaptibility of composite to enamel and dentin when used one-bottle adhesive Prime & Bond$^{TM}$ 2.0. The proximal and occlusal surfaces of 88 extracted human molars were ground to expose enamel(n=44) and dentin (=44) using diamond wheel saw. Teeth were randomly assigned to four test groups(n=11) and received the following treatments : Control group were conditioned with 36% phosphoric acid for 20 sec. according to the manufacturer's directions. Experimental 10 sec. group, 30 sec. group and 60 sec. group were conditioned with 36% phosphoric acid for 10 sec., 30 sec. and 60 sec., respectively. Teeth were rinsed and dried for 2 sec. Prime & Bond$^{TM}$ 2.0 were applied according to the manufacturer's directions and Spectrum$^{TM}$ TPH composite resins were bonded to enamel and dentin surfaces. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours. Eighty specimens were sheared in a Universal Testing Machine with a crosshead speed of 5mm/minute. One way ANOVA and LSD test were used for statistical analysis of the data. Failure modes of all specimens after shear bond strength test were examined and listed. Also, representive postfracture modes and eight specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The shear bond strength to enamel was the highest value in 30 sec. group (20.68${\pm}$8.54MPa) and the lowest value in 10 sec. group (14.92${\pm}$6.07MPa), so there was significant difference of shear bond strength between two groups (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference among other groups (p>0.05). With longer etching time to enamel from 10 sec. to 30 sec., higher the shear bond strength was obtained, but the shear bond strength was decreased at 60 sec. etching time. 2. The shear bond strength to dentin was the highest value in control group (13.08${\pm}$6.25MPa) and the lowest value in 60 sec. group (9.47${\pm}$3.35MPa), but there was no significant difference among the all groups (p>0.05). The eching time over 20 sec. decreased the shear bond strength to dentin. 3. In SEM observation, the enamel and resin interfaces were showed close adaptation with no relation to etching time of enamel. And the dentin and resin interfaces were showed close adaptation at 20 sec. and 30 sec. etching time, but showed some gaps at 10 sec. and 60 sec. etching time. Accordingly, these results indicated that a appropriate etching time in Prime & Bond$^{TM}$ 2.0 was required to be 30 sec. in enamel and 20 sec. in dentin for the high shear bond strength and good adaptation between the composite resin and tooth substance.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2003

본 연구는 All-In-One system의 적용 시간과 도포횟수에 따라 유치 상아질과 복합레진의 접착 강도와 혼성층에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 규명하고자 Single bonding agent(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, 3M, USA)와 All-In-One system(Prompt-L pop, 3M ESPE, USA)를 사용하였고 수복용 레진으로 복합레진(Z-250, 3M, USA)를 사용한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 1. 전단 결합 강도는 Single bonding agent를 적용한 경우 All-In-One system을 적용한 군보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 2. Prompt L-pop을 2회, 3회 적용한 경우에 전단 결합 강도는 1회 적용한 군보다 유의하게 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 혼성층의 두께는 1회 적용군보다 2회, 3회 적용한 군에서 증가하였다. 3. Prompt L-pop을 15초 적용한 경우에 전단 결합 강도는 7초 적용한 군보다 유의하게 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 30초 적용군과는 차이가 없었다. 혼성층의 두께는 7초 적용군이 가장 얇고, 15초군과 30초군에서는 차이가 없었다. 4. Single bonding agent를 이용한 경우 두터운 $2-4{\mu}m$의 혼성층이 관찰된 반면, All-In-One bonding system(Prompt L-pop, 3M ESPE, USA)에서는 비교적 얇은 혼성층($1-2{\mu}m$)이 형성되었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.527-535
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of smear layer and dentin primers on the sealing ability of root canals. 126 extracted human teeth with single, straight canals and mature apices were used. The Samples were first classified into six groups as follows: presence of smear layer; absence of smear layer; Scotchbond Bond Multi-Purpose; All Bond 2; Mac Bond 2; Clearfil Liner Bond 2. A Positive control was also established. All teeth except the control group were then obturated with thermoplasticized gutta-percha and AH26. Electrochemical and dye penetration technique were later used to evaluate the degree of micro leakage through the root canal. Seventy teeth were then immersed in a 1% potassium chloride solution and An external power supply(DC 10 V) was then applied to the circuit for the electrochemical microleakage test. The degree of Microleakage was determined over period of 28 days before being evaluated. In total, 48 teeth were submitted to the dye infiltration technique. All specimen were suspended in 2% methylene blue dye for 1 week before being longitudinally split. The degree of dye infiltration was measured under a stereo microscope at ${\times}10$ magnification and evaluated. The results were as follows: 1. Apical microleakage increased throughout the test period in all group and one group having a smear layer showed a dramatic increase under electrochemical test (p<0.05). In the group having smear layer, the degree of apical microleakage was the highest, and the micro leakage was much higher than in the smear layer removed group in electrochemical test (p<0.05). Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All Bond 2, Mac Bond 2 and Clearfil Liner Bond 2 showed lower micro leakage than one group having smear layer. The All Bond 2 and Clearfil Liner Bond 2 treated groups showed the lowest microleakage in electrochemical test (p<0.05). 2. There was no significant difference between the experimental groups in dye penetration technique. These results suggested that the removal of the smear layer from root canal and concomitantly the application of dentin primer into root canal could improve the sealing ability of root canal obturation.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.97-112
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of wetting condition made by drying time on bonding of resin cement to dentin. Freshly extracted bovine teeth were grinded to expose flat dentin surfaces. After the exposed dentin surfaces were treated with pretreatment agents and water rinse, each wetting condition of dentin surfaces was made according to drying times and methods including slight blow bry for I-second by air syringe, blow dry for 20-second by air syringe, and 12-hour dry in desiccator respectively. and then, previously made composite resin specimens were bonded onto each conditioned dentin surface of the specimen using Panavia-21(Kuraray Co.), Bistite(Tokuso Co.), and Choice(use with All bond-2, Bisco Inc.) resin cement according as manufacturer's instruction. Bonded specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, then the tensile bond strength was measured, cohesive failure rate was calculated, and fractured dentin surfaces and acrylic rod sides were examined under scanning electron microscope. The result were as follows ; In the group of bonding with Panavia-21 resin cement, higher tensile bond strength was seen in 12-hour dry group than in I-second and 20-second dry group(p<0.01). In the group of bonding with Bistite resin cement, higher tensile bond strength was seen in 1-second dry group than in 20-second and 12-hour dry group(p<0.01). In the group of bonding with Choice resin cement, no significant differences of bond strength under given drying time were seen. Cohesive failure rates derived from the groups of bonding with Panavia-21 and Choice resin cement were increased with the increase of tensile bond strength in each drying time. On SEM examination of fractured surface, adhesive failure mode with fractured resin tags was mostly seen in wet condition with I-second drying time in the group of bonding with Panavia-21 resin cement, mixed failure mode with shortened and fractured resin tag was seen in the group of bonding with Bistite resin cement, and regardless of drying time, and cohesive-adhesive mixed failure mode with fracture of 'Hollow' typed resin tags was mainly seen in the group of bonding with Choice resin cement.