• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.49
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• pp.25-52
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• 2017

As the expansion of the cultural industry expands, various competitive structures are formed and the methodologies for producing commercial success are being discussed. Among them, Hollywood studios use political relationships and apply ideologies that can produce the best interests. Also, they use a structure that can convey this ideology, which is a mythology. The myth has satisfied the public for a ling time. Campbell suggested that strategies come from the myth, and the ideology emerged as a result of what mythology has to do with existing powers. Disney and Dream Works use the mythology and combine their own values into ideology. Disney and Dream Works choose conflicting ideologies in a different growth background. If Disney is recognized as an educational animation by the ruling class, Dream Works are supported by the public for their actions against Disney. Disney has conservative and patriotic personality, Dream Works is more liberal and progressive. Disney's structure came out first, and Dream Works parodied it. So we can compare Disney and Dream Works with similar myths to create a storytelling structure that embodies ideology. As a result, Disney and Dream Works have been choosing the 9 stages the key of Ideology form the 17 stages of the mythology and reduced them to the introduction, growth and completion. In the first units of the introduction, Disney dealt with the subject of social leaders who sacrificed to the ruling class and Dream Works hinted at the overthrow of the ruling class through the irony. If Disney had deployed colored races in the main characters, Dream Works used a variety of races from the main characters to others. In the second units of growth, Disney organized the process of accepting the value of the ruling class, and Dream Works showed the individual values, not the values of society. In the third units completion, Disney showed the main character who live in the world of the ruling class rebuilded, and Dream Works removed the ruling class and went back to the Individual life. Through the structure of Disney and DreamWorks, we learned how to utilize the mythical structures that transform according to ideologies. The right way to organize works will require the strategic approach to storytelling.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.196-202
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary Rhus verniciflua Stokes on the quality of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) beef during cold storage $(4^{\circ}C)$ after thawing. After 4 groups (3 heads/group) of 22 months-Hanwoo (Korean cattle) steen were fed a common basal diet with 0, 2, 4 and $6\%$ Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) powder for 4 months prior to slaughter, samples of M semimembranous from 12 carcasses were stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 9 months. Crude fat was significantly lower in 4 and $6\%$ RVS treatments than in control (p<0.05). pH value was significantly higher in4 and $6\%$ RVS treatments than in control from 2 and 5 days (p<0.05). Thawing loss was not significantly different among the treatments but drip loss was significantly lower in 4 and $6\%$ RVS treatments than in control during storage (p<0.05). CIE $L^{\ast}$ value was significantly lower in RVS treatments than in control during storage (p<0.05) and CIE $a^{\ast}$ value was significantly higher in 4 and $6\%$ RVS treatments than in control (p<0..05). CIE $b^{\ast}$ value was significantly higher in control than in $6\%$ RVS treatment in 0 days (p<0.05) but it was significantly higher in $4\%$ RVS treatment than in control in 7 days (p<0.05). CIE $C^{\ast}$ value was significantly higher in $4\%$ RVS treatment than in control during storage (p<0.05) and CIE $h^0$ value was significantly lower in $4\%$ RVS treatment than in control (p<0.05). TBARS value of 2 days was significantly lower in 4 and $6\%$ RVS treatments than in control (p<0.05) but it was significantly lower in $4\%$ RVS treatment than the other treatments from 5 days (p<0.05). Surface MetMb concentration was significantly lower in RVS treatment than in control during storage (p<0.05) and it was significantly lower in $4\%$ RVS treatment than in the other treatments in 7days (p<0.05) but surface $R_{6.30}/R_{580}$ value was opposite to this result.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.7
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• pp.1-24
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• 2003

우리는 지금까지 독일어와 한국어 두 언어간의 오류분석을 논의해 왔다. 특히 언어유형학적인 측면에서 몇 가지 오류유형과 분석을 시도했다. 그 결과는 대체로 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있다. 독일어와 한국어가 서로 근본적으로 상반되는 언어현상과 더불어 약간의 공통성을 나타내며 일정한 유형을 나타낸다. 이는 두로 인간의 언어습득장치에 기인된 언어습득의 결정주의(Determinismus)에서 비롯될 것이다. 언어특성/문제의 체계성/규칙성 또는 일관성은 이를 반영한다. 거대한 언어자료 중에 극히 미미한 일부, 즉 언어최소량를 정복함으로써 그 효용성을 극대화할 수 있는 것은 매우 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 이를 연구 이용하는 경우에는 엄청난 효과와 가능성을 기대할 수 있을 것이다. (1) 독일어와 한국어의 학습 및 오류분석에서 가장 핵심적인 것은 언어유형학적으로 드러난 언어특성, 즉 전치성(독일어/영어)과 후치성(한국어)이다. 이를 토대로 형성된 대립적인 면과 공통적인 문제를 체계화하는 것이 역시 오류분석 문제의 관건이다. 또한 독일어가 아직 후치성 언어(한국어(TXV))에서 출발해서 전치성 언어(영어(SVX))로 발전/변화해 가는 과정, 즉 중간단계인 TVX에 머물고 있다는 사실이 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 즉 그들의 대극성과 유사성을 연결하는 실마리로 볼 수 있기 때문이다. (2) 일치(Kongruenz)/상관(Korrelation) 및 반복(Wiederholung) 현상, 그리고 격변화와 인칭변화 현상은 어순문제와 더불어 형태론적 문제를 통해 문법적인 확인수단으로 작용한다. 이들은 대부분 체계적/구조적으로 나타나기 때문에 학습자는 흔히 같은 유형에서 반복적으로 오류를 범하기 마련이다. 이를 극복하기 위해서 언어 유형학적 오류분석을 이해하고 또한 이를 통해 오류를 줄이거나 예방하는 학습이 필요하다. (3) 명사가 한정사구 안에서 성/수/격에 따라 변화하는 것과 동사가 동사구에서 주어의 인칭/수에 따라 인칭변화 하는 것은 우리 한국인에게는 아주 이색적인 현상이다. 이는 양면적인 수식구조에 대한 확인수단 및 원자가에 의한 강력한 형식위주 언어인 독일어와 전위적인 단일 수식구조와 부정형 동사를 특성으로 형성된 핵/최소문 언어간의 필연적인 적응관계 및 결과라고 볼 수 있다. 이 두 가지 유형 역시 언어특성에 따라 도식화/공식화 할 수 있다. (4) 괄호현상, 즉 으뜸머리(Hauptkopf)가 버금머리(Nebenkopf)와 분리하는 것은 우리 한국인에게는 아주 이색적인 언어현상이다. 한국어에는 머리의 이동이 없기 때문이다. 긴 구문에서 버금머리를 잊어버리거나 실수하는 것은 모든 괄호구문에서 예견되는 결과이다. 그러나 이는 정치성과 후치성 언어간의 전이 과정으로 이해될 수 있다. 으뜸머리가 원래의 자리를 박차고 소속 구/문의 앞자리로 도약한 것처럼 느껴지기 때문이다. (5) 전치 및 후치 수식이 유동적으로 작용하는 독일어는 전치 수식만으로 고정된 한국어보다 복잡하지만 균형적인 언어구조이다. 이러한 수식구조에서 한국인은 흔히 형태 및 어순에서, 그리고 번역에서 오류를 범하고 만다. (6) 그러나 가장 중요한 것은 아는 것을 제대로 이용하는 문제이다. 모국어/L2를 자유로이 말하고 쓸 때까지, 즉 언어습득에는 일체이 문법이나 도표/도식을 이용할 필요가 없다는 사실이다. 이는 17세기 서구의 이성주의 철학자들의 한결같은 경고이다. 오늘날 초고속 과학문명에서 더욱 빛을 발하는 것은 당연한 결과이다. 한 언어 속에 들어있는 문법체계를 익혀 가는 것이 곧 언어습득 과정이지만, 이를 달성하는 가능성 내지 첩경은 실제적인 언어자료와 체험이지 결코 문법이나 추상적인 개념적 접근이 아님을 웅변하고 있기 때문이다. 핵심적인 문제는 모국어교육에서도 최대 장점인 대화를 통한 언어연습/대화 기회를 최대한 보장하는 데 있다. 또한 언어간섭 현상을 조장하는 분위기를 막아야 할 것이다. 이러한 의미에서 교수법 개발이 외국어/L2 성공의 관건일 것이다. (7) 언어학습에서 오류를 극복하는 데는 일차적인 실제 상황에 부합하는 대화적인 연습, 그리고 효과적인 언어자료 접촉, 즉 독서와 모방이 중요하다. 이차적이고 직접적인 것은 통사(Syntax) 및 형태론(Morphologie)를 익힐 수 있는 말/문을 끊임없이 익히는 일이다. 이것이 또한 언어최소량을 충족시켜 언어습득에 이르는 첩경이다. 자연 생태적인 모국어 학습 또는 조정 및 제도적인 언어학습에서도 실제상황에 어긋나는 문법적인 체계에 얽매이는 도식 및 도표 위주의 텟스트는 일시적인 기대일 뿐이다. 인간의 언어습득장치를 이해하지 못한 결과이기 때문이다. 문법적인 개념위주 접근은 상당한 설명이 필요해서 절박한 자료와 체험까지 앗아가기 마련이다. 더구나 이를 위해 수준을 무시하고 모국어로 일관하여 벙어리와 문맹을 자초하는 것은 참으로 어리석은 일이다. 지식 정보화 시대 및 세계화 시대에는 무엇보다도 교육 및 언어정책이 국가 발전의 원동력이다. 특히 영어를 비롯한 외국어 학습능력과 학습방법은 매우 중요하다. 학습자에게 말하고 쓰는 기본 능력을 보장하는 것이 급선무이다. 이를 위한 작업의 하나가 바로 언어간의 오류분석일 것이다. 언어의 습득과 활용이 체계적이듯이 오류분석 역시 상당히 체계적이다. 그래서 인간의 언어습득과 언어습득장치를 두고 결정론(Determinismus)이 지배적이다. 이러한 의미에서 언어습득의 3대 요소, 즉 언어습득장치를 구비한 인간으로 태어나고, 해당 언어를 통한 일관된 언어체험/학습으로 언어최소량을 충족해야 한 언어를 정복할 수 있다는 것은 결정적인 사실이다. 학생고객에게 다가서는 책임교육으로 교육개방에 대비하는 일 역시 시대적인 상황이요 또한 결정적인 단계임엔 틀림이 없을 것이다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1529-1537
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• 2012

In order to determine the effective concentration, 2, 7, and 14 brix black garlic extracts (BGE) were fed to restraint stressed rats and the lipid metabolism was analyzed. The dietary intake of the 14 brix BGE-fed group was $547.64{\pm}13.99$ g/4 weeks and it was significantly higher than that of the control group. The weight of all organs from the all BGE-fed groups showed no significant differences. While BGE concentration increased, BGE-fed groups tend to have low content of blood glucose. It was the lowest in the 14 brix BGE-fed group ($121.32{\pm}3.50$ mg/dl). Total cholesterol content was $54.54{\pm}1.63{\sim}65.84{\pm}2.61$ mg/dl. Total cholesterol content of the 14 brix BGE-fed group was the lowest and, in addition, lower than the normal group. Triglyceride content of serum showed the same tendency. HDL-cholesterol concentrations of the restraint stressed control (RSC) group were significantly higher than those of 7 and 14 brix BGE-fed groups. LDL and VLDL-cholesterol contents showed contrary results. GOT, GTP, and ALP activity of serum were lower when BGE concentration was higher. It is expected that BGE has a liver protective activity. In the liver, total lipids and triglyceride contents were significantly lower in BGE-fed groups than in the ISC group. However, total cholesterol content showed no significant difference between groups. TBARS content in liver of the 2 brix BGE-fed group was not significantly different than control, while 7 and 14 brix BGE-fed groups were lower than control. Glycogen content in the liver was only significantly lower in the 14 brix BGE-fed group than in the RSC group. Findings indicate that feed of BGE over 7 brix contributes to resolving the restraint-stressed rats by improving the lipid metabolism and liver protective activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.442-447
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• 1994

Effect of different mixing ratio of non-glutinous and glutinous rice on physical and rheological properties of extrudate prepared in a single screw extruder were examined. The extrusion conditions in term of screw speeds, moisture content and die temperature were 258 rpm, 18% and $120^{\circ}C$, respectively. The resisdence time distribution of the most of materials were within 30 second and small portion of them went up to 80 second. The expansion ratio was the highest value (2.93) for 70% of glutinous rice in the mixture, while the lowest value for 100% of non-glutinous rice. Breaking strength was in the range between 1,051g and 1,117g for $10{\sim}20%$ of glutinous rice in the mixture, while the lowest value (737g) for 80%r of glutinous rice. As the amount of glutinous rice increased, L and a values were increased and b value was decreased. The uncooked cold paste viscosity had 400 B.U. for 100% non-glutinous rice , while no peak for the 100% glutinous rice. As the amount of glutinous rice increased up to 100%, the water absorption index (WAI) was decreased, while water solubility index (WSI) was increased. The rheological properties of extrudate were accounted by the law of Oswald. The flow behavior index of extrudate was less than 1.0, which showed pseudoplastic behavior. Yield stress was the highest value for 20% of glutinous rice in the mixture and the lowest value for $80{\sim}100%$ of glutinous; rice. Number of air cell was between 128 and 159 for $80{\sim}100%$ of glutinous rice in the mixture, while $81{\sim}84%$ for $0{\sim}20%$ of glutinous rice. The degree of shapefact was increased more when the mixtures of glutinous and non-glutinous rice was used than when glutinous or non-glutinous rice was only used.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.417-423
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• 2002

The edible films were prepared from the protein of alaska pollack, Theragra chalcogrmma. Effects of plasticizer, cross linker and laminated film on physical properties such as tensile strength (TS), elongation (E) and water vapor permeability (WVP) of films were investigated. In adding various kinds of plasticizers, TS of the films prepared with propylene glycol (PG) was the highest, and followed sorbitol, polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) and glycerol. Elongation of the films prepared with glycerol was the highest, then sorbitol, PEG 200 and PG. WVP of films showed lower in order of PG, sorbitol, glycerol and PEG 200.75 decreased with the increment of plasticizer concentration, but elongation increased, The addition of both PG and PEG 200 effected weakly on elongation, so they were inadequate as plasticizer for the film. Mixtures of glycerol and sorbitol, which showed opposing both TS and elongation in the films, could control the physical properties of the films. With increasing relative humidity, TS decreased, while elongation and equilibrium moisture content increased. By adding the cross linkers such as ascorbic acid, citric acid and succinic acid, TS and m of films increased, while elongation decreased. Ascorbic acid, citric acid, succinic acid were most effective for TS at 0.2, 0.1 and $0.1\%, respectively. Laminated film with alaska pollack protein and corn zein improved TS above two times, reduced WVP about $20\~30\%$, as compared with the Elm from alaska pollack protein. Two films did not show the difference to oxygen permeability, but they showed about tenfold greater oxygen resistance than polyethylene film. Laminated film showed higher b and $\Delta$E value of color difference, lower a and L value than the film from alaska pollack protein.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.169-184
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• 2016

Deferred tax assets (liability) in a company's financial statements are to reflect the temporary difference between taxable income and accounting income and therefore can provide useful information as a proxy for discretionary accruals. In addition, deferred tax assets allow a company to manage its earnings by reviewing the feasibility of the assets' recognition. As such, this study focused on deferred tax assets to examine their relationship with discretionary accruals, which were measured by a modified Jones model (Dechow et al. 1995), and investigated the impact of audit quality on this relationship. In order to control for the effects of tax rate change and measurement credibility, deferred tax assets of 2,670 non-financial firms from 2009 to 2010 were collected as samples for the study. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows. First, the samples as a whole indicated that deferred tax assets have a negative relationship with discretionary accruals in a general sense, but a high-quality audit did not reveal a significant relationship between them. Second, the 1,379 samples with negative discretionary accruals did not reveal a significant relationship between deferred tax assets and discretionary accruals; however, the result showed a significant negative relationship under a high-quality audit. These findings suggest that in the case of negative discretionary accruals, a high-quality audit restricts an earnings management technique that utilizes deferred tax assets and that the assets can be a useful tool for detecting discretionary accruals. The present study is meaningful in that, unlike previous research, it combined the two contrasting roles of deferred tax assets-that of an earnings management detector and an earnings management tool-to examine their general relationship. The study also suggested that audit quality could influence the usefulness of deferred tax assets in providing information on discretionary accruals.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1795-1803
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• 2011

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease accompanies the rise in the prevalence of obesity, diabetes and the tendency toward high-fat dietary habits. Specifically, the higher prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in men and postmenopausal women seems to be caused by the protective effects of estrogen against liver fibrosis, or lack thereof. There are no effective preventive therapies for liver diseases because the mechanisms underlying the progression of fatty liver diseases to chronic liver diseases and the protective effects of estrogen against fibrogenesis remain unclear. Recently, it has been reported that the hedgehog signaling pathway plays an important role in the progression of chronic liver diseases. Hedgehog, a morphogen regulating embryonic liver development, is expressed in injured livers but not in adult healthy livers. The level of hedgehog expression parallels the stages of liver diseases. Hedgehog induces myofibroblast activation and hepatic progenitor cell proliferation and leads to excessive liver fibrosis, whereas estrogen inhibits the activation of hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblasts and prevents liver fibrosis. Although the mechanism underlying the opposing actions of hedgehog and estrogen on liver fibrosis remain unclear, the suppressive effects of estrogen on the expression of osteopontin, a profibrogenic extracellular matrix protein and cytokine, and the inductive effects of hedgehog on osteopontin transcription suggest that estrogen and hedgehog are associated with liver fibrosis regulation. Therefore, further research on the estrogen-mediated regulatory mechanisms underlying the hedgehog-signaling pathway can identify the mechanism underlying liver fibrogenesis and contribute to developing therapies for preventing the progression of fibrosis to chronic liver diseases.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.255-260
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• 2005

For selecting a new candidate as functional material, this study was conducted on in vitro antioxidant activity and total phenol content of methanol and water extracts prepared from two Mentha species (M viridis L. (M spicata L.) and Mentha piperita L, Extracts of M. viridis showed more efficient scavenging activity on superoxide and DPPH ${({\alpha},{\alpha}-diphenyl-{\beta}-picrylhydrazyl)}$ radical and inhibitory activity on oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by $CuSO_4$ and auto-oxidation of linoleic acid than those of M piprita. Methanol extract $(65.88%{\sim}77.59%)$ and water extract $(37.69%{\sim}87.21%)$ of M. viridis also exhibited more potent inhibitory activity on LDL oxidation than that of ${{\alpha}-tocopherol\;(28.37%{\sim}66.54%)}$ at ${1{\sim}100\;{\mu}g/ml}$ of final concentration. The total phenol contents of methanol extract and water extract of Mviridis (17.95% & 10.18%, respectively) as tannic acid equivalent were higher than those of M piperita (15.44% & 9.19%). But the yields of methanol and water extracts of M. viridis (13.3 % & 13.5%) were lower than those of M. piperita (14.1 % & 14.6%). The results implies that the extracts from M. viridis (spicata) is more useful material for industrialization as functional food than those from M. piperita.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2006

Gap junction is an ion channel forming between adjacent cells. It also acts as a membrane channel like sodium or potassium channels in a single cell. The amino acid residues up to the $10^{th}$ position in the amino (N)-terminus of gap junction hemichannel affect gating polarity as well as current-voltage (I-V) relation. While wild-type Cx32 channel shows negative gating polarity and inwardly rectifying I-V relation, T8D channel in which threonine residue at $8^{th}$ position is replaced with negatively charged aspartate residue shows reverse gating polarity and linear I-V relation. It is still unclear whether these changes are resulted from the charge effect or the conformational change of the N-terminus. To clarify this issue, we made a mutant channel harboring cysteine residue at the $8^{th}$ position (T8C) and characterized its biophysical properties using substituted-cysteine accessibility method (SCAM). T8C channel shows negative gating polarity and inwardly rectifying I-V relation as wild-type channel does. This result indicates that the substitution of cysteine residue dose not perturb the original conformation of wild-type channel. To elucidate the charge effect two types of methaenthiosulfonate (MTS) reagents (negatively charged $MTSES^-$ and positively charged $MTSET^+$) were used. When $MTSES^-$ was applied, T8C channel behaved as T8D channel, showing positive gating polarity and linear I-V relation. This result indicates that the addition of a negative charge changes the biophysical properties of T8C channel. However, positively charged $MTSET^+$ maintained the main features of T8C channel as expected. It is likely that the addition of a charge by small MTS reagents does not distort the conformation of the N-terminus. Therefore, the opposite effects of $MTSES^-$ and $MTSETT^+$ on T8C channel suggest that the addition of a charge itself rather than the conformational change of the N-terminus changes gating polarity and I-V relation. Furthermore, the accessibility of MTS reagents to amino acid residues at the $8^{th}$ position supports the idea that the N-terminus of gap junction channel forms or lies in the aqueous pore.