• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.4
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• pp.418-424
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• 1987

Considering the seral stage of succession, phytosocialogical analysis was carried out to investigate the structure and property of community of Pinus densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Quercus spp.-Carpinus laxiflora, and Quercus spp.-Carpinus laxiflora. The study area included a section of 200m high at the sea level in Mt. Jokye, Seungju-gun, Chunlanam-do. The results show that density of forest trees tended to be decreased, Shannon species diversity index increased, and dominance decreased as seral stage progressed. Patterns of DBH class distribution showed nearly S types. In the study area succession of forest community might progressed toward climax, leading from Pinus densiflora community to Quercus spp.-Carpinus laxiflora community with intermediary Pinus densiflora-Quercus spp.-Carpinus laxiflora community. The fact that there was no pure community of Quercus spp. might be due to the rapid development of forest community investigated.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 1993

The Dalbatjae-Birobong ridge forest in Mt. Sobaek area was studied to investigate forest community structure. Twenty 20m $\times$ 25m plots were set up in the studied ridge forest along altitude of 770m to 1,410m and vegetation analysis for tree stratum of the trees above 1cm DBH was carried out. The leading dominant tree species were Pinus densiflora in the lower elevation and Quercus mongolica in the higher elevation. According to importance value and cluster analysis, the studied ridge forest was classified into four forest communities of Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community. Quercus mongolica community and Quercus mongolica-deciduous tree species community. According to importance value of major tree species in canopy and understory, the present community type seems to continue for a relatively long time. Species diversity of Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica community and Quercus mongolica-deciduous tree species community were 0.6791, 0.6850, 0.5296 and 0.7136, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.187-191
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• 1994

A mixed forest community in Tokyusan was studied to determine the adequate plot area of tree stratum for investigating forest community structure. Nineteen nested plots were set up in the studied forest community, and species-area curve and performance curve were established. According to species-area curve, the minimum plot area where a given percentage increase in plot area produced less than the same percentage increase in number of species was 500$m^2$. The minimum plot area where a given percentage increase in plot area produced less than the half of the percentage increase in number of species was 1,000$m^2$. According to performance curve of the importance values of the major species, the minimum plot area where the importance value of the major species was distinguished from each other was 900$m^2$, and the minimum plot area was 500$m^2$ except for a big tree of Pinus densiflora distributed unexpectedly. According to performance curve of species diversity, the minimum plot area was 400$m^2$. Similarity indices between plot area above 900$m^2$ and total plot area were more than 90% and similarity indices between plot area above 400$m^2$ and total plot area were more than 85%. It may be as a conclusion that minimum plot area was generally about 500$m^2$ and in case of requiring more accuracy, minimum plot area was about 1,000$m^2$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.525-535
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• 1995

The western-style industrial forest management practice involving large scale clearcutting, silviculture with industrially desirable species, and inadequate consideration on ecosystem preservation, has faced severe criticisms from environmentalists, ecologists and conservationists. With an increasing concern about environmental degradation the general public has also been becoming vocal in demanding ecologically sound alternative forest management. An age-old practice of sustainable ecosystem management variously defined as community forestry, social forestry or homestead forestry, has received increased attention in recent days. This type of traditional, and often not very organized method of natural resource management has been practised in many countries from the prehistoric times. It is believed that with a clear understanding of the functioning of ecosystem and community needs, the existing landuse method can be developed into a more productive one. The nature of community forestry management will vary depending on the scale, geographical location, social/community structure and expectations. This article argues that although the rate of economic growth may be lower with community forestry than with industrial forestry, the former fosters the principle of ecosystem sustainability. Industrial forestry may have an initial high growth rate but often it is associated with unsustainable harvesting leading to ecosystem degradation. A review of the traditional methods of economic analyses shows that they do not take into account the many social and environmental costs associated with forestry. It is argued that a well managed community forestry can maintain the critical balance between economic and ecosystem sustainability. An integrated model of community/homestead forestry development is proposed by coordinating the extension services of the departments of agriculture, forestry and environment.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.337-341
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• 2014

The changes in the area and standing crop of forests and the understory vegetation structure of various plantations were investigated by literature survey to predict the changes in the structure of forest ecosystems of the Korean Peninsula in the future. The greater part of forest was severely destroyed in 1950's in the Korean Peninsula. The forest standing crop has been dramatically increasing since the nationwide plantation was actively performed in 1970's and 1980's in the Republic of Korea. The area of forest was incessantly decreased at the rate of $5,500ha\;yr^{-1}$. The results of regression analysis on the changes in forest standing crop of the Republic of Korea showed that the forest might approach to the maturity stage in around 2150. It was predicted that the potential natural vegetation of Quercus mongorica, Fraxinus rhynchophyllus, Prunus sargentii, etc. would establish in the plantations of Larix leptolepsis, Pinus koraiensis and Robinia pseudoacacia in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.51-69
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• 1989

To investigate edge vegetation structure and edge species in Kaya Mountain National Park, field survey was executed from July to August, 1989 and the result are as follows. Cantilevered and advancing types of edge vegetation were observed on site, The relative importance values of major species were changed along distance from edge to forest interior and were seemed to be affected by aspect, soil moisture and present tree layer vegetation. Especially, light-oriented species were observed as a codominant species under pine tree canopy due to selective allelopathy effect and thin canopy. Ecological indices according to the distance from edge to forest interior did not show regular pattern, but edge depth was estimated as 15-20m, approximately, Dominant species of edge seemed to be affected by soil moisture rather than altitude and aspect, but floristic similarities seemed to be affected by altitude. Frequency classes of edge species were different by aspect, altitude and physiogra-phical location. Lespedeza maximowiczii, Weigela subsessilis and Fraxinus rhynchophylla showed high frequency class in all environment conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.172-180
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• 1994

The forest of Choksangsansong area was studied to investigate vegetational structure with twenty-five plots(20m$\times$25m). Relative importance values, DBH class distribution, species, diversity indices, DCA ordination and TWINSPAN classification were used for vegetational structure analysis. Quercus mongolica, Carpinus cordata, Quercus serrata and Cornus controversa were appeared to be dominant species in each plot and dominant species in the Choksangsansong area was Quercus mongolica. The forest of Choksangsansong area was classified into four groups and showed seral stage from Quercus mongolica to Carpinus cordata. Vegetational succession in the Choksangsansong area shall be accelerated to moist and shade tolerant species due to cool and humid climatic condition by upper dam construction of the Mujuyangspalchonso (pumping up power station).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 1989

A valley and a ridge forest in Mt. Gaya area was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of slope. Sixty-three quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 600m to 1,000m and part of slope, and thirty-eight quadrats were set up in the ridge forest along altitude of 700m to 1,430m. According to the importance values, the valley forest was Quercus mongolica-Lespedeza maximowiczii community and the ridge forest was Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron mucronulatum community. Similarity index between the valley forest community and the ridge forest community was 37.2%. Shannon's species diversities of the valley forest community and the ridge forest community were 1.3402 and 1.0098, respectively. According to importance values by crown stories and DCA ordination, successional trends of tree species may be from Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis through Quercus mongolica to Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora. As going from the lower part to upper part of the slope in the valley forest, the importance values of Quercus mongolica, Quercus aliena, Rhododendron mucronulatum and Lespedeza maximowiczii increased while those of Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus rhynchophylla decreased. With increasing elevation in the valley and ridge forest, the importance value of Pinus densiflora decreased while that of Quercus mongolica increased. In the valley forest, densities of canopy and shrubstratum increased as increasing elevation, and the number of species and species diversity decreased as increasing elevation and going from the lower part to the upper of slope. The range of similarity indices between parts of the slope, and the elevation belts of 100m in the valley forest were 66.6-69.2 and 25.9-79.8%, respectively. In the ridge forest, density and basal area of canopy tended to decreased as increasing elevation, and the range of similarity indices between elevation belts of 100m was 27.9-98.2%.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.237-246
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• 2001

To investigate the forest structure and to suggest the basic data of forest in the Dongwol Valley, the Gyeryongsan National Park, forty one plots were set up and surveyed. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divided by seven groups of Carpinus taxinora(I), Styrax japonica(II), Pinus densiflora A type(III), Quercus acutissima(IV), P. densinora-Q. valiabilis(V), p. densinora B type(Ⅵ) and Q. mongolica community(Ⅶ). The structure of communities were investigated using importance value. The survey results were summarized as follows: 1) the results of annual ring analysis revealed that the age of forest in the Dongwol Valley was about 30~50 years old,2) number of the average species was 15.6$\pm$4.7 and number of average individual was 124.9$\pm$36.4 per a plot(100$\textrm{cm}^2$). From the above results, it was anticipated that C. laxiflora will be climax species instead of Q. spp. and P. densinora.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 1987

This study discusses the concepts of landscape structure, landscape indices, interrelationships between indices, prediction of change in forest Landscape and forest management as a scenic resource, and other relevant problems. To illustrate the methods of national landscape interpretation, a case study was carried out for Ashinoko bridge in Fujihakoneizu National Park, Japan. Although the exact form of computer-generated landscape planning may vary, depending on the type of computers and users involved, users of these computer systems should be aware of problems that may be encountered when assessing the quality of computer perspectives without the aid of a detailed field survey. Nevertheless, it is expected that computer systems for analysis and management of forest landscape will become effective and economic tools to promote human health and provide more recreational opportunities in forest and national park planning.